UNIT-III

ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION

TOPICS:

Energy in Magnetic systems,Linear Case

Field energy,Co-energy,Mechanical force
Direction and Determination of Mechnanical force
Singly excited system
Multiply excited system

Energy in Magnetic system:

Attracted armature relay

Energy can be stored or retrieved from a magnetic system by means of an exciting coil connected to
an electric source.
Consider the magnetic system of an attracted armature relay shown in fig.
The resistance of the coil is shown by a series lumping outside the coil which then is
regarded as an ideal lossless coil.
Coil current causes magnetic flux to be established in the magnetic circuit.
It is assumed that all the flux is confined to the iron core and links the all N turns creating
flux linkages of
=N

(1)

The flux linkage causes a reaction emf of

(2)
Circuit equation is
V=iR + e
(3)

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The electric energy input to ideal coil due to flow of current in time dt is
(4)
Armature is held fixed at position x all the input energy is stored in magnetic field,thus
(5)
Sub (2) in (5)

(6)
=Ni=Magnetomotive force
The relationship i- or - is a non-linear one
The energy absorbed by the field for finite change in flux linkages for flux is obtained from eqn(6) as

( )

( )

(7)

The energy absorbed by the Magnetic system to establish flux fom initial zero is
( )

( )

i- relationship with variable x:

(8)
I- relationship varies with configuration variable x.
Air gap between armature and core varies with position x of
the armature.
Total reluctance of magnetic path decreases as x increases.
This relationship can be expressed as
i=i(,x) if is an independent variable
(or)
=(i,x) if I is an independent variable

Field energy Wf in general is a function of 2 variables

Wf =Wf(,x) (or)
Wf =Wf(i,x)
A change in with fixed x causes electric magnetic interchange governed by the equation
and energy equation
Similarly if x is allowed to change with fixed energy will interchang between magnetic
circuit and mechanical system.
As per equation(8)
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Field energy is the area between -axis and i- curve shown in figure

Co-energy is defined as
( )
( )
Wherein expressing as (I,x),the independent vaiables of Wf become i and x.Co-energy is
shown to be complementary area of i- curve.

Linear case:
Electromechanical energy conversion devices are built with air gaps in magnetic circuit
which serve to separate the stationary and moving member.
As a result,i- relationship is almost linear.With linear assumption analysis is greatly
simplified.
Assuming Linearity,

=Reuctance of magnetic circuit.

Since the coil Inductance
The field energy can be expressed as
In linear case ,inductance L is independent of I but is a function of x
(

( )

Energy density of field is

J/m3

For linear case,co-energy is equal to energy ie

Interms of Inductance

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( )

Expression fo co-energy density is

For linear case it becomes

Field energy and mechanical force:

Consider the attracted armature relay excited by an electric source.The field produces a mechanical
force Ff in the direction indicated which drives the mechanical system.The mechanical work done by
the field when the armature moves adistance dx in positive direction is
(1)

As per the principle of energy conservation,

Mechanical energy output=Electrical energy input-Increase in field energy
Gross mechanical output,
(1)
Ff is the gross mechanical output ,part of which will be lost in mechanical friction.
( )
From equation ( )
( )
Then

( )

(
(

)
)

(2)

Substituting dWf from equation(2) in equation(1)

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[
[

)]

(3)

di is not present in LHS of (3), its co-efficient on the RHS must be zero,ie,

(4)

This expression for mechanical force developed applies when i is an independent variable ie it is a
current excited system.
If ,x are taken as independent variables,
(

)
(5)

Substituting (5) in (1)

Ie
[

(6)

Since d,the independent differential,is not present on LHS of this equation

=0
(

Hence

(7)

This expression for mechanical force developed applies when is independent variable ie it is a
voltage controlled system

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Direction of force developed:

(

With reference to equation

,it follows that Ff is positive if

is

negative,which means the stored energy of the field is reduced with increase of x while flux
linkage are held constant.
As x increases (ie armature moves toward left) the field energy for fixed is reduced
because airgap is reduced ie Ff in this case acts in a positive direction.
It is therfore concluded that the mechanical force produced by yhe field acts in adirection to
reduce field energy.
The system seeks a position of minimum field energy
(

From equation

the system seeks a position of maximum coenergy.

