Krypton=1s2s2p3s3p3d4s4p s=2 p=6 d=10 % ionic character = {1 exp[-(0.

25)(XA XB)2]} x 100 )Xa=Xb =E-Negativity

Fcc: A=2R2, A=unit cell length, R= Atomic Radius, Co# =12, 4 Atoms within unit cell. Bcc: A=4R / (3), Co# = 6, Atoms per unit cell= 2, Hcp: Co# = 12, 6 atoms within unit cell Simple Cubic: Atoms
within unit cell 1. A=2rc+2Ra, Co#= 6
NUMBER OF VACANCIES Nv = N*e^(-Qv/KT) where N = potential vacancies Qv = Activation Energy K=Botzman Constant = 1.38X10^-23
Volume of Atoms within Cell: 4R3 *number of atoms per unit cell / 3, this is used for APF which isAPF: volume of atoms within unit cell / volume of unit cell, DENSITY: N*Aw / Vc*Avg, where N=
number of atoms per unit cell. Aw = atomic weight, Vc= volume of unit cell, Avg= 6.023 10^23 ANIONS: these are large in Radii then Cations DENSITY OF POLYMERS: same formula only N= number of
Mer units and Aw= Weight of polymer unit.
LINEAR DENSITY: Number of Atoms centered on directional vector / length of directional vector.PLANAR DENSITY: Number of atoms centered on the plane/ area of plane (length a)(length of
plane)DISLOCATION DENSITY (length 1+length2+length i)/volume OR dislocations pits(N)/Area (A)
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE: Depending on type of structure they have a different Co#, Sodium Chloride=6Cesium chloride=8, zinc blend=4. Depending on Co# the ratio of Ca+ R/ An- R has a limitation. Co 2 is
less then 0.155 and has a linear rlship. CO 3 is btwn 0.155-0.225 and has an Eq triangular rlship with center cation. Co 4 is btwn 0.255-0.414 and has a pyramidal rlship. Co 6 is btwn 0.414-0.732 and has an 8
sided dice rlship. Co 8 is btwn 0.732-1 and has bcc type structure but not bcc so use different A calculations. FLOURITE: N = 4 ,Side length = (2Rc+2Ra) / (3) where Ra and Rc are atomic radii. Vc =
(2Sidelength)3 Fluorite has the chemical formula AX2 has a SC packing around the Cation CERAMIC DENSITY: N(Ac+Aa) / (Avg*Vc) where N is number of formula units per cell. See Sample 12.3. Ac
=Atomic weight multiplied by formula number of cations ex Ofl2 the fl weight would be times 2. Avg = 6023 1023 Vc=Unit Cell Volume. % CRYSTALINITY OF POLYMERS: Pc(Ps-Pa) / Ps(Pc-Pa)
where.Pc=density of perfect crystalline pmer, Pa= density of perfect anamophous pmer, Ps= density of pmer specimen.?? DEGREE OF POLYMERIZATION: average number of mer units in a
chain.Crystalinity: cooled slower, linear means higher percentage crystal. If complex or random structure then less crystal.Vacancies: Nv=N*e^(-Qv / KT).Nv= Equilibruim number of vacancies. Where N is
defined next. Qv= energy required to form a vacancy. K is Boltsmann Constant= 1.38 10^-23 J/atom or 8.62 10^-5 Ev/atom. T=temp in kelvins. N=Avg*density / Atomic weight. DIFFUSION: Diffusion flux j =
M/ (A*T) where M= mass, A= Xsection area. T= diffusion time. FRICKS 1st LAW: flux also equals J=-D(Ca-Cb) / (Xa-Xb) where D= Diffusion constant, Ca=Cb are concentrations at A and B depths. Xa=Xb are
the depths of Ca and Cb.FRICKS 2nd LAW: (Cx-Co) / (Cs-Co) = 1- Erf(z) where Z= (x) / (2(Dt). For Cx concentration of Dff at depth= x after time= t. Co = uniform concentration. Cs= Concentration of surface.
D= diffusion coifficent.DIFFUSIONS BY TEMP: D=D0 e(-Qd / RT) where D= Diffusion coefficient, D0 =pre expediential, Qd=Activation energy, R= Gas Constant 8.31 J/mol , T=Temperature in
Kelvin%COMPOSITION: WeightA%= WeightA/Total weight. MolarA%=MolA/TotalMolar.. VolumetricA%=Mass A /Volume of shape XRAY LAW: N=2Dhkl Sin .where n = integer of refraction. =
