123

EXTENSIVE PROJECT REPORT
NEW
TANK
PROJECT
Department of Civil Engineering

Jain college of engineering, Belagavi

CHAPTER 1
NEW TANK PROJECT

1.1 INTRODUCTION:
This extensive survey project is conducted to acquire a practical knowledge and
application of theory and overcome the difficulties that could arise in field during
surveying. We also learn the use of different survey instrument and to develop the team
spirit at work. It also helps to develop the confidence in handling of survey project. We
conducted survey for a new tank project. Tank bund is a small storage tank used for the
irrigation and domestic water supply for a small population. It is an earthen bund of
maximum height 9.4m. Tank bund is also called TANK BUND. The tank stores the rain
water during monsoon and releases the stored water as and when required through pipe
sluice. The system of irrigation carried out through tank bund is known as TANK
IRRIGATION. The distribution of water to the field is done through proper intake
structure, pipe sluice and canal network. The capacity of tank is computed based on the
area of irrigation, crop season, crops grown in the area and climatic condition. In addition,
the hydrological characteristics also govern the selection of tank capacity. Further, the
material of construction of tank bund is selected based on the nearby borrow pits, soil
properties and construction machinery.
In the present study, a proposal is made for a tank bund to meet the needs of the
people of BAMANWADI village, which is located at 5 km from Jain Engineering
College,Belagavi. The various studies required for the design of tank bund are
undertaken. Also, the different components of tank irrigation are designed hydraulically.
1.2 SALIENT FEATURES OF THE PROJECT :

The primary objective of the project is to design a new tank for the storage of water
to meet the agricultural needs of the people located around the place. The work consists
of selection of reservoir site including construction of the bund, weir, tank sluice and
canal alignment and design work. The site chosen for the tank is ideal one and most
beneficial for surrounding area. The area surrounding is suitable for irrigation, also being
main occupation of the locality. The reservoir is situated at highest elevation thus
reducing the conveyance cost. The proposed tank stores and provides sufficient quantity

of water to meet the irrigation requirements of the locality, depending upon the crop
season and types of crops grown in the area.
It is the type of storage reservoir, which is primarily used for water supply for irrigation.
It is constructed to store the water during the period of excess flow and release it
gradually as and when needed. The investigations undertaken based on Engineering
Survey, Geological and Hydrological investigation show that a catchment area has
minimum percolation losses. Catchment area has adequate capacity without submerging
excessive land and other properties. The water stored is suitable for the project
undertaken. The soil and rock mass at the reservoir site not contain any objectionable
minerals and salts. Further, the observations of the catchment and from the rainfall data it
can be concluded that the catchment yields sufficient runoff.
In order to acquire a sound knowledge of both theory and in practical way and
also the difficulties that could arise during surveying.
The object of this survey project is as follows:1. To impart training in the use of survey instruments and to acquire a comprehensive idea
of the project.
2. To train the students under difficult and realistic situation of the surveying project.
3. To develop team spirit in practical work.
4. To impart confidence in the management of the survey project.
1.3 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF A PROJECT:

The design and construction of any project such as dam, road alignment requires a
thorough investigation of the site as regards to its stability and feasibility. The preliminary
investigation starts from the reconnaissance work, study of top sheets, proposal of
alternate sites etc.
The second stage work of investigation includes the survey work at the site in
order to collect the data necessary for the design of project elements, preparation of
drawings, estimates etc. the office work is confined to the designs, drawings and
estimates of the project.
1.4 INTRODUCTION FOR IRRIGATION:


Irrigation may be defined as the process of artificially supplying water to soil for
rising crops. India is basically an agricultural country and its economy depends to a great
extent on the agricultural output. Water is evidently the most vital element in the plant
life. Water is normally supplied to the plants by nature through rains.
However, the total rainfall in a particular area may be either insufficient or ill timed.
In order to get the maximum yield, it is essential to supply the optimum quantity of water
and to maintain correct timing of watering. This is possible only through a systematic
irrigation system that is collecting water during the periods of excess rainfall and
releasing it to the crop as and when required.
The need for irrigation can be summarized in the following four points:
Less rainfall:
More water is available and then, the means to convey water to the area where
there is deficiencywhen the total rainfall is less than that needed for the crop, artificial
supply of water is necessary. In such a case, irrigation system should be developed at the
place where.
Non-uniform rainfall:
The rainfall in a particular area may not be uniform throughout the crop period.
During the early periods of the crop rains may be there, but no water may be available at
the end, with the result, that either, the yield may be less or the crop may wither. But the
accumulated or stored water during the excess rainfall period may be supplied to the crop
during the period when there may be no rainfall, but there is a need for watering.
Commercial crop with additional water:

The rainfall in a particular area may be just sufficient to raise the usual crops, but
more water may be necessary for raising commercial or cash crops, in addition to


increasing the annual output by adopting multiple cropping patterns distributed
throughout the year.
Controlled water supply:By constructing a proper distribution system, the yield of crop may be increased.
Application of water to the soil by modern methods of irrigation serves the following
purpose:
1
2
3
It adds water to the soil to supply moisture essential for the plant growth.
It washes out all diluted salts in the soil.
It reduces the hazard of soil piping.
1.5 DEFINITION OF CANAL:

Canal is an artificial channel generally trapezoidal in shape constructed on the
ground to carry water to the fields either from a river or from a tank reservoir
CANAL ALIGNMENT:Canal has to be aligned in such a way that it covers the entire area proposed to be
irrigated with the shortest length and at the same time its cost including the cost of cross
drainage work is minimum.
GENERAL CONSIDERATION FOR ALIGNIMENT:
The alignment of the canal should be such as to ensure, the most economical way
of distributing water to the land, minimum no of cross drainage.
The length of the main canal source to water shed shall be minimum.
When the canal deviate from one counter to another, the alignment shall have less
number of CD work.
The alignment should avoid places of important and valuable properties.
The number of kinks/curves shall be minimum.
The alignment shall not be trough rocky.
The field canal shall be laid along boundaries.
The field canal shall be separately provided for high and low lands .
1.6 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF IRRIGATION:

Duty :Department of Civil Engineering

Duty represents the irrigating capacity of a unit of water. It is the relation between
the area of a crop irrigated and the quantity of irrigation water required during the entire
period of growth of that crop.
For example, if 3 cumecs of water supply is required for a crop sown in an area of
5100 hectares, the duty of irrigation water will be 5100/3 = 1700 hectares/cumec, and the
discharge of 3 cumecs will be required throughout the base period.
Delta:Delta is the total depth of water required by a crop during the entire period from
the day of sowing to harvesting.
For example, if a crop requires about 12 watering at an interval of 10 days and a
water depth of 10 cm in every watering then the delta for that crop will be 12x10 = 120
cm = 1.2 m. If the area under that crop is A hectares, the total quantity will be 1.2 x A =
1.2A hectare-meters in a period of 120 days.
Crop period:Crop period is the time, in days, that a crop takes from the instant of its sowing to
its harvesting.
Base period:Base period for a crop refers to the whole period of cultivation from the time of
first watering for sowing the crop, to the last watering before harvesting.
The duty of water is reckoned in the following four ways:
1
By the number of hectares that 1 cumec of water can irrigate during the base
2
3
period, i.e., 1700 hectares per cumecs.

By total depth of water, i.e., 1.20 meters.
By number of hectares that can be irrigated by a million cubic meter of stored
water. This system is also used for tank irrigation.

By the number of hectare meters expended per hectare irrigated. This is also used
in tank irrigation.
Relation between duty(D),delta() and base period,(B) in metric system

Let there be a crop of base period b days.
Let one cumec of water be applied to this crop on the field for B days.
Now, the volume of water applied to this crop during B days (V)

V = (1x60x60x24) m3
= 86,400 (m3)
By definition of duty (D), one cubic meter supplied for B days matures D hectares
of land.
Therefore this quantity of water (V) matures D hectares of land or 104 D square
meters of area.
Total depth of water applied on this land
= Volume/Area
= 86,400 B/104 D meters
= 8.64 B/D meters
By definition, this total depth of water is called delta (D).
Therefore,
D = 8.64 B/D meters
OR
D = 864 B/D cm.
where, D is in cm or m, B in days, and D is duty in hectares/cumec.
Cultivable commanded area:The gross commanded area also contains unfertile barren land, alkaline soil, local
ponds, villages and other areas as habitation. These areas are known as uncultivable areas.
The remaining area on which crops can be grown satisfactorily is known as cultivable
commanded area. The cultivable commanded area can be further classified as cultivable
cultivated area and cultivable uncultivated area.
Gross commanded area:An area is usually divided into a number of watersheds and drainage valleys. The
canal usually runs on the watershed and water can flow from it, on both sides, due to
gravitational action only up-to drainage boundaries. Thus in a particular area lying under
the canal system, the irrigation can be done only up-to the drainage boundaries. The gross


commanded area is thus the total area lying between drainage boundaries, which can be
commanded or irrigated by a canal system.
Consumptive use:Consumptive use of water by a crop is the depth of water by a crop is the depth of
water consumed by evaporation & transpiration during the crop growth, including water
consumed by accompanying weed growth.
1.7 INVESTIGATION FOR A NEW TANK PROJECT:

The design and construction of any dam either earthen masonry or concrete has to
be preceded by a thorough investigation to select the most suitable and economical site.
The thoroughness of the investigation depends upon the size of the project.
1.8 PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION:

Before taking up a detailed survey of project, it is essential to carry out
considerable reconnaissance work. The topo sheet study of the probable project area gives
possible sites in that area and the catchment area of the site. This reconnaissance survey
was carried out by us the day before we started the actual survey. During this survey, we
decided the site for the construction of bund, weir & canal alignment. Using chain or tape
rough data regarding the level and the length of the dam are collected. The preliminary
investigation should include.
1. A rough leveling work to give the topography of the site.
2. A study of the rocky out crop and a few boring is done to note the nature of the
foundation.
3. Availability of construction materials such as Earth and good quarry etc.
4. Facility for discharging the floodwater
5. Nature and extent of land, roads, bridges, etc. that would be submerged by the
construction of the dam.
6. Benefit the dam would give to the people.
7. Collection of hydrological data like rainfall, floods discharge etc.
1.9 FACTORS CONSIDERED FOR SELECTION OF

SITE FOR EARTHEN DAM:


The following topography and geological features affects the selection of site for
earthen dam.
1. The water storage should be largest for the minimum possible height and length. The
site should be located in a narrow valley.
2. Good impervious strata [foundation] should be available at moderate depth.
3. Good and suitable basin should be available.
4. Material for construction should be available locally.
5. There should be suitable site available for waste weir.
6. Value of the property and land likely to be submerged by the proposed dam should be
sufficiently low in comparison with the benefit expected from the project.
7. Dam should be accessible in all season.
8. Overall cost of construction and maintenance is to be taken into.
After selection the site, final and precise investigation was carried out. In the
present survey work it was assumed that a choice of site was made and the type of dam to
be constructed is of earthen dam, with this assumption the detailed survey were carried
out which includes.
A. Longitudinal and cross section along the Centre line of the bund.
B. Block levels at the waste weir site.
C. Water spread contours.
1.10 FLY LEVELLING:

It is one type of method to determine the R.L of required point. This leveling work
is carried from the nearby permanent B.M for example from a railway station or other
permanent structure. In this project we established T.B.M near the bund.
The field work is carried as follows:Set the levels near the P.B.M and carry out temporary adjustment.

1
Keep staff on permanent B.M and take readings and enter it as back sight in the
2
3
field book.
Take intermediate points towards the direction of required point is reached.
If the staff is invisible shift the level and note down the last reading as fore sight,
after shifting the level and temporary adjustment take readings of that point and
note down it as back sight.
Continue this procedure until the required point is reached.
The R.L of the point is determine by using these formula
H.I= P.B.M +B.S
R.L = H.I-I.S or H.I-F.S
4
5
TABLE 1.1 RECOMMENDED SLOPES FOR SMALL HOMOGENEOUS

EARTHFILL DAMS ON STABLE FOUNDATION:
Case
Type
1)
Homogeneous
or Modified
Homogeneous
2)
Purpose
Modified
Homogeneous
Detention
or Storage
Storage
Soil
Classification
GW GP SW
SP
GC GM SC
SM
CL ML
CH MH
GW GP SW
SP
GC GM SC
SM
CL ML
CH MH
U/s slope
D/s slope
Previous
2.5:1
3:1
3.5:1
Not suitable
2:1
2.5:1
2.5:1
Previous
3:1
3.5:1
4:1
Not suitable
2:1
2.5:1
2.5:1
TABLE 1.2 RECOMMENDED SLOPES FOR SMALL ZONED EARTHFILL

DAMS ON STABLE FOUNDTION:
Case
Type
Purpose
Shell Material
Classification
Zoned with
Minimum
Any
Not critical,
rock-fill;
GW,GP,SW,SP
Zoned with
Maximum
Core 1
Detention
OR
Storage
Not critical,
rock-fill:
GW,GP,SW,SP

10
Core
Materials
Classification
Not critical
GC, GM, SC,
SM, CL, ML,
CH, MH
GC,GM,
SC,SM,
CL,ML,
CH,MH
U/s
slope
D/s
slope
2:1
2:1
2:1
2.25:1
2.5:1
3:1
2:1
2.25:1
2.5:1
1:1
Zoned with
Maximum
Core1
Not critical,
rock-fill,
GW,GP,
SW,SP
Storage
GC,GM
SC,SM
CL,ML
CH,MH
2.5:1
2.5:1
3.0:1
3.5:1
1.11 LOCATION DETAILS:NAME
: BAMANAWADI village, Dist: Belagavi.
LOCATION
: It is located at 5 km from Jain College of Engineering,

Belagavi.
HEIGHT ABOVE MSL
: 762 m.
AVERAGE RAINFALL : 1253.23 mm (Average of 3 decades)
1.12 SURVEYS:
1.12.1 BUND ALIGNMENT:Length of the bund
: 310 m
Height of the bund
: 9.40 m
Top of the bund
: 99.280 m
Maximum water level (M.W.L.)
: 97.780 m
Full supply level (F.S.L.)
: 97.280 m
Free board
: 1.5 m
1.12.2 CAPACITY CONTOURING:Objectives
: To determine the capacity of the reservoir
Methods used
: Block contouring
Contour interval
: 10 m
Capacity of reservoir is calculated using trapezoidal or prismoidal formula.
1.13 SELECTION BUND DIMENSIONS:

Depending on the reservoir capacity following bund dimensions is selected.
Top level of bund
: 99.280 m

11
2:1
2.25:1
2.5:1
3.0:1

Bed level of bund
: 89.880 m
: 97.780 m
: 97.280 m
Top width of bund
:5m
Height of the bund
: 9.40 m
Free board
: 1.5m
Slopes: - Upstream slope
: 2.5H: 1V
Downstream slope
: 2 H: 1V
1.13.1 RESERVOIR CAPACITY

AREA (m2)
CONTOUR (m)
99.280
16900
97.780
96.280
95.880
94.880
93.880
92.880
91.880
90.880
89.880
14500
12280
10510
7580
3550
1620
510
180
0
1.13.2 TOTAL STORAGE:

UPTO T.B.L:
By Trapezoidal formula
=[(A1+An)+2(A2+....+An-1)]
= 64893m3
By Simpsons rd formula =[A1+An+4(Aeven)+2(Aodd)]
= 64914.67m3
UPTO FSL:
By Trapezoidal formula
=[(A1+An)+2(A2+....+An-1)]
= 34648 m3