Determination of Mechanical Force:

i.

Non Linear case:

Mechanical force is given by the partial derivative of co-energy and energy
ie (i)

(ii)

)
(

In general for non linear case,the derivative must be determined numerically (or) graphically by
assuming small increment x thus,

ii.

Linear case:
From the equation

( )
( )

From the above equation ,force acts in adirection to increase inductance of exciting
coil.
From equation

( )

Force is given by
(

)
( )

( )

Multiply excited magnetic field systems:

Singly excited devices are generally employed for motion through a limited distance (or)
rotation through a prescribed angle.
Electromechanical transducers have the special requirement of producing an electrical
signal. (current or voltage)
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 Such transducers require 2 excitations-One excitation establishes a magnetic field of

specified strength while other excitation produces desired signal.(electrical or mechanical)
Also continuous energy conversion devices motors and generators require multiple
excitation.

Figure shows a mgnetic field system with 2 electrical excitations-one on stator and other on
rotor.
The system can be described in either of 2 sets of 3 independent variables.
(1,2,) or(i1,i2,)
Case (i): Independent variables 1,2, ie 1,2 are constants.In terms of 1st set,
(

(1)

Where ,the field energy is given by,

(
Let

(2)

L11=Self Inductance of stator

L22=Self inductance of rotor
L12=L21=Mutual inductance between stator and rotor.
i1=Current due to source 1
i2 =Current due to source 2
1 =Flux linkage due to i1
2=Flux linkage due to i2
=Angular displacement of Rotor
Tf=Torque developed

Flux linkages are given by,

(3)
(4)
Solve (3) and (4) to express i1 and i2 interms of 1 and 2 as 1 and 2 are independent variables.
Multiply (3) by L12 and (4) by L11 we get,

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Subtracting the two equations

[
[

]
]

]
(3)

Similarly i1 can be expressed by the terms of

as
(4)

Where

]
[

Substituting (5)&(6) in(2)

(

Self and mutual inductance of coils are dependent on the angular position of the rotor.
Case (ii) Independent variables i1,i2, (ie) i1,i2 are constants
Torque developed can be expressed as
(

Coenergy is given by,

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Using,

)]

Force in a doubly excited system:

(

where i1 &i2 are constants which are stator and rotor currents respectively.

Problems
1.For the doubly excited system ,various inductances are
(
)
(
)
Find the torque developed if i1=1A,i2=0.02A
Formula used:
(

Torque developed

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Here
( )
Ans:

( )(

)(

Nm

2.Two coupled coils have self and mutual inductance of

Over a range of linear displacement x.The 1st coil is excited by a constant current of 20A and the
second by -10A.Find
i.
Mechanical work done if x changes from 0.5m to 1m.
ii.
Energy supplied by each electrical source in (i)
iii.
Change in field energy in (i)
Hence verify that energy supplied by sources is equal to increase in field energy plus mechanical
work done.
Solution:
Since in case of current excitations,expression of co-energy will be used.
Formula used:
(
)
i.
ii.

iii.

Mechanical work done

iv.

Energy supplied by each source,

)(

= (

)(

](

i. Mechanical workdone if x changes from 0.5m to 1m

Force developed

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ii. Energy supplied by each electrical source.

(

[ (

(
(

[ (

)]

Similarly

)(

)]

)
)
(

Net electrical input

iii.For calculating change in field energy s have to be obtained .

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)(

) ( )

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At x=0.5 ;

=2/5

At x=1, 11=3/7 ;

=3/5

22=5/7

=-1/5

12=21=-1/7

Values of have been calculated already at x=0.5m,1m

(
(
(
(

)
)
)
)

Field energy is given by

(

)
[

( )

(verified)

(
)
3.Two coils have self and mutual inductances of
The coil resistance may be neglected.
i.If the current I1 is maintained constant at 5A and I2 at -2A,find the mechanical workdone when x
increases from 0 to 0.5m.What is the direction of force developed.
ii.During the movement,what is the energy supplied by the sources supplying I1 and I2
Solution:
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)
)( )

)( )(
(

)(

Force

)}

Mechanical work done =

{
[

This acts so as to reduce the distance between moving part and energizing coil.

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