wavelength of xray. Hkl = miller indices. D= A / ( h2 +k2 + l2 ) where A= length of cubic. = angle between xrays.Molecular Weight Avg: Number average= XiMi . Weight Avg=WiMi. DEGREE OF
POLYMERIZATION: Number Degree= NumAvg / Mer Molecular weight Weight degree Replace NumAvgSTREE AND STRAIN of material: = (li-lo)/lo where li is new length and lo is old length and
strain. Tensile.. diameters for laterial = force / area where row is stress. Same for sheer strain and stress.Hookes Law: stress = youngs modulus* strain = . Same for sheer =GBULK MODULUS:
-K = pressure* (change in volume/ original volume. POISSIONS Ratio: G= E /(1+2v) K=E/(1-2v) %CW: (old xsec area new xsec area) / old xsec area%ELONGATION = (new length old length)/ old
lengthFLEXURAL STRENGTH [3 * (force at break)* distance between supports] / 2 * Base * depth ^2for cylindrical shape = force at break*distance between supports / pie*radius ^3moment of inertia I=
[base* (depth)^3] / 12 y=( f*(l)^3) / 4*E*base*(depth^3) ELASTIC MODULUS =[force at break *distance ^3] / [midpoint deflection*4*base*depth ^3] for cylindrical = [force at break *distance ^3] /
[midpoint deflection12*pie*radius ^4HALL PETCH: Yield strength = o + ky d^-1/2 where o and ky are constants and D is avg grain diameter.PHASE DIAGRAM: Wait Liquid= S / (R+S) where R is
distance from point to liquid and S is distance solidWalpha = R / (R+S)Fe-C alloys: for HYPOeutectiod alloys: W Perutectiod ferrite = U / (U+T) where U is distance from concentration of Co to 0.76
and T is distance from concentration Co to alpha ferrite. Wperlite = T / (U+T)Fraction of total ferrite = (from concentration Co to right of chart / from Alpha ferrite to right of chart)
HYPEReutectiod alloys: perutectiod cementite = V/ (V+X) where V is distance from .76 to concentration and X is distance from concentration to right of chart. Perlite X / (X+V) Total ferrite X / (total
distance from alpha ferrite to right of chart) total cemetite = Distance from alpha ferrite to concentration / total distance from alpha ferrite to right of chart.FRACTION OF TRANSFORMATION: y=1-e^(kt^n) where t is time, K and N are given constants. R= Ae^(-Q/rt) where A is a constant, Q is activation energy, t is Kelvins and R is gas constant. R=1/To.5 is time to half way complete transformation. Given
r=ae^. Solve for R and then solve for to.5.. with that time solve for y.CONDUCTIVITY: = n|e| where e = 1.9 10^-19 , n = number of electrons, is electron mobilityFor semiconductors = n|e|e
+p|e|hhole mobility. intrinsic = C*(K^-1.5 )*e^(-Egap / (2*(8.62 10^-15)*K where C = given constant and K = temp in kelvin.OHMS LAW: v=ir or J=, where J= I/V, electrical conductivity =ohms ^1, field intensity = volts / length
R= Length / ( * area) RESISTIVITY: ^ -1? =t+i+d?t = 0 + aT (T> -200C)?i = Aci (1-ci) where ci is the impurity concentration (%) and A is a constant GRAIN GROWTH: d^n-do^n=kt where
d=grain dia.@ time t do=initial dia. K=constant t=time elapsed AVRAMI y=1-e^(-kt^n) where t =time OR ln[ln[(1/1-y)]=ln k + n ln t BRINNELL HARDNESS HB=Ts(Mpa)/3.45 RATE OF TRANSFER r =
1/t@ 0.5 MAX DEFLECTION y=(F*L^3)/48*E*IMOMENT OF INERTIA I=(b*d^3)/12 OR Icircular=(3.14*R^4) / 4 YIELD STRAIN y = o + k*d^(-1/2)
DENSITY OF VARIABLE (alpha) p = 100/[(C1/p1) + C2/p2)] POROSITY(P) void Vol / Total Vol. POROSITY AND YOUNGS MODULUS E= / =Eo (1-1.9P+0.9P^2) when Eo = Elasticity of
nonporous material POROSITY AND STRENGTH fs = o e^(-np)
R (GAS CONSTANT) = 8.314Jmol^-1K^-1 Na (AVAGARDOS #) = 6.023X10^23 TEMP(K) = C +273 Vsphere = 4/3 * 3.14 * r^3
Asphere = 4(3.14)r^2