12
By Simpsons rd formula =[A1+An+4(Aeven)+2(Aodd)]

= 34669.67 m3
1.14 DESIGN OF BUND:

The available volume of water by Rain in the catchment area is to be stored on the
river basin in the upstream side. The volume of water that can be stored at different level
is determined only after tracing the capacity contour keep in view of yearly yield of water
and the freeboard for the required height of dam is fixed.
T.B.L 99.280m
M.W.L 97.780m
1.14.1 HEIGHT OF BUND:

H = Highest RL Lowest RL
= 99.280-89.880
= 9.40m
Maximum depth of water stored, H = 9.400 m
Height of free board required,
= 0.25 x (H+0.58)
= 0.25 x (9.40+0.58)
= 0.79m
Provide a height of 1.5 m at free board,

T.B.L = M.W.L + Freeboard
= 97.780 + 1.5
= 99.280 m
1.14.2 TOP WIDTH:As the height of the Dam (H= 9.40m) is less than 15m, the bund has to be
designed as a small dam.
T = (0.2 x H) +3
= 0.2 x 9.40 +3
= 4.88 5.0 m
1.14.3 SIDE SLOPE

TABLE 1.3
Sl.No
Type of material

U/S slope
13
D/S slope

1.
Homogeneous well graded
2.5:1
2:1
2.
Homogeneous coarse silt
3.0:1
2.5:1
3.
Homogeneous silt clay

Ht. less than 15m
Ht. more than 15m
2.5:1
2.0:1
3:1
2.5:1
3.0:1
2.5:1
a) Sand/Gravel with central

clay core
4.
Adopting side slopes for homogeneous well graded material from the above table
U/S = 2.5:1 and D/S = 2:1
1.14.4 FREE BOARD:

TABLE 1.4 AS PER STORAGE RECOMMENDATIONS
Maximum free board in
Sl.No.
Height of the dam (m)
1.
Up to 4.5
1.2 1.5
2.
4.5 to 7.5
1.5 1.8
3.
7.5 15
1.85
4.
15 to 22.5
2.1
(m)
Adopt 2 m because our bund height lies between 7.5 m to 15 m

Bottom width of bund
L= 5.0+ (9.40 x 2.5) + (9.40 x 2) = 47.3m. 50
1.14.5 AREA CALCULATION AND VOLUME OF WATER

REQUIRED FOR CANAL:
Note: Based on the irrigation and the geographical features of the area it was evident that
the area is best suitable for cultivation of rice, wheat and vegetables.
TABLE 1.3 CROP PATTERN AND ITS DETAILS
Crop
Base period, B
(days)
Kharif:

14
Delta,
Duty, D
(cm)
(ha/cumec)

Rice
Maize
120
135
Vegetables
Wheat
90
180
120
65
864
1794.46
45
84
1728
1829.6
Rabi:
Therefore, the discharge required and the volumes of water required are:
TABLE 1.4 CALCULATION OF DISCHARGE
CROPS
AREA,
A(hect)
BASE
PERIO
D,B(day
s)
DELTA
DUTY,D =(8.64XB)
(ha/cumc)
D
(mt)
DISCHARGE
Q=A/D
(cumec)
VOL.
V=Ax
(ha-mt)
KHARIF
RICE
1.2
120
864
1.2
1.44x10-3
1.44
MAIZE
1.0
135
1794.46
0.65
6.5x10-4
0.65
RABI
VEGETABLE
0.4
90
1728
0.45
1.8x10-4
0.18
WHEET
1.0
180
1829.6
0.84
8.4x10-4
0.84
Q (Kharif)
= 2.09x10-3cumec
Q (Rabi)
= 10.2x10-4cumec
Capacity of reservoir
= 34670 m3
Assuming 10% evaporation loss
= 3467m3
Total discharge through canal
= 31203m3
The discharge obtained from above calculations is less for design.

Therefore the discharge is assumed to be 1 cumec i.e., Q = 1 cumec.
1.15 WEIR:
The weir is a solid obstruction foot across the river to rise the water level and
divert the water in to the canal. Weirs are classified in to two heads depending on the
criteria of the design of their floods.
15

1. Gravity weir
2. Non gravity weir
A gravity weir is the one in which the pressure due to the seepage of water below
the floor is resisted entirely by the weight of floor.
In the non-gravity weir type, the floor thickness kept relatively less ,and the uplift
pressure is largely resisted by the bunding action of the reinforced concrete floor
maximum flood discharge is calculated by Ryves formula given by Q = CA (2/3)
1.15.1 DESIGN OF WASTE WEIR:

It is proposed to provide waste weir with stepped apron
Calculations of flood discharge:
The maximum flood discharge may be estimated by Ryves formula.
Area of Catchment Area
= 67630 m2
TBL
= 99.280 m
MWL
= 97.780 m
FSL
= 97.280m
Height or Depth
= 9.40 m
Head = MWL FSL
= 0.5m
Ryves co efficient for catchment C1
= 10.1
Slope at upstream U/s
= 2.5H:1V
Slope at downstream D/s
= 2H:1V
Peak Discharge,
Qpeak = CA(2/3)
= 10.10 x (0.0676)(2/3)
Qpeak = 1.676 cumec
Difference between MWL & FSL i.e., Maximum Head is assumed as
Head = MWL FSL = 1.5 m
The width of horizontal masonry wall = 2(D+H) = 2(2+0.5) = 5m.
The width of horizontal masonry wall = 4(D+H) = 4(2+0.5) = 10m.
Assuming Broad Crested Weir,
Length of weir can be calculated as,
16

Qmax = 1.022 x L H(3/2)
1.676 = 1.022 x L x 1.5(3/2)
L = 4.69 m 5m
Maximum head of weir (H) = FTL-Top bed of concrete
= 97.280-95.880
= 1.4m
Top width, (a)
= 0.55(H+h)
= 0.55(1.4+0.5)
Base width,
= a+h/n *2
= 1.03m 1m
(assume side slope 1:4)
= 1+1.4/4 *2
= 1.7m 1.8m
With a 0.3m projection on each side & depth of foundation thickness=0.6m.
1.15.2 DESIGN OF PROTECTION WORKS:

ABUTMENT:
Top bund level,
= 99.280m
Top of bed concrete level,
= 95.880m
Top width,
= 0.5m (assume)
Height, of abutment H
= 99.280-95.880
Bottom width, B
= 0.4xH
= 3.4m
= 0.4x3.4
=1.5m
U/S WING WALL:
Top level = FSL+0.3
= 97.280+0.3 = 98.08m
Height H =Top level-Top of bed concrete level
= 98.080-95.880
= 2.2m
Base width = 0.4xH
= 0.4x2.2

17

= 0.88m adopt 1m
D/S WING WALL:
Top level
= FSL-Top of bed concrete

= 97.280-95.880
Height H = 1.4m
Bottom width,B
= 0.4xH
= 0.4x1.4
= 0.54m adopt 0.7
1.15.3 DESIGN APRON OF THE WEIR:

Hs = static head
= MWL- DSL
= 97.780-96.080= 1.7m
1/C = Hs/L
(1/C =1/5 TO 1/7 Hydraulic gradient)
1/6 =1.7/L
L= (1.7 x 6)/1 =10.2m
L = AB+BC+CD+DE+EF
= 0.9+0.6+2.1+DE+1.0
10.2 = 4.6+DE
DE = 10.2-4.6
DE = 5.6m say 6m
Hence provide,
Ist Apron 0.4m thick & 3m length
IInd Apron 0.3m thick & 3m length
1.16 DESIGN FOR TANK SLUICE:

Design discharge, Q= 1m3/sec
Slope of barrel is 1:2000
18

Let velocity, V= 2m/sec
We know, Q= A x V
1= A x2
A = 0.5m2
But,
A= b x d
0.5 = 2d x d
(since b=2d)
D = 0.50 m.
b = 2 x 0.5 =1.0m
Hence, provide a rectangular sluice of 1m x 0.5m.
1.16.1 DESIGN OF SLUICE BARREL:

Width of sluice barrel,
= 0.6m
Depth of sluice barrel,
= 0.75m
Thickness of side walls @ top
= 0.45m & at bottom = 1m
Bed concrete,
= 0.6m
Wearing coat,
= 0.1m
Top level of sluice
= 89.880+ 0.75 +0.15

= 91.230 m
The discharge obtained from above calculations is very much less for design.
Therefore the discharge is assumed to be 1 cumec i.e., Q = 1 cumec.
1.16.2 DESIGN OF VENTWAY

W K T, Q = Cd x a x 2 gh
Where, Q = discharge
Cd = coefficient of discharge = 0.6
a = c/s area of vent
h = head = Average lower water level in the tank Top level of sluice
However, sluice opening is to be designed for a driving head for normal
operating condition of 0.25 m to 0.3 m
:. Adopt h = 0.25 m
1.0 = 0.6 x a x
2 x 9.81 x 0.25
a = 0.752 m2
19

a = Bxd
(B = 2d)
0.752 = 2d 2
d = 0.613 m
B = 2 x 0.613
= 1.226 m
1.17 DESIGN OF CANAL:

1.17.1 CANAL ALIGNMENT:
Canals are provided both at right and left bank.
From the sluice canal take off from RL 89.880 m having a bed slope of 1 in 2000. The
length of right bank canals is 130m.AndFrom the weir canal takes off from RL 97.800 m
having a bed slope of 1 in 2000. The length of right bank canals is 250 m.
DATA REQUIRED FOR CANAL DESIGN:

Design discharge,
= 1.0 cumec
Canal bed slope,
= 1 in 2000
Mannings roughness coefficient (n) = 0.0225 and m = 1
DESIGN:
Assuming D = 1.50 m
Vo= 0.55mD0.64
= 0.713m/sec
Assuming side slope of canal as 0.5 H: 1V
Now, A= Q/V= 1/0.713= 1.403m2
A = (B+0.5D) DB = 0.185m
Perimeter P = B+5D = 0.185+ (5)1.50 = 3.540m
R = A/P = 1.403/3.540=0.396 m
Velocity,

20
= 0.727m/sec
Hence, CVR = m = Vo/V = 0.713/0.727= 0.980
V = V0
0.73 = 0.73
But for this depth we get B = 0.185m which is much smaller practically. Therefore
for practical purpose we adopt the bed width of canal asB= 0.5m.
Therefore,
Depth
Slope
Bed width = 0.5 m,

= 1.50 m
= 0.5H: 1V.
1.50 m
0.5 M
Actual discharge, Q = AV = 1.875 x 0.73 = 1.370m3/s
Therefore, Provide a Canal with base width as 0 .50 m & depth of 1.50m
1.18 PHREATIC LINE

Phreatic line is defined as the lines within a dam section below which there all
hydrostatic pressure in the dam. The hydraulic pressure line is atmospheric.
Determine the position of phreatic line as its position will enable us to determine
the followings.
1. It gives us a divide line belt. The dry and submerged soil, the soil above the seepage
line will be taken as dry and the soil below the seepage line shall be taken as submerged
for compulsion of shear strength of soil.
2. It represents the top stream line and hence helps us in drawing the flow net.

21

3. The seepage line determination helps us to ensure that it does not down face of the
dam.
There are two conditions for the phreatic line in the dam:1. Full dam.
2. Sudden draw down.
1. Full flow:When the reservoir is full and there is steady seepage at its maximum rate. This
type of situation occurs in the rainy season then the phreatic line of earth dam is
maximum and calculated.
2. Sudden draw down:The most critical condition at which reservoir is suddenly emptied without
allowing appreciable drainage from the saturated soil mass. This condition is known as
sudden draw down at this time due to decrease in the water at the upstream side the
preparation of the earth dam also decrease the height of the phreatic line which is cellular.
LENGTH OF FILTER:We have to provide a downstream drainage system for our bund to drain out the
seepage water.
They are constructed of material appreciably more pervious than the embankment
soil.
Providing filter zones at D/S Sides have two purposes:
1. It reduces pore water pressure in the D/S portion of the dam and hence increases
Stability
2. It checks piping by checking migration of particles.
1.18.1 CALCULATION FOR THE LENGTH OF THE FILTER

It may be kept horizontal drainage filter. (25 to 100 % of the distance from toe to the
center line of the dam or the bund).
Adopt 40%
1.18.2 LENGTH OF THE FILTER

= 40% x distance from toe to center line
= 40% x 23.8
22

Lf = 9.52 10mts
1.8.3 DETERMINATION OF SEEPAGE LINE:

1. Coefficient of permeability of dam material (k) : 5.2x10-7 m/s
2. Top bund level
= 99.280 m
3. Deepest point of bund
= 89.880 m
4. Maximum water level
= 97.780 m
5. Top width of bund
=5m
6. Side slope:- U/S slope
= 2.5:1
D/S slope
= 2:1
Assume length of horizontal filter from d/s Toe of dam = 12m

L= U/s slope x height of bund
= 2.5 x 7.9 = 19.75m
FROM U/S:
0.3xL = 0.3x19.75= 5.9m
FROM D/S :
X = 5.9 + (2.5 x 1.5) + 5 + (2 x 9.4-12) = 21.45m
S = (H2 + X2) - X = (7.92 + 21.42) - 21.45 = 1.4m
C.G of S= 1.4/2 = 0.7m
Y= (2 x X x S + S2)
Y=
(2 x 5 x 1 .4+1.4 2)
= 4.0m
q = 5.2 x 10-7 x 1.4 = 7.28 x 10-7 m2/s

X (m)
-0.7
0
5
10
15
20.6

Y (m)
0
1.4
4.0
5.47
6.63
7.9
23

24

1.19 EARTHWORK CALCULATIONS:
EARTHWORK OF BUND
CHAINAGE
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
GROUND
LEVEL
99.210
98.395
97.550
96.820
92.575
91.460
90.210
90.375
89.880
90.755
90.670
91.360
91.555
91.060
91.935
94.830
94.625
FORMATION
LEVEL
99.280
99.280
99.280
99.280
99.280
99.280
99.280
99.280
99.280
99.280
99.280
99.280
99.280
99.280
99.280
99.280
99.280