LEVER RULES FOR Fe-C ALLOYS (2)

For a hypoeutectoid alloy of overall composition

C0 just below the eutectoid temperature:

the fraction of proeutectoid ferrite is:

W ' =

C ' 0.0022
T
= 0
T + U 0.76 0.022

The fraction of total ferrite is:

6.70 C0'
U +V + X
=
T + U + V + X 6.70 0.022
The fraction of total cementite is :

W =

WFe3C

Poly-vinyl-Chloride

Sum of weight fractions: WL + W =1

Conservation of mass (Ni): Co = WLCL +WC
Combining the above equations gives the Level Rule:
S
C C
WL = o =
C CL R + S
Co
R

WL

WL = 1.0, W = 0

At
TD:

Only Solid ()
WL = 0, W = 1.0

At
TB:

Both Liquid (L) and Solid

()

C C
R
W = o L = +
C CL R S
C

moment equilibrium:

1W

WLR= WS

solving gives Lever Rule

TA
1300

A tie line

TB
1200

TD
20

s
idu
liqu

L (liquid)

L+

B
R S
D

L+

CLCo

(C Co )
(C Co ) (43 35)
= 0.73
=
=
(Co CL ) + (C Co ) (C CL ) (43 32)

R
R+S

(Co CL )
(C CL ) (35 32)
= 0.27
=
= o
(Co CL ) + (C Co ) (C CL ) (43 32)

(solid)

50

6.70 C1'
X
=
V + X 6.70 0.76

The fraction of total ferrite is:

W =

C
wt% Ni

C' 0.76
V
= 1
V + X 6.70 0.76

The fraction of pearlite is:

Wp =

du
soli
s

303235 4043

the fraction of proeutectoid cementite is:

WFe3C' =

T(C)

Polyethylene

For a hypereutectoid alloy of overall composition C1 just

below the eutectoid temperature,

Cu-Ni System

S
WL = +
R S

Polypropylene

THE LEVER RULE: A PROOF

CL

Only Liquid (L)

W=

C ' 0.022
T
=
= 0
T + U + V + X 6.70 0.022

Poly-tetra-flouro-ethiline

Examples:Co = 35wt%Ni
At
TA:

0.76 C0'
U
=
T + U 0.76 0.022

The fraction of pearlite is:

Wp =

Interpretation of PHASE DIAGRAM

weight fractions of phases

LEVER RULES FOR Fe-C ALLOYS (1)

6.70 C1'
X
=
T +U +V + X 6.70 0.022

The fraction of total cementite is :

WFe3C =

C' 0.022
T +U +V
= 1
T +U +V + X 6.70 0.022

Polystyrene

Range Mean Mi xi xiMi

15,000-30,000 22,500 0.04 900
30,000-45,000 37,500 0.07 2625
45,000-60,000 52,500 0.16 8400
60,000-75,000 67,500 0.26 17,550
75,000-90,000 82,500 0.24 19,800
90,000-105,000 97,500 0.12 11,700
105,000-120,000 112,500 0.08 9000
120,000-135,000 127,500 0.03 3825
_________________________
M_ w = wiMi = 81,450 g/mol

Range Mean Mi wi wiMi

15,000-30,000 22,500 0.01 225
30,000-45,000 37,500 0.04 1500
45,000-60,000 52,500 0.11 5775
60,000-75,000 67,500 0.24 16,200
75,000-90,000 82,500 0.27 22,275
90,000-105,000 97,500 0.16 15,600
105,000-120,000 112,500 0.12 13,500
120,000-135,000 127,500 0.05 6375
_________________________