DEPTH OF
FILL
CUT
0
0.885
1.730
2.460
6.705
7.820
9.070
8.905
9.400
8.525
8.610
7.920
7.725
8.220
7.345
4.450
4.655
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 25
AVERA
GE
DEPTH
'd' IN m
0.443
1.308
2.095
4.583
7.263
8.445
8.988
9.153
8.963
8.568
8.265
7.823
7.973
7.783
5.898
4.553
CENTRA
L AREA
'Bd' IN
m2
2.213
6.538
10.475
22.913
36.313
42.225
44.938
45.763
44.813
42.838
41.325
39.113
39.863
38.913
29.488
22.763
AREA
OF THE
SIDES
'Sd in m2
1.106
3.269
5.238
11.456
18.156
21.113
22.469
22.881
22.406
21.419
20.663
19.556
19.931
19.456
14.744
11.381
AREA
OF THE
SIDES
'Sd in m2
0.885
2.615
4.190
9.165
14.525
16.890
17.975
18.305
17.925
17.135
16.530
15.645
15.945
15.565
11.795
9.105
TOTAL
SECTIONAL
AREA
'Bd+Sd2' in m2
4.204
12.421
19.903
43.534
68.994
80.228
85.381
86.949
85.144
81.391
78.518
74.314
75.739
73.934
56.026
43.249
DISTANC
E
BETWEE
N
STATION
S
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
QUANTITY =(Bd+Sd2) m2
FILLING
CUTTING
0.000
42.038
124.213
199.025
435.338
689.938
802.275
853.813
869.488
851.438
813.913
785.175
743.138
757.388
739.338
560.263
432.488
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
96.250
96.320
96.425
96.965
97.460
97.825
97.975
97.010
96.730
96.725
96.920
98.180
99.085
98.955
99.280
99.280
99.280
99.280
99.280
99.280
99.280
99.280
99.280
99.280
99.280
99.280
99.280
99.280
99.280
99.280
SUM
3.030
2.960
2.855
2.315
1.820
1.455
1.305
2.270
2.550
2.555
2.360
1.100
0.195
0.325
0.000
132
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
00
3.843
2.995
2.908
2.585
2.068
1.638
1.380
1.788
2.410
2.553
2.458
1.730
0.648
0.260
0.163
19.213
14.975
14.538
12.925
10.338
8.188
6.900
8.938
12.050
12.763
12.288
8.650
3.238
1.300
0.813
9.606
7.488
7.269
6.463
5.169
4.094
3.450
4.469
6.025
6.381
6.144
4.325
1.619
0.650
0.406
EARTHWORK OF SLUICE CANAL

Page 26
7.685
5.990
5.815
5.170
4.135
3.275
2.760
3.575
4.820
5.105
4.915
3.460
1.295
0.520
0.325
36.504
28.453
27.621
24.558
19.641
15.556
13.110
16.981
22.895
24.249
23.346
16.435
6.151
2.470
1.544
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
365.038
284.525
276.213
245.575
196.413
155.563
131.100
169.813
228.950
242.488
233.463
164.350
61.513
24.700
15.438
12494.40
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
CHAINAGE
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
GROUND
LEVEL
89.880
89.650
88.695
89.440
89.165
88.235
86.810
85.845
84.810
84.475
83.965
83.040
81.235
81.105
81.170
81.180
GRADIENT
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
FORMATION
LEVEL
86.500
86.495
86.490
86.485
86.480
86.475
86.470
86.465
86.460
86.455
86.450
86.445
86.440
86.435
86.430
86.425
DEPTH OF
FILL
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.620
1.650
1.980
2.485
3.405
5.205
5.330
5.260
5.245
CUT
-3.380
-3.155
-2.205
-2.955
-2.685
-1.760
-0.340
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
31.180
-16.480
AVERAGE
DEPTH 'd'
m
-3.268
-2.680
-2.580
-2.820
-2.222
-1.050
0.140
1.135
1.815
2.233
2.945
4.305
5.268
5.295
5.253
CENTRAL
AREA 'Bd'
m2
-19.605
-16.080
-15.480
-16.920
-13.335
-6.300
0.840
6.810
10.890
13.395
17.670
25.830
31.605
31.770
31.515
AREA OF
THE SIDES
'Sd2 m
TOTAL
SECTIONA
L AREA
'Bd+Sd2'
m2
16.015
10.774
9.985
11.929
7.409
1.654
0.029
1.932
4.941
7.476
13.010
27.800
41.620
42.056
41.383
EARTHWORK OF CANAL THROUGH WEIR

Page 27
-3.590
-5.306
-5.495
-4.991
-5.926
-4.646
0.869
8.742
15.831
20.871
30.680
53.630
73.225
73.826
72.898
DISTANCE
BETWEEN
STATIONS
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
QUANTITY =(Bd+Sd2)
FILLING
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
8.694
87.423
158.313
208.711
306.795
536.295
732.248
738.255
728.981
CUTTING
0.000
-35.902
-53.064
-54.954
-49.914
-59.257
-46.462
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
-149.527
-299.554
CHAINAGE
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
GROUND
LEVEL
97.475
96.210
95.475
94.245
93.350
92.665
91.595
90.650
90.125
89.205
88.795
89.425
88.785
88.780
88.740
88.654
88.568
88.482
88.396
88.310
88.224
88.138
GRADIENT
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
FORMATION
LEVEL
94.000
94.000
93.999
93.999
93.998
93.998
93.997
93.997
93.996
93.996
93.995
93.995
93.994
93.994
93.993
93.993
93.992
93.992
93.991
93.991
93.990
93.989

DEPTH OF
CUTTING
FILLING
-3.47
-2.211
-1.476
-0.247
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.648
1.332
2.402
3.346
3.871
4.790
5.200
4.569
5.209
5.213
5.253
5.338
5.424
5.509
5.595
5.680
5.766
5.851
-7.41
81.00
Page 28
AVERAGE
DEPTH 'd'
m
-2.843
-1.843
-0.861
0.201
0.990
1.867
2.874
3.609
4.331
4.995
4.885
4.889
5.211
5.233
5.296
5.381
5.467
5.552
5.638
5.723
5.809
CENTRAL
AREA 'Bd'
m2
-17.057
-11.060
-5.168
1.204
5.941
11.203
17.245
21.652
25.984
29.971
29.308
29.335
31.267
31.399
31.774
32.287
32.800
33.313
33.826
34.339
34.852
AREA OF
THE SIDES
'Sd2 m2
12.122
5.096
1.113
0.060
1.471
5.230
12.392
19.535
28.133
37.429
35.791
35.857
40.736
41.080
42.067
43.437
44.828
46.241
47.676
49.133
50.612
TOTAL
SECTION
AL AREA
'Bd+Sd2'
m2
-4.935
-5.963
-4.055
1.265
7.412
16.433
29.637
41.187
54.118
67.400
65.100
65.193
72.003
72.480
73.842
75.724
77.629
79.555
81.503
83.473
85.465
DISTANCE
BETWEEN
STATIONS
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
QUANTITY =(Bd+Sd2)
CUTTING
FILLING
0.000
-49.347
-59.631
-40.549
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
12.650
74.124
164.334
296.375
411.871
541.176
674.003
650.997
651.926
720.032
724.799
738.420
757.243
776.285
795.547
815.028
834.729
854.649

Page 29

CONCLUSION:
1. Total length of the bund is 300m in which quantity of earthwork in filling is
14201.55m.
2. The total capacity of water storage is 59445.3125 m3
3. In this tank bund it is provided with a waste weir of length 5.5 m (at 113.945 m
R.L). From this a 200m canal is aligned towards d/s side.
4. Also at lowest R.L (108.640 m) a rectangular sluice is provided. From which a
100m canal aligned.
5. From this new tank project storage of the water is achieved and by this the area
which is situated at d/ s side is protected by submergence.
6. The stored water may utilize for the irrigation or for the other purposes such as
drinking and other domestic uses for the nearby villages.
REFERENCES:
Page 30

1. Engineering Hydrology Subramanya. K; Tata Mcgraw Hill New Delhi 2008
(Ed)
2. Soil Mechanics And Foundation Engg.- Punmia B.C (2005), 16 th Edition Laxmi
Publications Co., New Delhi.
3. Hydraulic Structures and Irrigation Design Dr. N. Balasubramanya, Tata McgrawHill Education Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.
4. Surveying Vol , , - B. C. Punmia, Laxmi Publications Co., New Delhi.

Page 31
WATER SUPPLY
&
SANITATION

Page 32

CHAPTER NO 2
WATER SUPPLY
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The area surveyed for the water supply project is Bamanwadi village, which is
located at a distance of 16Km in North-West direction from the centre of the Belagavi city
on the longitude 15456and latitude 74264. There exist 58 houses with an average
population of 7 persons per house. This village lags behind in supply of potable water. The
available water is inadequate due to rapid urbanization, increasing population etc. The bore
wells and open wells are the main source of drinking water in that area.
The available raw water must be treated and purified before they can be supplied to the
general public for their domestic use. In general the public water supplies are mainly
designed from the view point to the quality requirement of drinking water. The available
water must therefore be made safe and good for domestic use.
The proposed design includes construction of water tank and modeling the pipelines
running through the area. The scheme will be designed for a working period of next 30
years. The aim is to provide these houses safe and potable water and meet their demand
efficiently.
2.2 NECESSITY OF THE PROJECT

To provide safe and potable water to the village.
Sufficient water supply. The existing system is supplying the water at a rate of 40
50 lpcd, which is insufficient for the people.
Supply of treated water.
2.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

Providing water supply standards to about 100 lpcd.
Treating the water before supply to public use.
To make design and maintenance costs more economical.
To maintain key hygienic issues regarding the water supply system
Design Period is 30 Years.
TABLE 2.1 BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS (BIS) SPECIFICATION FOR

DRINKING WATER (BIS: 10500 1991)
Page 33

Characteristic or
parameter
DL
Color, Hazen units,

max
05
Odour (TON)
Unobjectionable
Taste
Agreeable
Turbidity, NTU,
max
05
pH value
Undesirable effect outside the

Desirable Limit
Above
05
decreases.
25
10
6.5 - 8.5
Beyond this range the water will affect

the mucous membrane and / or water
supply system.
No
Total hardness (as

CaCO3) mg/L, max
300
Encrustation in water supply structure

and adverse affect on domestic uses
600
Iron (as Fe) mg/L,

max
0.3
Beyond this limit taste / appearances are

affected, has adverse affect on domestic
uses and water supply structures, and
promotes iron Bacteria.
1.0
Beyond this limit, taste, corrosion and

palatability are affected.
1000
250
consumer
acceptance
acceptance
Chlorides (as Cl)

mg/L, max
Above
05,
decreases
consumer
PL
relaxation
Residual, free
chlorine, mg/L, min
0.2
Total Dissolved
Solids (TDS) mg/L,
max
500
Beyond this palatability decreases and

may cause gastro intestinal irritation
2000
Calcium (as Ca)

mg/L, max
75
Encrustation in water supply structure

and adverse effects on domestic use
200
Manganese( as Mn)
mg/L, max
0.1
Beyond this limit taste / appearances are

affected, has adverse affect on domestic
uses and water supply structures
0.3
Sulfate (as SO4)

mg/L, max
200
Beyond this causes gastro intestinal

irritation When magnesium or sodium
are present
400

Page 34

Beyond this
Nitrate (as NO3)
mg/L, max
45
Mathemoglobinemia (blue baby disease)

takes place in infants
100
Fluoride, (as F)
mg/L, max
1.0
Fluoride may be kept as low as possible.

High fluoride may cause fluorosis
1.5
Phenolic compounds
(as C6H5OH) mg/L,
max
0.001
Beyond this, it may cause objectionable

taste and odor
0.002
Mercury (as Hg)

mg/L, max
0.001
Beyond this, the water becomes toxic
No
relaxation
Cadmium (as Cd)

mg/L, max
0.01
No
relaxation
Selenium (as Se)

mg/L, max
0.01
No
relaxation
Arsenic (as As)

mg/L, max
0.05
No
relaxation
Cyanide (as
CN),mg/L, max
0.05
No
relaxation
Lead (as Pb) mg/L,

max
0.05
No
relaxation
Zinc (as Zn) mg/L,

max
05
Beyond this limit it can cause astringent

taste and an opalescence in water
15
Anionic detergents
(as MBAS) mg/L,
max
0.2
Beyond this limit it can cause a light

froth in water
1.0
Polynuclear
Aromatic
Hydrocarbons (as
PAH) mg/L, max
Mineral oil, mg/L,

max
0.01
Pesticides,
mg/L,max
Absent
May be carcinogenic
Beyond this limit undesirable taste and

odor after chlorination takes place.
0.03
Toxic
0.001
Radioactive
materials:
a) (Alpha)
emitters, Bq/L, max
Page 35

-
0.1
b) (Beta) emitters,
pci/L, max
Alkalinity, mg/L,
max
200
Beyond this
unpleasant
Aluminum, (as Al),

mg/L, max
0.03
Cumulative effect is reported to cause

dementia
0.2
Boron, (as Bo),

mg/L, max
01
05
30
Encrustation to water supply structure

and adverse effects on domestic use.
100
Magnesium, (as
Mg), mg/L, max
Chromium (as 0.05
Cr6+) mg/L, max
Copper (as Cu)
mg/L, max
limit
taste
becomes
0.05
May be carcinogenic above this limit
0.05
Astringent taste, discoloration and

corrosion of pipes, fittings and utensils
will be caused beyond this.
600
No
relaxation
1.5
DL = Desirable Limit also known as Requirable limit.

PL = Permissible Limit in absence of Alternate source
THE VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF WATER SUPPLY PROJECT ARE AS

FOLLOWS:
1
Water treatment plant

Chlorination
Distribution system
Before we design an intake it is necessary to obtain the water
demand or the quantity of water to be withdrawn which depends upon the population to
be served.
2.4 POPULATION FORECAST

Water supply scheme includes huge and costly structures (such as dams,
reservoirs, treatment works, penstock pipes, etc.) which cannot be replaced or increased
in their capacities, easily and conveniently. For example, the water mains including the
distributing pipes are laid underground, and cannot be replaced or added easily, without
Page 36

digging the roads or disrupting the traffic. In order to avoid these future complications of
expansions, the various components of a water supply scheme are purposely made larger;
so as to satisfy the community needs for a reasonable number of years to come. This
future period or the number of years for which a provision is made in designing the
capacities of the various components of the water supply scheme is known as design
period. Such a scheme which is designed for a design period of say n years is supposed to
satisfactorily serve the community needs up to the end of n years. The design period
should neither be too long nor should it be too short. The design period cannot exceed the
useful life of the component structure. For our project the design period is considered as 3
decades and incremental increase method has been used to forecast the future population
after 3 decades.
1. Using incremental method
2. From the previous years census, we have the following:
2.4.1 AIRTHMETIC INCREASE METHOD

TABLE NO. 2.2 P0PULATION LAST THREE DECADES
Year
Population
1985
1995
2005
2015
130
238
349
432
Average Increase in population
--------108
111
83
= cumulative increase/3
X = 302/3=101
Using the arithmetic increase formula we have,

Future population Pn is given by:
Pn = P0+ n x X
P2025= P2015 + (1 x 101)

= 432+276
= 533
P2035= P2055 + (2 x 101)
= 432+202
= 643
P2045= P2015 + (3 x 101)

Increase
Page 37

= 2791+303
= 735
Forecasting for extra 2 years (2 years as construction period)
i.e. P2047 = P2015+ (3.2 x 101)
=432+(323.2)
=756
Considering future population of a year 2047 as 800 nos & 100 cattles
2.5 WATER DEMAND

Rate of water demand:
For human beings 135lpcd & For cattles 50lpcd
The Department Of Rural Development And Panchaya Raj has laid down the
minimum per capita domestic consumption for rural communities with population up
to 20,000 should not be less than 70 lpcd.
The quantity of water required per capita day,
Q 1 = lpcd x population
= 135 x 800
= 108000 lit/day
= 108m3/day
The quantity of water required for cattles per capita day,
Q2 = lpcd x population
= 50 x 100
= 5000 lit/day
= 5m3/day
Total quantity of water required = 108+5
= 113m3/day
Assuming maximum daily demand as 1.5 times the circular conduit, we get
Q=1.5 x 113
= 169.5 m3/day
2.6 GENERAL DETAILS OF THE VILLAGE

Name of the area surveyed
: BAMANAWADI

Page 38

Number of house existed
Number of vacant plots
Number of members per house
No of bore well
Population as per 2015 census
: 58
: 25
: 07
: 02
: 432
2.7 DESIGN OF INTAKE STRUCTURE:

Whenever the water is withdrawn from a surface source such as lake or a river or
a reservoir the entrance of the withdrawal conduit is not an integral part of a dam or any
other related structure so an intake structure must be constructed at the entrance of the
conduit. The basic function of the intake structure is to help in safely withdrawing water
from the source over a pre determined range of pool level and then to discharge this water
into the withdrawal conduit (Normally called Intake conduit), through which it flows up
to the WTP. In case of a reservoir where gravity flow is possible, the water may be
directly taken through the conduit upto the TP, whereas, in case of direct river supplies,
the water enter in the intake well may have to be lifted by low pumps and then taken to
the TP through conduits.
An intake structure is therefore constructed at the centre of the conduit and
thereby helping in protecting the conduits from being damaged or clogged by ice, trash,
debris, etc., can vary from a simple concrete block supporting the end of a conduit pipe to
huge concrete towers housing, intake and pumps.
Fig 2.1 Simply concrete block submerged Intake
2.8 DESIGN OF 1ST STAGE RISING MAIN AND ITS PUMP

HOUSE
Let the detention time in the intake well (t) = 20min
Page 39

We have,
Volume of the intake well = Q x t
3
= 5.88 x 10
(20 x 60)
= 7.056m3
Minimum height of water required = 1.0 m
Height of FRL = 3.95m
Area of intake well=V/H
=7.056/3.95
=1.786 m2
Diameter of the intake well (D) =
1.786 4
= 1.51m
Providing a diameter of 1.51m and a height of 4.0m to the intake structure.
Diameter of main, d
5.88 x 103
A=
2
d=
= 2.94 x 10
m2
2.94 x 10 4
= 6cm
Economic diameter of pipe = 0.97 Q

= 0.97 169.5
= 4.3cm
.. Provide 6cm diameter pipe
2.8.1 DESIGN OF PUMP:

Page 40

Let working hours of Pump=8hrs
24
Q=169.5 x
8
3
=5.88 x 10
m3/s
Supply of water from source (to treatment plant)

L=750
HQ
Hp= 0.735
Where,
H= Hs+Hd+h
Hs=134.655-130.360=4.295m
Hd=134.655-133.925=0.730m
flv 2
0.097 x 740 x 22
h = 2 gd = 2 x 9.81 x 0.06
=24.39m
Therefore, H=4.295+0.730+24.39
=29.410m
29.410 x 9.81 x 5.88 x 103
Hp=
0.735 x 0.7
=3.29hp
.. Providing 4Hp pump
2.8.2 DESIGN OF WATER TREATEMENT PLANT

The available raw waters must be treated and purified before they can be
supplied to the general public for their domestic, industrial or any other uses. The extent
of treatment required to be given to particular water depends upon the characteristics and
quality of the available water, and also upon the quality requirements for the intended use.
In general, the public water supplies are mainly designed from the view point of the
quality requirements of drinking water, and simultaneously, they should be made
reasonably suit able for industrial purposes like steam generation, dyeing, brewing, etc.
The available water must, therefore, be made safe, good in appearance, and attractive to
human taste and tongue. Various methods which are used to make the water safe and
attractive to the consumers are described below. However, the method or the methods
adopted for purification depend mostly upon the character of the raw water.
Page 41

2.8.1.2 DISINFECTION:
The water which is obtained from wells may normally contain some harmful
disease causing bacteria in it. These bacteria must be killed in order to make the water
safe for drinking. The chemicals used for killing these bacteria are known as disinfectants,
and the process is known as disinfection or sterilization. This process of purification is the
most important, because the bacterially contaminated waters may lead to the spread of
various diseases and their epidemics, thus causing disasters to public life. The presence of
turbidities, colour, or minerals, etc., may not be dangerous, but the presence of even a
single harmful organism will definitely prove dangerous, thereby making 'disinfection' as
the most important process. The importance of disinfection can also be visualized from
the fact that in case of emergencies, such as for water supplies to armies in war times
when complete treatment
including sedimentation, filtration, etc. cannot be given, the
disinfection is the only treatment which is given to the raw water. However, in normal
cases, it is the final safeguard, and is given after filtration. The 'disinfection' not only
removes the existing bacteria from the water at the plant, but also ensures their'
immediate killing even afterwards, in the distribution system .The contamination of water
during its transit from the treatment plant to the place of its consumption is also thus,
prevented by the disinfectants. The chemical which is used as a disinfectant must,
therefore, be able to give this residual sterilising effect for a long period, thus affording
some protection against recontamination. In addition to this, it should be harmless,
unobjectionable to tongue, economical, and measurable by simple tests. Chlorine has
been found to be the best and the most ideal disinfectant and is now invariably used
throughout the world. The term chlorination is hence, commonly used to indicate broadly
that the water has been treated with a sterilizing agent. Disinfection, chlorination, and
sterilization are thus used as synonymous to each other. Besides chlorine, there are,
however, other minor methods of disinfection
Chlorine in its various forms is invariably and almost universally used for
disinfecting public water supplies. it is cheap , reliable ,easy to handle, easily measurable,
and above all, it is capable of providing residual disinfecting effects for long periods, thus
affording complete protection against future recontamination of water in the distribution
system. Its only disadvantage is that when used in greater amounts, it imparts bitter and
bad taste to the water, which may not be liked by certain sensitive-tongued consumers.
Page 42

2.8.2.2 DOSAGE OF CHLORINE = 2mg/lit
25% of chlorine is present in bleaching powder
So add 8mg/lit of bleaching
Quantity of bleaching required
= 169.5 x 103 x 8
= 1.356 x 106 mg
= 1.356 kg
Bleaching powder is directly added wit alum and fluoride in mixing device.
2.8.2.3 COMPONENTS OF TREATMENT PLANT
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Design of Screening
Design of settling tank
Design of rapid sand filter including wash water tank
Disinfection
Design of clear water reservoir.
2.8.2.4 SCREENING:
Screening is the very first operation carried of sewage treatment plant and consists
of passing the sewage through different types of screens so as to tap and remove the
floating matter such of pieces of cloth , paper, Wood, etc There ere are different types of
screens are there mainly are as follows.
1) Coarse Screens: The spacing between the bars is about 50 mm or more. These screens
help in removing large floating object from sewage.
2) Medium Screens: The spacing the bars is about 6 to 40 mm. These screens will
ordinarily collect 30 to 90 liters of material per million liters of sewage.

Page 43
Fig 2.2 showing fixed bar type of Screen

2.8.2.5 DESIGN OF SCREENS:
Length of screen L = 1m
Breadth of screen B = 0.5m
Depth of screen
d = 1m
Assume a free board of 0.5m

Total depth (D) = d+0.5
= 1+0.5
= 1.5m
Angle with respect to horizontal=450
Length of inclined bars =
12+12
= 1.414m
Assuming thickness of the wall on all the sides,
b=12.5cm =0.125m
Actual length of the screen l = 1-(20.125)
= 0.75m
Actual breadth of the screen b = 0.5-(20.125)
= 0.25m
Assuming 1cm bars @ 4cm clear spacing

Page 44
Number of bars =
c
Ba2 x distance
c
+1
c
distance
c
252 x 4
+1=5.25
4
=5.25 say 5 nos

Provide 5 no of Bars screens at 4 cm clear spacing.
2.8.2.6 SEDIMENTATION CUM COAGULATION TANK

It has been possible to combine the flocculation tank along with the sedimentation tank.
Such a tank is known as a coagulation sedimentation tank. In such a tank, a plain flocchamber without any mechanical devices is provided before the water enters the
sedimentation chamber. The detention period for the floc-chamber is kept about 15 to 40
min & that for the settling tank, at about 2 to 4 hours. The depth in the floc-chamber may
be kept about half that of in the settling chamber.
The water from the mixing basin enters this tank, and the clarified water comes
out of the outlet end. The design principles for such a tank are the same as those applied
to a plain sedimentation tank except that these are kept deeper. A depth varying from 3 to
6 m is generally provided. They may be cleaned at intervals of about
2.8.2.7
DESIGN
OF
COAGULATION-CUM
(CLARIFLOCCULATOR)
Page 45
SEDIMENTATION
TANK

Design of coagulation com sedimentation tank is divided into two parts
Design of settling tank
Design of floc chamber
2.8.2.8 DESIGN OF SETTLING TANK
Quantity of water to be treated = 169.5/day
=169.5x10 lit/day
Assuming detention period, t=3 hours
Therefore, volume of water treated=
169.5 x
3
24 =21.187 m
Assuming depth of tank =3m

Cross section area of the tank=
21.187
3
= 7.1m2
Assume L=2xB
Area A=L x B
=2BxB
A=
7.1
2 = B
B=1.88m = 2 m
L= 2x2 = 4 m
Assume free board = 0.5m
Total depth, D=3.5m
Volume of the tank= 3.5x4x2
=28m
Provide extra depth for removal of sludge with a slope of 1 in 30.
Total depth at the end of the tank = 3.5+0.3 = 3.8m
Hence, Use a tank of 4 x 2 x 3.5m. Provide extra depth for sludge storage, say 3.5m
Depth at starting end &
3.5+
4
50 = 3.58m at the downstream end (using 1 in 50 slope).
Use a Freeboard of 0.5m above the water level.

Page 46

2.8.2.9 DESIGN OF FLOCCULATION CHAMBER
Assume effective depth of flocculation chamber is half the depth in the tank near the
flocculation chamber i.e.
3.5
= 2
= 1.75m
Assume detention period of 30min

Now the capacity of the chamber = flow required in 30min
=
c/s area required =
169.5 x
30
24 x 60
= 3.521 m
capacity
depth
3.521
1.75 = 2.012m
Using L= 2B
2.012= 2B
B= 1.25
L= 2 x 1.25=2.5m
2.9 DESIGN OF PUMP AT TREATMENT PLANT:

HQ
Hp= 0.735
where,
H= Hs+Hd+h
Hs = 3.5m
Hd = 101.045-96.935=4.11m
flv 2
0.0097 x 200 x 22
h = 2 gd =
2 x 9.81 x 0.06
Therefore, H = 3.5+4.11+6.59
=14.2m

Page 47
6.590m

14.2 x 9.81 x 5.88 x 10
Hp =
0.735 x 0.7
= 1.59hp
.. Providing 2Hp pump
2.10 DESIGN OF GROUND LEVEL STORAGE RESERVOIR

(GLSR)
A GLSR of 2days capacity has been provided
3
Quantity of water required per day= 169.5 m /day
Capacity of clear water reservoir = 169.5 x2

3
= 339 m
Assuming the depth of tank = 3.5m (including free board)

Length of tank =2xB
We get,
V
A= h
339
= 3.5
=96.86
m2
Therefore, A=BxL
=2 B
So,
B=
=96.86
96.86
2
= 6.959m
Take, B=7m
L=2xB=14m
Page 48

Total volume=7x14x3.5=343 m
Fig 2.4 Showing typical section of GLSR
2.11 DESIGN OF ELEVATED LEVEL RESERVOIR (ELSR)

Capacity of 1.5 days ELSR has to be designed
3
Therefore, V=1.5x169.5=254.25 m
Assume depth of ELSR = 3.5m

Quantity of water Q=
AxH
Q
A= H
254.25
3.5
2
= 72.64 m
d2
=250
4
D=
72.64 x
..So provide 10 m diameter of tank.

Total dimension = area x depth

Page 49
= 9.62 =10 m

=
x 102 x 4
4
2
= 274.9 m
DESIGN OF PUMP @ (GLSR TO ELSR):

HQ
Hp= 0.735
where,
H= Hs+Hd+h
Hs=3.5m
Hd=15 (assumed)
flv 2
0.097 x 5 x 22
h = 2 gd = 2 x 9.81 x 0.06
=0.165m
Therefore, H=3.5+15+0.165
=18.66m
18.66 x 9.81 x 5.88 x 103
Hp=
0.735 x 0.7
=2.09 hp
..Providing 2 Hp pump
2.12 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

After the water has been properly treated & made safe & wholesome, it has to be
supplied to the consumers in their individual homes. The water has, therefore to be taken
from the treatment plant to the roads & streets in the city, & finally to the individual
houses. This function of carrying the water from the treatment plant to the individual
homes is accomplished through a well-planned distribution system.
A distribution system may, therefore, consists of pipe lines of various size for
carrying the water to the streets; valves for controlling the flow in the pipes, hydrants for
providing connections with the water mains for releasing water during fires, meters for
measuring discharges, service connections (called services) to the individual homes,
pumps for lifting & forcing the water into the distribution pipes, distribution or service
reservoirs for storing the treated water to be fed into the distribution pipes etc. Further, the
water may be supplied to the public either continuously for all the 24hours of the day or it
Page 50

may be supplied intermittently during certain fixed hours of the day. Also, the water may
either be pumped directly into the distribution pipes, or it may first be stored in a
distribution reservoir & then fed into the distribution pipes.
2.12.1 DESIGN OF GRAVITY MAIN:

DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
Considering average water demand 135lpcd for people
Average water demand 50lpcd for cattles
Quantity of earthwork =1x1xL
TABLE 2.4 EARTHWORK QUANTITY CALCULATIONS
Road
name
Road
length
Population
Cattles
Total water
required per day
in Lit/day
Velocity
in m/s
Diameter
in m
Quantity o
earth work
m3
In m
160
83
10
11705
0.06
80
B1
220
188
57
28230
0.06
110
B2
120
35
08
5125
0.06
60
B3
90
126
25
18260
0.06
45
Total quantity of earth work = 295m3
2.13 CONCLUSION:
Water for basic needs (households, services) represents a relatively small amount
of the total quantity withdrawn for other uses. Basic needs go beyond what we need to
drink or ingest through our food for daily survival, it includes the need for water to
Page 51

maintain a basic standard of personal and domestic hygiene. Designed water supply
scheme can carry a discharge of 169 cum/day and having a storage of .., by present
water supply design is capable of fulfilling the basic needs of 432 population with their
100 cattles, based on that we can conclude:
The project may provide potable water to the Bamanawadi village in
accordance with their demands and requirements.
The provision of such a scheme shall not help only in supplying safe
wholesome water to the people for domestic use. But also keep the
diseases away and there by promoting better health and ensuing better
living standards.
Total quantity of earthwork in cutting for the alignment of water pipe line
in village is 295 m.

Page 52

REFERENCES:
1. Water Supply Engg. S.K.Garg, Khanna Publishers
2. Environmental Engg. & - B C Punimia And Ashok Jain
3. Manual On Water Supply And Treatment Cpheeo, Minstry Of Urban
Development, New Delhi.
4. Environmental Sanitation Joseph. A. Solveto.
5. Water Supply And Sanitary Engineering E.W.Steel.
CHAPTER 3
Page 53

SANITATION PROJECT
3.1 INTRODUCTION:
Every community produces both liquid as well as solid waste. If the waste matter
created and given out by humans, animals, industries and other sources is allowed to
accumulate it will get decomposed and will contaminate air, water and food. Hence it is
essential to remove the contaminants from waste water through appropriate treatment
methods. The ultimate disposal of treated waste water, solid and semisolid residue and
concentrated contaminants removed by treatment continues to be one of the most difficult
and expensive problem in the field of waste water engineering. The need for direct and
deliberate reuse of reclaimed sewage effluents is increasing in many areas of the world.
The location of several cities on a single river/stream leads to unavoidable water reuse
when each city uses the water body for water supply and receiving body for waste water.
Waste water collection treatment and disposal is now confronted with myriads of
problems due to additional pollution of industrial wastes.
In earlier times waste products were collected, carried and disposed by manual
labors to a safe point but now it has been modernized and replaced by the system, in
which these wastes are mixed with sufficient quantity of water and carried through closed
conduits under the action of gravity .This mixture of water and waste products popularly
called sewage, thus automatically flow up to a place, from where it is disposed off, after
giving suitable treatment, thus avoiding the carriage of wastes on the heads of humans
and in carts. The main purpose of sanitation is to maintain such environments that will not
affect the public in general Thus sanitation aim at creations of such conditions of living
which will result into serious break out of epidemics or in other words it is a preventive
measure for the preservation of public health in general and individual in particular. It is
to be noted that the world health indicates the physical and mental soundness of human
body such that it is in a position to discharge its daily routine functions.
If untreated water is allowed to accumulate, the deposition of organic materials
which contain can lead to the production of large quantities of redolent gases. In addition
untreated waste water contains numerous pathogenic or disease causing micro organism.
It also contains nutrients which can stimulate the growth of aquatic plants and it may
Page 54

contain toxic compounds. There is an immediate need for the removal of waste from its
source followed by treatment and disposals of waste water.
TABLE3.1 TREATED EFFLUENT STANDARDS:GENERAL STANDARDS FOR DISCHARGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTANTS: SEWAGE (AS PER CPCB, NEW DELHI):
Characteristics/
Parameter
Color and odor
Inland surface
water
*
STANDARDS
Public
Land for
sewers irrigation
-
Marine coastal areas

*
a) For process waste
water-100
b) For cooling water
effluent 10% above
total suspended matter
of effluent
a) Floatable solids,
Max. 3mm size
b) Settelable solids,
max, 850 microns
Suspended solids
mg/L, max.
100
600
200
Particle sizes of
Suspended solids
Shall pass 850

micron IS sieve
pH value
5.5 - 9.0
5.5 9.0
5.5 - 9.0
5.5 - 9.0
Temperature in 0C
Shall not exceed

50 C above the
receiving water
Temp
Shall not exceed 50C

above the receiving
water temperature
10
20
10
20
1.0
1.0
5.0
5.0
30
350
100
100
Oil and grease,

mg/L, max.
Total residual
chlorine, mg/L,
max
Free ammonia as
(NH3) mg/L, max
Biochemical
Oxygen Demand,
mg/L max. (BOD5
or BOD3)

Page 55

Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD)
mg/L
250
250
= All efforts should be made to remove color & odor as far as practicable.
Note: Inland surface water Streams, Rivers, Ponds, Lakes etc.
Marine coastal areas Into sea or ocean.
Characteristics/
Parameter
Arsenic (as As), mg/L,
max
Mercury (as Hg) mg/L,
max
Lead (as Pb) mg/L, max
Calcium (as Ca) mg/L,
max
Hexavalent Chromium
(as Cr) mg/L, max
Total Chromium (as Cr)
mg/L, max
Copper (as Cu) mg/L,
max
Zinc (as Zn) mg/L, max
Selenium (as Se) mg/L,
max
Nickel (as Ni) mg/L,
max
Dissolved Phosphate(as
P) mg/L, max
Manganese (as Mn)
mg/L
Iron (as Fe)
mg/L
Sulfide (as S) mg/L, max
Cyanide (as CN) mg/L,
max
Fluoride (as F) mg/L,
max
Vanadium (as V) mg/L
TABLE NO 3.2
STANDARDS
Inland
Public
Land for
surface
sewers
irrigation
water
Marine
coastal areas
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.1
1.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
2.0
0.1
2.0
1.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
5.0
15
15
0.05
0.05
0.05
3.0
3.0
5.0
5.0
02
02
02
03
03
03
2.0
5.0
0.2
2.0
0.2
0.2
2.0
15
15
0.2
0.2
0.2

Page 56

Nitrate Nitrogen mg/L
Ammonical nitrogen (as
N), mg/L, max.
Total kjeldhal nitrogen
[N], mg/L, max
Radioactive materials:
a) Alpha emitters
[micron curie/mL] max
b) Beta emitters
[micro curie /mL] max
10
20
50
50
50
100
100
10-7
10-8
10-7
10-6
10-7
10-6
10-7
10-6
Note: Inland surface water Streams, Rivers, Ponds, Lakes etc.

Marine coastal areas Into sea or ocean
3.2 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The area selected for project is Bamanwadi village whose distance is 15km from
Belgaum post office. In this area attention was paid to branch of public health regarding
the sewage treatment and disposal. People have adjusted by their own methods of
sanitation as these methods haven't imposed any serious problems so far. As the village
has developed over the years with respect to the infrastructure, population, standard of
living etc has lead to better sanitary system
3.3 QUANTITY OF SEWAGE

Amount of sewage generated
Amount of sewage generated = 80% of supply
= 0.8 169.5
= 135.6 m3/day
3.4 PROPOSED UNIT

Screen
Grit chamber
Aerobic lagoons
3.4.1 SCREEN
Screening is the very first operation carried of sewage treatment plant and consists
of passing the sewage through different types of screens so as to tap and remove the
Page 57

floating matter such of pieces of cloth , paper, wood, etc mere are different types of
screens are there mainly are as follows.
1) Coarse Screens: The spacing between the bars is about 50 mm or more. These screens
help in removing large floating object from sewage.
2) Medium Screens: The spacing the bars is about 6 to 40 mm. These screens will
ordinarily collect 30 to 90 liters of material per million liters of sewage.
DESIGN OF SCREENS:
Length of screen L = 1m
Breadth of screen B = 0.5m
Depth of screen
d = 1m
Assume a free board of 0.5m

Total depth (D) = d+0.5
= 1+0.5
= 1.5m
Angle with respect to horizontal=450

Page 58

Length of inclined bars =
= 1.414m
Assuming thickness of the wall on all the sides,
b=12.5cm =0.125m
Actual length of the screen l = 1-(20.125)
= 0.75m
Actual breadth of the screen b = 0.5-(20.125)
= 0.25m
Assuming 1cm bars @ 4cm clear spacing
2c
distance
c
+1
c
distance
c
Ba
Number of bars =
2524
+1=5.25
4
=5.25 say 5 nos

Provide 5 no of Bars screens at 4 cm clear spacing.
3.4.2 GRIT CHAMBER:

Grit is the heavy mineral material found in raw sewage and it may contain sand,
gravel, broken glass, small fragments of metal and other small inorganic solids, that have
subsidized velocities or specific gravities substantially greater than those of organic solids
in waste water. Grit also includes egg shells, bone chips, coffee grounds, seeds and large
organic particles, such as food wastes. Grit settles more rapidly than the organic or
material in waste water, thus allowing a reasonably clean separation from the waste
stream. Grit has a specific gravity ranging from 2.4 to 2.65
Grit chambers are provided to protect moving mechanical equipments from
abrasion and accompanying abnormal wear. They reduce the formation of heavy deposits
in pipe lines, channels and conduits. They also reduce the frequency of digester cleaning
that may be required as a result of excessive accumulation of grit in such units.
3.4.2.1 DESIGN OF GRIT CHAMBER
Page 59

Let us provide a rectangular grit chamber.
Considering,
Horizontal velocity of flow Vf = 0.3 m/s
Settling velocity = 0.2 m/s
Now,
A=
135.6
24 x 60 x 60 x 0.3
1.569 x 10 3
0.3
3 2
= 5.23 x 10 m
Assuming depth of grit chamber = 0.5m

Therefore,
3 2
0.5xB= 5.23 x 10 m
B=0.01m
say 0.5m
We have,
depth of chamber
settlement velocity
Detention time =
0.5
= 0.2
= 2.5sec
Length of tank = velocity of flow x detention time

= 0.3x0.25
= 0.75m say 1m
Total dimensions
3
V = 1x0.5x0.5 = 0.25 m
Therefore provide a rectangular tank of dimensions 1 0.5 0.5m

As the dimensions are not practicable let us provide a rectangular grit chamber of
size 1m1 m 1 m.
3.4.3 SKIMMING TANK

Skimming Tanks are sometimes employed for removing oils grease from the
sewage & placed before the sedimentation tanks. They are, therefore, used where sewage
Page 60

contains too much of grease or oils, which include fats, waxes, soaps, fatty acids, etc. In
hot countries like India, it is very difficult to skin out the oils & grease, because they do
not coagulate & congeal easily. Moreover, in normal municipal wastewaters, they are
generally found in very mere quantity.
FIG 3.2 Oil and grease removal (Alone)
Fig 3.3 Showing the section of a Skimming tank
3.4.4 AEROBIC LAGOON

This method is used at smaller places for disposing of the sludge without
digestion. In this method, the raw sludge is kept at rest in a large shallow pond called
lagoon. The detention period is 1 to 2 months and extends up to 6 months
Typical section of lagoon is as shown in figure. It is a shallow pit 0.6 to 1.2 m
deep formed by excavating the ground. At the bottom of this pit a 15 cm thick layer of
Page 61

ashes or clinkers is placed. An agricultural tile drain of about 10cm dia is placed at the
bottom as under drain. They are placed at about 3 cm c/c spacing. Banks are formed on
both the sides of the pit from excavated earth.
After the sludge in the tank has been stabilized and the moisture has been drained
away or evaporated during its detention time in the lagoon, the contents are dug out to
about half of the original volume and used as manure.
Fig 3.4 Showing the section of an aerobic lagoon

3.4.4.1 DESIGN OF AEROBIC LAGOON:
QUANTITY OF SEWAGE
Amount of sewage generated
Amount of sewage generated = 80% of supply
= 0.8 169.5
= 135.6 m3/day
Quantity of sewage generated per day =135.6 m3
As the detention period of the aerobic lagoon is 1 month
Quantity of sewage collected =135.630
= 4068 m3
Page 62

Capacity of the tank =4068 m3
Assuming a depth of 1.2m, we have
Area =
=
capacity
depth
4068
1.2
Area = 3390 m2
Assuming L=2B
Therefore,
Area = l B
3390 = B2B
B= (3390/2)
B = 41.2 m say 42m
As L= 2B
= 2 42
Length = 84m
Providing a free board of 0.5m the dimensions of the tank are 84m42m1.7 m.
3.4.5 DESIGN OF SEWER:

Providing depth of rectangular sewer = 0.5m
Therefore,
V = 0.50.5640
= 160 m3/day > 135.6 m3/day
Road
name
M
B1
B2
B3
.. Hence safe
TABLE 3.2 EARTHWORK QUANTITY CALCULATIONS

Road
Total sewage
Velocity
length Population Cattles
generated per
in m/s
In m
day in Lit/day
160
83
10
9360
0.9
220
188
57
22584
0.9
120
35
08
4100
0.9
90
126
25
9130
0.9

Page 63
Size in m
0.5X0.5
0.5X0.5
0.5X0.5
0.5X0.5
Quantity o
earth work
m3
40
55
30
22.5

Total quantity of earth work = 147.5 m3
3.6 LAYOUT OF PIPE LINE:

Page 64

Page 65
3.5 CONCLUSION:
Page 66

The designed sanitary system provides a general review combined sewer strategy
along with developing sanitary collection system and primary treatment system. The
village has no large scale water supply and sanitary system, the designed system is
capable of handling 135.6 m3/day of waste water for the population of 432 with 100
cattles. With this design we can conclude that:
1. The provision of such scheme shall not help only in collecting waste water
from different streets. But also keep the diseases away and there by
promoting better health and ensuing better living standards.
2. Total quantity of earthwork in cutting for aligning sewers in village is
147.5 m.
REFERENCES:
1. Water Supply Engg. S.K.Garg, Khanna Publishers
2. Environmental Engg.
& - B C Punimia And Ashok Jain

Page 67

3. Manual On Water Supply And Treatment Cpheeo, Minstry Of Urban
Development, New Delhi.
4. Environmental Sanitation Joseph. A. Solveto.
5. Water Supply And Sanitary Engineering E.W.Steel.

Page 68
HIGHWAY
PROJECT

Page 69

CHAPTER NO 4
HIGHWAY PROJECT
4.1 INTRODUCTION OF SITE
It was proposed to carry out a survey work for the alignment of new highway near the
BHAMANAWADI which is situated at a distance of around 5 km from the college campus.
The site was almost plain terrain with red soil. The four different groups carried out the
alignment survey work in four different paths. Out of these four, one alignment is selected.
In connection with this highway, the following geometrical Elements are designed.
1) Horizontal curve
a) Super elevation
b) Extra widening
c) Stopping sight distance
d) Over taking sight distance
e) Set back distance
f) Transition curve
2) Vertical curve
3) Quantity of cutting and filling
4) Pavement thickness
4.2 DETAILS OF SURVEY WORKS CARRIED OUT

The following steps were carried out while conducting highway project:
1. Map study:
All different possible alignments were studied with the help of available topography
map of the area.
2. Reconnaissance survey:
It was carried out to obtain a general idea of the topography, field identification of soils
and source of construction materials, by on-the-spot inspection of area.

Page 70

3. Preliminary survey:
Various alternative alignments proposed after the reconnaissance survey, necessary
physical information and details, drainage and soil were studied. And best alignment has been
chosen from these alternative alignments.
4. Location of final alignment:
Pegs were driven along the center line of finally chosen alignment for establishment of
centre line of the highway. Major and minor control points were established on the ground,
checking the geometric design requirement.
5. Detailed survey:
Detailed survey includes survey of highway, construction, work of preparation of L/S
& C/S. Computation of earth quantities and other construction checking of details of
geometric design elements.
6. Design:
Designing of highway includes details of all geometric elements, thickness of
pavement layer etc.
7. Earth work:
Excavation for highway cutting and drainage system, construction of embankment.
8. Pavement construction:
Construction of sub base, base and surface course.
4.3 HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT

The position or the layout of the centre line of the highway on the ground is called the
alignment. The horizontal alignment includes the straight path, the horizontal deviations and
curves. Changes in gradient and vertical curves are covered under vertical alignment of roads.
A new road should be aligned very carefully as improper alignment would result in one or
more of the following disadvantages
a) Increase in construction cost
b) Increase in maintenance cost
c) Increase in vehicle operation cost
d) Increase in accident rate
Once the road is aligned and constructed, it is not easy to change the alignment due to
increase in cost of adjoining land and construction of costly structures by the road side. Hence

Page 71

the importance of costly considerations while finalizing the alignment of a new road need not
be over emphasized
4.4 REQUIREMENTS OF AN IDEAL ALIGNMENT

The basic requirements of an ideal alignment between two terminal stations are as
Follows.
Short:
It is desirable to have a short alignment between two terminal stations. A straight
alignment would be the shortest, though there may be several practical considerations
which would cause deviations from the shortest path. The alignment which serves
maximum utility among all possible shortest routes should be selected.
Easy:
The alignment should be such that it is easy to construct & maintain the road with
minimum problems. Also the alignment should be easy for the operations of vehicles with
easy gradients and curves.
Safe:
The alignment should be safe enough for construction & maintenance from the
view point of stability of natural hill slopes, embankments & cut slopes etc, also it should
be safe for the traffic operation with safe geometric features.
Economical:
The road alignment could be considered economical only if the total cost including
initial cost, maintenance cost& vehicle operation cost is lowest.
The alignment should be such that it would offer maximum utility by serving
maximum population & products. The utility of the road should be judged from its utility
value per unit length of the road.
4.5 HIGHWAY CROSS SECTION ELEMENTS

4.5.1 Camber
Cross slope or camber is a slope provided to the road surface in the transverse direction
to drain off the rain water from the road surface.

Page 72

Cambers are provided to prevent the entry of surface water into the subgrade soil
through pavement and also prevent the entry of water into the bituminous pavement
layers.
Recommended values of camber for different road surfaces are as follows
Table No: 4.1
Sl no.
Range of camber in area of

Types of road surface
rainfall range Heavy to
Light
Cement concrete and high type
1 in 50(2.0%) to 1 in 60(1.7%)
bituminous surface
Thin bituminous surface
1 in 40(2.5%) to 1 in 50(2.0%)
Water bound macadam, and gravel
1 in 33(3.0%) to 1 in 40(2.5%)
pavement
Earth
1 in 25(4.0%) to 1 in 33(3.0%)
4.5.2 Carriageway
It depends on the width of traffic lane and the number of lanes. The carriageway
intended for one line of traffic movement may be called a traffic lane. The lane width is
determined on the bases of the width of vehicle and the minimum side clearance which may
be provided for the safety.
Width of Carriageway for different class of roads is as follows:
Table No 4.2
Sl No.
Class of roads
Width of carriageway
1.
Single lane
3.75m
2.
Two lanes, without raised kerbs
7.0m
3.
Two lanes, with raised kerbs
7.5m
4.
Intermediate carriageway
5.5m
5.
Multi lane pavements
3.5m per lane

Page 73

4.5.3 Width of Roadway
Width of road way is the sum of the widths of pavements or carriageway
including
separators and the shoulders. It is also the width of the highway
embankment or the bottom width of highway cutting excluding the side drains
Width of roadway of various classes of roads (m) is as follows:
Table No 4.3
Plain and
Sl no.
Road classification
Rolling
Terrain
Mountainous and
Steep Terrain
National & state

highways
a) Single lane
b) Two lane
Major district roads
a)Single lane
b) Two lanes
3
12.0
6.25
12.0
8.80
9.0
4.75
9.0
7.5
4.75
9.0
7.5
4.00
Other dist. Roads

a)Single
b)Two lanes
Village roads-single
lane
4.5.4 Kerbs
Kerb is the boundary between the pavement and shoulder.
In rural roads submerged kerbs are sometimes provided at pavement edge between
edge and shoulders. These kerbs provide lateral confinement stability to the
granular base course and flexible pavements.
Types of kerbs:
Low or mountable type kerbs
Semi-barrier type kerbs
Barrier type kerbs

Page 74

4.5.5 Road Margins
Elements included in road margins are shoulder, parking lane, frontage road,
driveway, cycle track, footpath, guard rail and embankment slope.
IRC Recommendations for various road margins are given below:
Table No 4.4
Road margins
IRC Recommendations
Shoulders
min-2.5 m
Parking lane
3m
Cycle track
min-2 m
Foot path
min-1.5 m
4.5.6 Right of way

Right of way is an area of land acquired for the road, along its alignment for the
future widening of road. The total width of land acquired along the alignment of road is
called as the Right of Way.
Recommended land width for different classes of roads (m) is as follows:
Table No 4.5
Sl no Road Classification
Plain & Rolling Terrain
Mountainous &
Open Areas Built-up Areas
Steep Terrain
Open
Built-up
Normal Range Normal Range
Areas Areas
Normal Normal
1.
National & State Highways 45
30-60
30
30-60
24
20
2.
Major District Roads
25
25-30
20
15-25
18
15
3.
Other District Roads
15
15-25
15
15-20
15
12
4.
Village Roads
12
12-18
10
10-15
4.5.7 Sight Distance

Page 75

Sight distance is the actual distance along the road surface, which a driver from a
specified height above the carriageway has a visibility of stationary or moving
objects.
The sight distance situations considered in the design are as follows:
4.5.7(A) Stopping Sight Distance (SSD)

The minimum sight distance available on a highway at any spot should of
sufficient length to stop a vehicle travelling at design speed, safely without collision with
any other obstruction. The absolute minimum sight distance is therefore equal to SSD
which is also sometimes called as non passing sight distance.
Stopping sight distance for different speed is as follows:
Table No 4.6
Design speed, kmph
20
25
30
40
50
60
65
80
100
Safe stopping sight distance
20
25
30
45
60
80
90
120
180
for design in m
4.5.7(B) Overtaking Sight distance (OSD)

The minimum sight distance open to the vision of driver of vehicle intending to
overtake slow vehicle ahead with safety against the traffic of opposite direction is known
as the minimum overtaking sight distance (OSD) or safe passing sight distance available.
Safe overtaking distance for different speed is as follow:
Table No 4.7
Speed, kmph
40
50
60
65
80
100
Safe overtaking sight distance in m
165
235
300
340
470
640
4.5.7(C) Intermediate sight distance

On horizontal curves the overtaking sight distance requirement cannot always be
fulfilled in such cases intermediate sight distance is provided.
4.5.7 (D) Head light sight distance

Page 76

This is a distance the distance visible to a driver during night driving under the
illumination of the vehicle headlights. This sight distance is critical at up gradient and at the
ascending stretch of the valley curves.
4.6 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS

4.6.1CBR TEST
Aim: To evaluate the stability of soil grade and other flexible pavement materials.
Apparatus: Mould
Surcharge
Plunger
Dial gauge
Stopwatch
Ramming rod
Procedure:
The CBR test was conducted in the laboratory on the prepared specimen in mould
or in situ field.
The laboratory apparatus consists of mould of 150 mm dia. with base plate and
collar, a loading frame with cylindrical plunger of 50 mm dia. and dial gauges for
measuring the penetration values.
The penetration test consists of causing a cylindrical plunger of 50 mm dia. to
penetrate a pavement component material at 1.25 mm/min. The load values to cause 2.5
to 5 mm are recorded.
The specimen in the mould was subjected to four days soaking and swelling. The
surcharge weight was placed on the top of specimen in the mould and the assembly was
placed under the plunger of loading frame. The load values were noted corresponding to
penetrate values of
0.0, 2.5, and 5mm etc. The load penetration graph was plotted
against penetration values.

The CBR value at 2.5 mm penetration, which is higher than that 5mm, is reported
as the CBR value. If the CBR value obtained from the test at 5mm penetration is higher
than 2.5mm, then test should be repeated for checking. If check test again give similar
results then higher value obtained at 5mm penetration is reported as the CBR value.
Preparation of specimen:
Page 77

The soil sample collected from the field at an equal interval of 500 m along the
alignment is sieved through 20 mm sieve.
The weight of soil sample was taken as 5000 gm. The sieved sample was brought
to field density by adding 8.5% of moisture since the natural water content of the soil
sample was 6% and optimum moisture content is 14.5%. Then sample was divided into 3
layers. Each layer was placed in mould and was given 56 strokes with ramming rod. The
collar was displaced and excess of surface was removed with knife and was leveled with
top of mould.
The mould was displaced from base plate and collar. The weight of mould with
surcharge and soil sample was taken and the soil sample was placed in water for soaking
for 4 days. The CBR test was conducted on prepared specimen.
CBR Test Apparatus:
Fig No 4.1
Determination of CBR value of soil

a) Weight of soil sample
= 5 Kg
b) Amount of water added
= 8.5%
c) No of layers
= 3
d) No of blows
= 56 per layer

Page 78

CBR TEST READINGS
Penetration in mm
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
12.0
Load in kg
0.000
23.65
47.3
70.95
94.6
113.52
127.71
137.17
146.63
156.09
164.55
175.01
189.2
203.39
LOAD VS PENETRATION
250
200
150
LOAD VS PENETRATION
100
50
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 7.5 10 12
(1) For 2.5 mm penetration
load at 2.5 mm penetratio n
Standard load at 2.5 mm penetratio n

CBR =

Page 79
100
112.34
100
1370
= 8.2%
(2) For 5 mm penetration
load at 5 mm penetratio n
CBR=
Standard load at 5 mm penetratio n

164.4
2055
100
100 = 8%
3.7 DESIGN OF THICKNESS OF PAVEMENT:

DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT:
DATA:
1. No of Commercial Vehicles Per Day (P) = 100 CVPD.
2. Period of Construction (x)
= 3 years.
3. Annual Traffic Growth rate (r)
= 7.5%
4. CBR Value of sub-grade soil, CBR
= 8%
5. Category of Road, DS 2 Lane.
6. Design Period (n)
= 10 years.
7. Lane Distribution Factor (D)
= 75%
8. Vehicle Damage Factor (F)
= 3.50
x
A = Px( 1+r )
= 100 x ( 1+0.075)3
A = 124.23 CVPD.
N = (365 ((1+r)n-1)ADF)/ r
= (365(1+0.075)10-1) 124.23 x 3.5 x 0.75)/ 0.075
N = 3042731.09 3.04 msa
Referring IRC 37: 2001 for CBR 8% & N = 3 msa
Table No. 1.8 Thickness of various layer for 15msa & CBR 8%
Cumulative
Total Pavement
traffic in msa
thickness mm
3.04 msa
450.00 mm
Bituminous PC (mm)
20.00 mm

Surfacing BM
Granular Base (mm)
(mm)
and Sub base (mm)
50.00 mm
Page 80
Base 250 mm

Sub-base 150mm
Provide Total thickness of pavement as 450.00 mm.
Table no. 1.9 Recommended Designs for Traffic Range 1 10 msa

Total
Cumulative
Pavement
Traffic (msa)
thickness
1
2
3
5
10
(mm)
375
425
450
475
550
Pavement Composition
Bituminous Surfacing
Wearing
Binder
cource (mm)
20 PC
20 PC
20 PC
25 SDBC
40 BC
cource (mm)
50 BM
50 BM
50 BM
60 DBM
Granular Base
& Sub base
(mm)
Base- 225mm
Sub base 150
Base -250
Sub-base- 150
Graph Showing thickness of layers for CBR 8%
B
C
B
8%
R
R
8
%
4.8 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE FOR WATER BOUND

MACADAM ROADS
1. Preparation of foundation for receiving the WBM Course:
The foundation for receiving new layer of WBM may be either the sub grade or
sub-base or base course. This foundation layer is prepared to the required grade and
camber, the dust and other loose materials are cleaned. On existing road surfaces, the
depressions and pot holes are filled and the corrugations are removed by scarifying and
reshaping the surface to the required grade and camber as necessary. If the existing surface
is a bituminous surfacing, furrows of depth 50mm and width 50mm are cut at 1.0m
intervals and at 45 degrees to the centre line of the carriageway before laying the coarse
aggregate.
2. Provision of lateral confinement:
Page 81

Lateral confinement is to be provided before starting WBM construction. This
may be done by constructing the shoulders to advance, to a thickness equal to that of the
compacted WBM layer and by trimming the inner sides vertically.
3. Spreading of coarse aggregates:
The coarse aggregates are spread uniformly to prepare the profile to even thickness
upon the already prepared foundation and checked by templates. The WBM course is
normally constructed to compacted thickness of 7.5cm except in the case of WBM subbase course using coarse aggregate grading no.1, which is of 10.0cm, compacted
thickness.
4. Rolling:
After spreading the coarse aggregates properly, a three-wheeled power roller of
capacity 6 to 10 tonnes does the compaction or alternatively by an equivalent vibratory
roller, the weight of the roller depends on the type of course aggregates. Rolling is started
from the edges, the roller being run forward and backward until the edges are compacted.
The run of the roller is then gradually shifted towards the centre line of the road,
uniformly overlapping each preceding rear wheel track by one half widths.
This process is repeated by rolling from either edge towards the centre line until
adequate compaction is achieved on super elevated portions of the road, rolling is
commenced from the inner or lower edge and progressed gradually towards the outer or
upper edge of the Pavement.
5. Application of screening:
After the coarse aggregates are rolled adequately, the dry screenings are applied
gradually over the surface to fill the interstices in three or more applications. Dry rolling
is continued as the screenings are being spread and brooming is carried out.
6. Sprinkling and Grouting:
After the application of screening, water is sprinkled, swept and rolled. Wet
screenings are swept into the voids using hand broom. Additional screenings are applied
and rolled till the coarse aggregates are well bounded and firmly set.

Page 82

7. Application of binding material:
After the application of screening and rolling, binding material is applied at
uniform and slow rate at two or more thin layers. After each application of binding
material, the surface is copiously sprinkled with water and wet slurry is swept with
brooms to fill the voids. Rolling with a 6 to 10 tones roller follows this and water is
applied to the wheels to wash down the binding material that sticks to the roller.
8. Setting and Drying:
After the final compaction, the WBM course is allowed to set over-night. On the
next day, the hungry spots are located and are filled with screenings, lightly sprinkled
with water and rolled. No traffic is allowed till the WBM sets and dries out.
4.9 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE FOR BITUMINOUS

MACADAM
1. Preparation of existing layer:
The existing layer is prepared to a proper profile. Pot holes are patched and
irregularities are made even. The surface is properly cleaned.
2. Track coat or prime coat application:
A track is applied with thin layer of bitumen binder on the existing layer either
using the sprayer or pouring can. The quantity of application is 4.0 to 7.5 kg per m 2 for
black top layer and 7.5 to 10 kg per m2 or untreated WBM layer.
3. Premix preparation:
The bitumen binder and aggregates as per recommended grading are separately
heated to the specified temperatures and are then placed in the mixer chosen for the job.
The mixing temperature for each grading and the bitumen binder is also specified based
on laboratory results. The mixing is done till a homogeneous mixture is obtained. The
mixture is then carried to the site for its placement through a transporter or a
wheelbarrow.
4. Placement:
Page 83

The bituminous paving mixture is then immediately placed on the desired location
and is spread with rakes to pre-determined thickness. The camber profile is checked with
a template. It may be stated here that a compacting temperature also influences the
strength characteristics of the resulting pavement structure. It is therefore required that
the minimum time is spent between the placement of the mix and the rolling operations.
5. Rolling and finishing the paving mix:

The rolling is done with 8 to 10 tones tandem roller. The rolling should be
commenced from the edges of the pavement construction towards the center, and uniform
overlapping should be provided. The finished surface should not show separate lines of
markings due to defective or improper rolling. The roller wheels are kept damp,
otherwise the paving mix may partly stick to the wheels and finishing may not be good.
The number of undulations exceeding 10 mm should be less than 30 in 300 m length of
pavement.

Page 84

4.10 GEOMETRICAL DESIGN OF HIGHWAY
4.10.1.DESIGN OF HORIZONTAL CURVE
Design speed V = 50 kmph, For National Highway & Plain terrain.
[IRC Recommendation]
3.10.1.A. Ruling minimum radius of curve
R (ruling) =
Where
V2
127 e f
R = Ruling Radius
V = Design Speed
e = Super elevation
f = Co-efficient of lateral friction
V2
127 e f
R (ruling) =
50 2
127
0
.
07
0
.
15
R = 90.00 m
The radius of the horizontal curve of deflection angle, = 15o is 90 m.
Chainage of point of intersection = 160 m
Deflection Angle, 1
= 15
Radius of the curve R = 90m

Length of the curve = (R / 180)
= 23.56 m
Page 85

1.
Length of tangent
= R tan(/2)
= 90.0 tan (15/2)
= 11.848 m
2.
Point of curve
= Chainage of point of intersection Length of tangent

= 160 11.848
= 148.152 m
3.
Point of Tangency
= Point of Curve + Length of Curve

= 148.152 + 23.56
=171.712 m
4.10.2. Design value of super elevation
V2
225 R
e=
50 2
225 90
e=
= 0.123
As the value is greater than maximum super elevation of 0.07, the actual super elevation
to be provided is restricted to 0.07
Check for coefficient of lateral friction developed for full speed
V2
0.07
127 R
f=
50 2
0.07
127 90
= 0.148
As the value is less than 0.15, the design is safe with a super elevation of 0.07.
Page 86

4.10.3. Design of extra widening
Here
No. of Lanes
n=2
Length of Wheel base l = 6 m

Width of the Pavement W = 7 m
Extra widening = Mechanical widening + Psychological widening
We =
n l

2R 9.5 R
50
2 6

2 90 9.5 90
= 0.4 + 0.555
= 0.954 m
Provide an extra width of 0.6 m and hence the total width of the pavement
B = W + We
B = 7+0.954
B = 7.954 m
4.10.4. Stopping sight distance

Here t = Total Reaction time of the Driver
t = 2.5 sec.
f = Co- efficient of longitudinal friction
f = 0.37 for V=50 kmph, By IRC.
v2
254 f
0.278 v t
SSD
50 2
254 0.37
0.278 50 2.5
=
= 34.75+26.60
SSD = 61.35 m

Page 87
4.10.5. Overtaking sight distance
Figure No 4.
d1= Distance travelled by overtaking vehicle A during the reaction time t sec of
the driver from position A1 to A2.
d2= Distance travelled by the vehicle A from A2 to A3 during the actual
Overtaking operation in time T sec.
d3= Distance travelled by on-coming vehicle C from C1 to C2 during the
Overtaking operation of A i.e., T sec.
Overtaking sight distance = d1 + d2 + d3
Here, Total reaction time of the Driver, t = 2 sec
A = 4 m / sec2.
Acceleration,
[IRC Recommendation]
S=spacing between vehicles
Vb
Overtaken Vehicle speed,
= V - 16

Page 88

= 50-16 = 34 kmph
0.2 vb 6
S=
=
0.2 34 6
= 12.8 m
say 13 m
14.4 s
A
T=
4 13
4
=
= 6.84 sec
vb t
d1 = 0.278
d1=
0.278 x34 2
= 18.904m
0..278vb T 2 s
d2 =
=
0.278 x34 6.84 2 13
= 90.65 m
d3 =
v T
= 0.278x50 6.84
= 95.076 m
OSD = d1+d2+d3
= 18.904+90.65+95.076
OSD = 204.63 m
4.10.6. Intermediate sight distance
ISD = 2 SSD
=2
61.35

Page 89

ISD = 122.7 m
3.10.7. Setback distance

Since the length of the curve is 23.56 m which is lesser than SSD, the minimum
clearance or setback distance needed M = CD & half the central angle /2= Angle AOD
as shown in the following figure.
Figure No 5.
The distance d between the centre of the pavement & the center line of the inside lane may be
taken as the width of the pavement at the center (being a two lane)
d = 7.954/4
= 1.98m
/2 = (180S)/ (2(R-d))
= (18061.35)/ (2 (90-1.98) = 1958'3
Setback distance
=
=
Setback distance
R R d cos / 2
90 90 1.98 cos 1958'3" /2
= 3.35 m
Hence the minimum setback or clearance required to provide a clear vision for an SSD of
61.35 m is 3.35 m
3.10.8. Length of transition curve

Length of the transition curve is designed by calculating the values based on
Rate of introduction of super elevation (e)
Rate of change of centrifugal acceleration
Page 90

By empirical formula
The highest of above three values is adopted as the design length Ls.
Figure No. 6.
a) Length of transition curve by rate of change of centrifugal acceleration
C=
80
75 V
80
75 50
= 0.64 m/sec
The minimum and maximum values of C are limited to 0.5 to 0.8 respectively.
Therefore take C=0.5 m/sec
Ls1 =
0.0215 V 3
CR
0.0215 50 3
0.64 90
= 46.66 m
b) By rate of introduction of super elevation

Page 91
Ls2 =
e
NB
2
0.07
150 7.954
2
= 41.785 m
c) As per empirical formula given by IRC
2 .7 V
2
Ls3 =
2.7 50
2
90
= 70 m
Adopt max value of the above three
Provide the length of transition curve Ls =70 m
At chainage of 260 m the alignment changes its direction
4.11 DESIGN OF VALLEY CURVE

4.11.1 Length of transition curve
At the valley curves, the centrifugal force acts downwards adding to the pressure
on the springs and the suspensions of the vehicle in addition to that due to weight of
vehicle .Hence allowable rate of change of centrifugal acceleration should govern the
design of valley curves. Obviously the best shape of the valley curve is a transition curve
for gradually introducing and increasing the centrifugal force acting downwards. A cubic
parabola is generally preferred in vertical valley curve.
1) Ls for comfort condition

L = 2Ls = 0.38 [NV3]1/2
Where L = total length of valley curve
N = deviation angle in radian or tangent of the deviation angle or algebraic

Page 92

difference in grades
V = design speed in kmph
The minimum radius of the valley curve for cubic parabola is given by
Ls
N
R=
L
2N
For the proposed formation level in the project
n1 =
N=
1
50
1
52
1
52
1
50
and n2 =
1
57
1
52
1
57
1
60
1
52
1
60
109
2964
1
57
Ls = 0.19(NV3)1/2
=0.19(0.0367 x 50 3)1/2
Ls = 12.87 m
L = 2 Ls = 25.73 m
2) Ls Based on Head Light Sight Distance

i) Ls > SSD
S = 61.35m
Ls =
NS 2
1.5+ 0.035 S
Where L = Total length of valley curve in m (L>S)

S = SSD in m
N = deviation angle = (n1+n2) with slope n1 and n2
Ls =
Ns 2
1.5 0.035 x61.35

Page 93
1
52
11
300
= 0.0367

= 49.83m
Assumption is wrong.
ii) Ls <SSD
1.5+ 0.035 S
N
L = 2S
L= 2 x 61.35
(1.5+0.035 x 127.59)
0.0367
1
57
1
52
1.5 0.035 x61.35

0.0367
L= 23.319m
Assumption is correct
Therefore Ls= 23.319 m
The transition curve is set out by a cubical parabola y = bx3
Where b =
2N
3 L2
Since L<SSD
We have,
When the gradients are not equal, the lowest point lies on side of flatter grade and
this point is at a distance of X0 = L
1
n
2N
from the tangent point of the first grade
n1.
I.e. X0 = 23.319
1
52
2 0.0367
X0 = 12.712m from the tangent point of first grade.

Page 94

Since the gradient are different, the valley curve is assumed to be in cubic parabola given
by y = bx3
2N
Where
b= 3 L2
Now,
b=
2 x 0.0367
3 x 92.622
2 X 0.0367
3 X 23.319 X 23.319
b = 4.49 x 10-5
4.12. CROSS-DRAINAGE FOR THE HIGHWAY

Based on the site conditions and the requirements of the highway we provide pipe colvert
For drainage work.
DATA:
Area = 1600m2
C0-efficient of runoff(k) = 0.40
Rainfall intensity= 2cm/hr
n2= 0
By rational formula,
Maximum flood discharge Q =
Q=
k x Pc x A
36
(1.5+0.035 x 127.59)
0.0367
0.4 x 0.083 x 16 00
36
Q = 1.481m3/sec
Providing 1 pipe of internal diameter d
Page 95
1
57
1
52

Therefore,
AxV=Q
d=
QxA
V
d = 0.79m
The minimum diameter 0f the pipe should be 1.0 m. Therefore providing a pipe 1.0 m dia.
4.13 ESTIMATION OF EARTH-WORK

A) Quantity Estimation
It is generally necessary to consider the quantities of material to be excavated or
generally used in the highway excavation process. This information can be useful in the
development of a preliminary cost estimate for the work to be undertaken. It can also be
used as part of the design process in the selection of the final cross-section and alignment
characteristics of the roadway. Quantity estimates are often part of the information given
to the contractors bidding to complete the work.
Estimation of Earth work is based on the Longitudinal and Cross sections along
the alignment of the road which is to be constructed.
B) Excavation (E) - Refers to any excavated material. There are two main categories
for excavated material - ordinary material (O.M.) and rock. Both O.M. and rock are
generally paid for by cubic meter in terms of excavation cost (Rs./m 3). Rock is generally
handled as a separate cost because it is substantially more expensive to excavate.
C) Borrow (B) - Refers to the fill material that must be brought to the proposed
highway site from outside the highway cross section. Borrow does not include the
material that is excavated on site for use as fill , The borrow cost is normally given in
Rs./m3, and this rate normally includes cost of excavating borrow. There may be
surcharge for borrow if excavated from someone' s property (BE).
4.13.1 Embankment
Process of raising the grade line of a highway above the existing ground level.
Page 96

It may be raised due to following reasons.
1. To keep the sub grade above the high ground water table.
2. To prevent damage to pavement due to surface & capillary water.
3. To maintain the design standards of highway with respect to vertical alignment.
Cross-section of Earthwork of road in banking or in cutting is usually in the form
of Trapezium, and the quantity of earthwork is calculated using formula..
Quantity (or Volume) = Sectional area x Length
If
b = Formation width
1: S = slope
For filling.. S = 1.5
For cutting S = 1.5
d = depth of section.
Mean Depth, d =
1
(d +d )
2 1 2
Quantity (or volume)
= Sectional area x Length

= L
CALCULATION OF EARTH WORK...

L = 10 m
b = 12 m
s = 1.5 for Banking & Cutting.
Chainage in m
0
- 800
800
- 1500
gradient
1 in 30 (Downward)
1 in 30 (upward)

Page 97

Page 98

4.14 EARTH WORK CALCULATION
Table 4.1
Distance
m
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
RL OF
GROUN
D
157.460
155.850
154.615
153.345
152.330
151.290
150.405
149.470
148.180
147.145
146.225
145.535
144.660
143.515
142.720
142.150
RL OF
FORMATIO
N
157.46
157.13
156.8
156.47
156.14
155.81
155.48
155.15
154.82
154.49
154.16
153.83
153.5
153.17
152.84
152.51

DEPTH OF
FILLIN
G
0.000
1.280
2.185
3.125
3.810
4.520
5.075
5.680
6.640
7.345
7.935
8.295
8.840
9.655
10.120
10.360
Page 96
CUTTING
MEAN
DEPTH
(d) M
CENTRAL
AREA M2
SIDE
AREA M2
TOTAL
SECTION
AL AREA
M2
(d1+d2)
x1/2
bd
2x1/2(sxd
2)
bd+sd2
FILLING
0.000
0.640
1.732
2.655
3.467
4.165
4.797
5.377
6.160
6.992
7.640
8.115
8.567
9.247
9.887
10.240
0.000
7.680
20.790
31.860
41.610
49.980
57.570
64.530
73.920
83.910
91.680
97.380
102.810
110.970
118.650
122.880
0.000
0.614
4.502
10.574
18.035
26.021
34.524
43.376
56.918
73.343
87.554
98.780
110.103
128.274
146.644
157.286
0.000
8.294
25.292
42.434
59.645
76.001
92.094
107.906
130.838
157.253
179.234
196.160
212.913
239.244
265.294
280.166
0.000
82.944
252.923
424.335
596.453
760.008
920.940
1079.063
1308.384
1572.526
1792.344
1961.598
2129.131
2392.444
2652.940
2801.664
QUANTITY M3
(bd+sd2)XL
CUTTING

160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
140.895
140.810
139.405
137.925
137.515
136.020
134.605
133.190
131.905
130.690
130.010
129.790
129.315
128.720
128.120
127.800
127.265
126.570
125.325
124.255
123.850
122.345
121.635
121.225
121.000
120.900
120.915
121.305
152.18
151.85
151.52
151.19
150.86
150.53
150.2
149.87
149.54
149.21
148.88
148.55
148.22
147.89
147.56
147.23
146.9
146.57
146.24
145.91
145.58
145.25
144.92
144.59
144.26
143.93
143.6
143.27

11.285
11.040
12.115
13.265
13.345
14.510
15.595
16.680
17.635
18.520
18.870
18.760
18.905
19.170
19.440
19.430
19.635
20.000
20.915
21.655
21.730
22.905
23.285
23.365
23.260
23.030
22.685
21.965
Page 97
10.822
11.162
11.577
12.690
13.305
13.927
15.052
16.137
17.157
18.077
18.695
18.815
18.832
19.037
19.305
19.435
19.532
19.817
20.457
21.285
21.692
22.317
23.095
23.325
23.312
23.145
22.857
22.325
129.870
133.950
138.930
152.280
159.660
167.130
180.630
193.650
205.890
216.930
224.340
225.780
225.990
228.450
231.660
233.220
234.390
237.810
245.490
255.420
260.310
267.810
277.140
279.900
279.750
277.740
274.290
267.900
175.690
186.902
201.058
241.554
265.535
290.963
339.867
390.628
441.570
490.194
524.255
531.006
531.995
543.640
559.025
566.579
572.278
589.100
627.764
679.577
705.847
747.106
800.069
816.083
815.209
803.537
783.698
747.608
305.560
320.852
339.988
393.834
425.195
458.093
520.497
584.278
647.460
707.124
748.595
756.786
757.985
772.090
790.685
799.799
806.668
826.910
873.254
934.997
966.157
1014.916
1077.209
1095.983
1094.959
1081.277
1057.988
1015.508
3055.598
3208.521
3399.878
3938.341
4251.945
4580.929
5204.966
5842.784
6474.597
7071.240
7485.945
7567.863
7579.846
7720.896
7906.845
7997.988
8066.678
8269.100
8732.540
9349.968
9661.568
10149.162
10772.085
10959.834
10949.590
10812.765
10579.880
10155.084

440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
600
610
620
630
640
650
660
670
680
690
700
710
121.925
122.540
123.135
123.720
124.330
124.580
124.880
124.975
125.180
125.470
125.595
125.295
125.235
124.910
124.450
123.945
123.595
123.445
123.295
123.260
123.220
123.275
123.280
123.220
123.420
123.685
123.980
124.390
142.94
142.61
142.28
141.95
141.62
141.29
140.96
140.63
140.3
139.97
139.64
139.31
138.98
138.65
138.32
137.99
137.66
137.33
137
136.67
136.34
136.01
135.68
135.35
135.02
134.69
134.36
134.03

21.015
20.070
19.145
18.230
17.290
16.710
16.080
15.655
15.120
14.500
14.045
14.015
13.745
13.740
13.870
14.045
14.065
13.885
13.705
13.410
13.120
12.735
12.400
12.130
11.600
11.005
10.380
9.640
Page 98
21.490
20.542
19.607
18.687
17.760
17.000
16.395
15.867
15.387
14.810
14.272
14.030
13.880
13.742
13.805
13.957
14.055
13.975
13.795
13.557
13.265
12.927
12.567
12.265
11.865
11.302
10.692
10.010
257.880
246.510
235.290
224.250
213.120
204.000
196.740
190.410
184.650
177.720
171.270
168.360
166.560
164.910
165.660
167.490
168.660
167.700
165.540
162.690
159.180
155.130
150.810
147.180
142.380
135.630
128.310
120.120
692.730
632.991
576.681
523.834
473.126
433.500
403.194
377.666
355.163
329.004
305.556
295.261
288.982
283.284
285.867
292.218
296.315
292.951
285.453
275.709
263.940
250.680
236.913
225.645
211.167
191.620
171.494
150.300
950.610
879.501
811.971
748.084
686.246
637.500
599.934
568.076
539.813
506.724
476.826
463.621
455.542
448.194
451.527
459.708
464.975
460.651
450.993
438.399
423.120
405.810
387.723
372.825
353.547
327.250
299.804
270.420
9506.101
8795.015
8119.711
7480.840
6862.464
6375.000
5999.340
5680.763
5398.127
5067.241
4768.264
4636.213
4555.416
4481.945
4515.270
4597.077
4649.745
4606.509
4509.930
4383.987
4231.203
4058.104
3877.231
3728.253
3535.473
3272.498
2998.043
2704.201

720
730
740
750
760
770
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
880
890
900
910
920
930
940
950
960
970
980
990
125.070
125.590
126.055
126.385
126.515
126.890
127.220
127.725
128.295
128.805
129.355
129.995
130.595
131.250
131.910
132.745
133.670
134.445
135.280
136.115
136.695
137.445
138.040
138.465
138.735
139.040
139.100
139.210
133.7
133.37
133.04
132.71
132.38
132.05
131.72
131.39
131.06
131.39
131.72
132.05
132.38
132.71
133.04
133.37
133.7
134.03
134.36
134.69
135.02
135.35
135.68
136.01
136.34
136.67
137
137.33

8.630
7.780
6.985
6.325
5.865
5.160
4.500
3.665
2.765
2.585
2.365
2.055
1.785
1.460
1.130
0.625
0.030
0.415
0.920
1.425
1.675
2.095
2.360
2.455
2.395
2.370
2.100
1.880
Page 99
9.135
8.205
7.382
6.655
6.095
5.512
4.830
4.082
3.215
2.675
2.475
2.210
1.920
1.622
1.295
0.877
0.327
0.222
0.668
1.173
1.550
1.885
2.228
2.408
2.425
2.383
2.235
1.990
109.620
98.460
88.590
79.860
73.140
66.150
57.960
48.990
38.580
32.100
29.700
26.520
23.040
19.470
15.540
10.530
3.930
2.670
8.010
14.070
18.600
22.620
26.730
28.890
29.100
28.590
26.820
23.880
125.172
100.983
81.752
66.434
55.724
45.581
34.993
25.000
15.504
10.733
9.188
7.326
5.530
3.949
2.516
1.155
0.161
0.074
0.668
2.062
3.604
5.330
7.443
8.694
8.821
8.514
7.493
5.940
234.792
199.443
170.342
146.294
128.864
111.731
92.953
73.990
54.084
42.833
38.888
33.846
28.570
23.419
18.056
11.685
4.091
2.744
8.678
16.132
22.204
27.950
34.173
37.584
37.921
37.104
34.313
29.820
2347.923
1994.430
1703.420
1462.935
1288.635
1117.315
929.533
739.902
540.843
428.334
388.884
338.461
285.696
234.188
180.555
116.850
40.909
27.443
86.783
161.321
222.038
279.498
341.726
375.841
379.209
371.045
343.128
298.202

1000
1010
1020
1030
1040
1050
1060
1070
1080
1090
1100
1110
1120
1130
1140
1150
1160
1170
1180
1190
1200
1210
1220
1230
1240
1250
1260
1270
139.275
139.510
139.610
139.790
139.785
139.860
139.945
139.945
139.945
140.000
140.035
140.025
140.050
140.010
140.025
140.045
139.990
139.295
139.645
139.645
139.775
140.330
140.465
140.695
140.765
141.050
141.345
141.815
137.66
137.99
138.32
138.65
138.98
139.31
139.64
139.97
140.3
140.63
140.96
141.29
141.62
141.95
142.28
142.61
142.94
143.27
143.6
143.93
144.26
144.59
144.92
145.25
145.58
145.91
146.24
146.57

1.615
1.520
1.290
1.140
0.805
0.550
0.305
0.025
0.355
0.630
0.925
1.265
1.570
1.940
2.255
2.565
2.950
3.975
3.955
4.285
4.485
4.260
4.455
4.555
4.815
4.860
4.895
4.755
Page 100
1.748
1.568
1.405
1.215
0.973
0.678
0.428
0.165
0.190
0.492
0.777
1.095
1.417
1.755
2.097
2.410
2.757
3.462
3.965
4.120
4.385
4.372
4.357
4.505
4.685
4.837
4.877
4.825
20.970
18.810
16.860
14.580
11.670
8.130
5.130
1.980
2.280
5.910
9.330
13.140
17.010
21.060
25.170
28.920
33.090
41.550
47.580
49.440
52.620
52.470
52.290
54.060
56.220
58.050
58.530
57.900
4.581
3.686
2.961
2.214
1.419
0.689
0.274
0.041
0.054
0.364
0.907
1.799
3.014
4.620
6.599
8.712
11.406
17.983
23.582
25.462
28.842
28.678
28.482
30.443
32.924
35.102
35.685
34.921
25.551
22.496
19.821
16.794
13.089
8.819
5.404
2.021
2.334
6.274
10.237
14.939
20.024
25.680
31.769
37.632
44.496
59.533
71.162
74.902
81.462
81.148
80.772
84.503
89.144
93.152
94.215
92.821
255.506
224.956
198.210
167.943
130.886
88.185
54.041
0.250
3.550
6.300
9.250
12.650
15.700
19.400
22.550
25.650
29.500
39.750
39.550
42.850
44.850
42.600
44.550
45.550
48.150
48.600
48.950
47.550

1280
1290
1300
1310
1320
1330
1340
1350
1360
1370
1380
1390
1400
1410
1420
1430
1440
1450
1460
1470
1480
1490
1500
142.540
143.170
144.075
145.155
146.570
147.715
149.325
150.355
151.235
151.985
152.940
153.600
154.705
155.545
155.415
155.455
155.445
155.200
154.680
154.185
154.130
153.995
153.715
146.9
147.23
147.56
147.89
148.22
148.55
148.88
149.21
149.54
149.87
150.2
150.53
150.86
151.19
151.52
151.85
152.18
152.51
152.84
153.17
153.5
153.83
154.16

4.360
4.060
3.485
2.735
1.650
0.835
0.445
1.145
1.695
2.115
2.740
3.070
3.845
4.355
3.895
3.605
3.265
2.690
1.840
1.015
0.630
0.165
0.445
Page 101
4.557
4.210
3.772
3.110
2.192
1.242
0.640
0.795
1.420
1.905
2.428
2.905
3.458
4.100
4.125
3.750
3.435
2.978
2.265
1.428
0.823
0.398
0.305
54.690
50.520
45.270
37.320
26.310
14.910
7.680
9.540
17.040
22.860
29.130
34.860
41.490
49.200
49.500
45.000
41.220
35.730
27.180
17.130
9.870
4.770
3.660
31.156
26.586
21.348
14.508
7.211
2.316
0.614
0.948
3.025
5.444
8.839
12.659
17.931
25.215
25.523
21.094
17.699
13.298
7.695
3.057
1.015
0.237
0.140
85.846
77.106
66.618
51.828
33.521
17.226
8.294
10.488
20.065
28.304
37.969
47.519
59.421
74.415
75.023
66.094
58.919
49.028
34.875
20.187
10.885
5.007
3.800
43.600
40.600
34.850
27.350
16.500
8.350
TOTAL
=
in m3
390853.91
6
82.944
104.880
200.646
283.035
379.691
475.185
594.215
744.150
750.234
660.938
589.188
490.283
348.753
201.866
108.848
50.070
38.00
10070.890

Page 102

CONCLUSIONS
There are two horizontal curves and one valley curve in the proposed alignment.
Total thickness of the pavement designed for the average CBR value of 8% of soil
sample collected along the proposed alignment is 55 cm.
Total earthwork involved in this project
E/W in Filling
= 390853.916m3
E/W in Cutting
= 10070.890M3
REFERENCES
Arora.N.L . Transportation Engineering ,Published by New India publishing
house (1999)
Khanna .S.K and Justo C.E.G Highway Engineering 8th edition (2001).Published
by Nem Chand and Bros, Roorkee
Indian Road Congress (IRC) specifications for Road and Bridge works 4th
revision (Aug 2001)

Page 103

Page 104
EXTENSIVE PROJECT REPORT 2015
OLD TANK
PROJECT
Department of Civil Engineering,

Jain College of Engineering, Belagavi.
Page

CHAPTER 5
OLD TANK PROJECT

5.1 OBJECT:To propose repair of existing old tank and increase the storage capacity of tank
5.2 LOCATION DETAILS:

Name
: BAMANWADI village Dist: Belagavi.
Location
: It is located at 5 km from Jain College Of Engineering

Belagavi.
Height above MSL
: 747.47m.
Latitude
: N 155823
Departure
: E 743059
5.3 SURVEYS UNDER TAKEN:
Longitudinal and cross section along the existing tank bund

Block levels at the waste weir site
Capacity contours
Existing sluice details
5.4 BUND ALIGNMENT: Bearing at 0m chainage

Total length of the bund
: 225
: 110m
5.5 BUND DIMENSIONS:

Page

o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Top level of bund

Minimum pool level of bund (MPL)
Top width of bund
Height of the bund
Free board
Upstream slope
Downstream slope
:134.980 m
: 128.625 m
: 134.480 m
: 133.980 m
:5m
: 6.355 m
: 0.5 m
: 3 H: 1 V
: 2 H: 1 V
5.6 EARTHWORK CALCLATION:

CHAINAGE
in m
GROUND
LEVEL
FORMATION
LEVEL
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
134.980
133.530
132.980
134.640
133.900
133.555
133.550
133.530
132.720
132.030
132.980
134.980
134.980
134.980
134.980
134.980
134.980
134.980
134.980
134.980
134.980
134.980
134.980
134.980
DEPTH
OF
AVERAGE
FILLING OF DEPTH
in m
"d" in m
0.000
1.450
0.725
2.000
1.725
0.340
1.170
1.080
0.710
1.425
1.252
1.430
1.427
1.450
1.440
2.260
1.855
2.950
2.605
2.000
2.475
0.000
1.000
TOTAL QUANTITY OF FILLING
QUANTITY
OF
FILLING
(Bd+Sd2)
0.000
68.875
163.875
95.000
16.150
67.450
118.987
136.562
176.225
247.475
235.125
95.000
= 1420.724
5.6.1 CAPACITY OF RESERVIOR :OLD STORAGE:-

Page

AREAS OF EACH CONTOUR
SL NO
CONTOURS
AREA IN m2
AREA
1
2
3
4
5
128.625
129.625
130.980
131.980
132.980
427.744
1891.766
3127.132
3951.629
7112.704
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
TOTAL VOLUME:
d
2 [
By Trapezoidal formula =
(A1+An) +2(A2+A3+ . . . . . . . . . . +An-1)]
= 12740.75 m3
By Simpsons rd formula =
d
3 [A1+An+4(A even) +2(A odd)]
= 12389.43 m3
NEW STORAGE:AREAS OF EACH CONTOUR
SL NO
CONTOURS
AREA IN m2
AREA
128.625
427.744
A1
129.625
1891.766
A2
130.625
3127.132
A3
131.980
3951.629
A4
132.980
7112.704
A5
134.980
9411.218
A6
TOTAL VOLUME:

Page

d
2 [
By Trapezoidal formula =
(A1+An) +2(A2+A3+ . . . . . . . . . . +An-1)]
= 21002.72 m3
By Simpsons rd formula =
d
3 [A1+An+4(A even) +2(A odd)]
= 21417.56 m3
ADDITIONAL STORAGE:Increase in storage = New storage Old storage
= 21417.56 - 12740.75
= 8676.81 m3
5.7 SLUICE DETAILS:
Sluice is located at 60m chainage
RL of sluice sill
: 132.42 m
Diameter of sluice pipe
: 0.10m
Height of sluice
: 1m
Top width
: 1.2m
CONCLUSION:
Page

Making old bund of stable.
Increasing the storage capacity of bund by increasing the height of bund.
Supply of required amount of water to village for daily consumption of villagers.
Providing extra water for irrigation purpose.
REFERENCES:
1. Engineering Hydrology Subramanya. K; Tata Mcgraw Hill New Delhi 2008
(Ed)

Page

2. Soil Mechanics And Foundation Engg.- Punmia B.C (2005), 16 th Edition Laxmi
Publications Co., New Delhi.
3. Hydraulic Structures and Irrigation Design Dr. N. Balasubramanya, Tata McgrawHill Education Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.
4. Surveying Vol , , - B. C. Punmia, Laxmi Publications Co., New Delhi.

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EXTENSIVE PROJECT REPORT

Department of Civil Engineering

EXTENSIVE PROJECT REPORT

NEW TANK PROJECT

1.2 SALIENT FEATURES OF THE PROJECT :

EXTENSIVE PROJECT REPORT

1.3 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF A PROJECT:

1.4 INTRODUCTION FOR IRRIGATION:

EXTENSIVE PROJECT REPORT

Commercial crop with additional water:

Department of Civil Engineering

EXTENSIVE PROJECT REPORT

1.5 DEFINITION OF CANAL:

The alignment should avoid places of important and valuable properties.

The number of kinks/curves shall be minimum.

The alignment shall not be trough rocky.

The field canal shall be laid along boundaries.

1.6 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF IRRIGATION:

EXTENSIVE PROJECT REPORT

period, i.e., 1700 hectares per cumecs.

water. This system is also used for tank irrigation.

Relation between duty(D),delta() and base period,(B) in metric system

EXTENSIVE PROJECT REPORT

Department of Civil Engineering

EXTENSIVE PROJECT REPORT

1.7 INVESTIGATION FOR A NEW TANK PROJECT:

1.8 PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION:

1.9 FACTORS CONSIDERED FOR SELECTION OF

Department of Civil Engineering

EXTENSIVE PROJECT REPORT

1.10 FLY LEVELLING:

EXTENSIVE PROJECT REPORT

TABLE 1.1 RECOMMENDED SLOPES FOR SMALL HOMOGENEOUS

TABLE 1.2 RECOMMENDED SLOPES FOR SMALL ZONED EARTHFILL

Department of Civil Engineering

EXTENSIVE PROJECT REPORT

1.11 LOCATION DETAILS:NAME

: BAMANAWADI village, Dist: Belagavi.

: It is located at 5 km from Jain College of Engineering,

HEIGHT ABOVE MSL

AVERAGE RAINFALL : 1253.23 mm (Average of 3 decades)

Height of the bund

Top of the bund

Maximum water level (M.W.L.)

Full supply level (F.S.L.)

1.12.2 CAPACITY CONTOURING:Objectives

: To determine the capacity of the reservoir

Capacity of reservoir is calculated using trapezoidal or prismoidal formula.

1.13 SELECTION BUND DIMENSIONS:

Department of Civil Engineering

EXTENSIVE PROJECT REPORT

Maximum water level (M.W.L.)

Full supply level (F.S.L.)

Top width of bund

Height of the bund

Slopes: - Upstream slope

1.13.1 RESERVOIR CAPACITY

1.13.2 TOTAL STORAGE:

Department of Civil Engineering

EXTENSIVE PROJECT REPORT

By Simpsons rd formula =[A1+An+4(Aeven)+2(Aodd)]

1.14 DESIGN OF BUND:

1.14.1 HEIGHT OF BUND: