http://bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.

1186/1471-2180-14-172#CR13
http://bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6882-13-164

Who cause stomach disease

H. pylori (Helicobacter pylori) is a bacterium that is found in the stomach and is responsible
for chronic gastritis, Peptic ulcers, Stomach cancers, Certain types of lymphomas (cancers of
lymphoid tissue).
The damage to the lining of the stomach is due to a complex interaction of the bacteria and
the host's immune response. H. pylori releases several enzymes and microbial products that
directly damage the lining of the stomach. The immune system reacts by mounting a florid
inflammatory response in an attempt to eradicate the bacteria. As a consequence of this
inflammatory response, the stomach lining is unintentionally damaged.

The bacteria are believed to cause stomach problems when they penetrate
the stomachs mucous lining and generate substances that neutralize
stomach acids. This makes the stomach cells more vulnerable to the harsh
acids. Stomach acid and H. pylori together irritate the stomach lining and may
cause sores or peptic ulcers in your stomach or duodenum, which is the first
part of your small intestine. Treatment of H. pylori infection involves taking several
medications for. But all have a side effect. Some of the treatment regimens use a medication called

metronidazole (Flagyl) or clarithromycin (Biaxin). These medications can cause a metallic taste in the
mouth;skin flushing, headache, nausea, vomiting, sweating, and a rapid heart rate; constipation; diarrhea
and stomach cramps. So that recent study focus on natural product for the inhabit H pylorie without side
effect.

H. pylori Genomic Flexibility and Genetic Regulation

H. pyloriexhibitsunusualgeneticflexibilityanditishypothesizedthatthevariability
withinthegenomecouldpotentiallyaccountfortheorganismsabilitytoadapttothe
dynamic environment within the host gastric niche, facilitating chronic colonization.
Theseadaptationsincludebothreversibleandirreversiblechangestothegenomeaswell
asregulatorymechanismsthatmodulategeneexpression[27
.

27.
W. Fischer, U. Breithaupt, B. I. Kern, S. I. Smith, C. Spicher,
and R. Haas, A comprehensive analysis ofHelicobacter
pylori plasticity zones reveals that they are integrating
conjugative
elements
with
intermediate
integration
specificity, BMC Genomics, vol. 15, article 310, 2014. View at
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Due to the lack of new synthetic antimicrobials in development for the

treatment of MDR Gram-negative infections, attention is increasingly focused
on natural compounds either as stand-alone or adjunctive therapies. These
include plant polyphenols such as those found in black pepper e.g. pepperine
and spices e.g. curcumin. Curcumin (CCM) is a diphenolic compound,
commonly used in the form of turmeric throughout central and Eastern Asia as
a spice and/or colouring agent in foodstuffs and textiles. A number of potential
health benefits have been associated with CCM including anti-neoplastic, antiinflammatory and anti-oxidant effects [3]. Studies have also revealed that
CCM may have antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria
(Helicobacter pylori) [5].
3. Maheshwari RK, Singh AK, Gaddipati J, Srimal RC: Multiple biological
activities of curcumin: A short review. Life Sci2006,78(18):2081
2087. 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.12.007PubMedView Article

4. De R, Kundu P, Swarnakar S, Ramamurthy T, Chowdhury A, Nair GB,

Mukhopadyay AK: Antimicrobial activity of curcumin
againstHelicobacter pylori isolates from India and during
infections in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009,53(4):1592
1597. 10.1128/AAC.01242-08PubMed CentralPubMedView Article

The bioavailability of natural compounds such as polyphenols and curcumin

has been previously investigated and found to be in some cases their Achilles
heel. Several studies have reported that although polyphenols penetrate
effectively into various tissues [13] their bioavailability is poor [14] and it is
difficult to achieve adequate concentrations for antimicrobial activity in
mammalian models [15]. This may be a facet of their ability to bind to proteins
[16] although many polyphenols are also rapidly metabolised in mammals
[17]. If polyphenols are not absorbed before the small intestine, they are
readily hydrolysed to simple phenolics by bacteria in the human microflora
[18] further reducing their systemic bioavailability. Although phase 1 clinical
trials have found that high doses (12 g/day) of systemic CCM are safe [19],
the use of polyphenols as antimicrobials is likely to be limited to use as topical
agents. The toxicity of EGCG was limited to minor skin irritation in mammalian
models [20] at high concentrations and no adverse effects were seen with
preparations containing up to 500 mg/Kg/day.
13. Suganuma M, Okabe S, Oniyama M, Tada Y, Ito H, Fujiki H: Wide
distribution of [ H]()epigallocatechin gallate, a cancer preventive tea
polyphenol, in mouse tissue. Carcinogenesis 1998, 19:17711776.
10.1093/carcin/19.10.1771PubMedView Article
3

14.

Anand P, Kunnumakkara AB, Newman RA, Aggarwal

BB: Bioavailability of Curcumin: Problems and Promises. Mol
Pharm2007,4(6):807818. 10.1021/mp700113rPubMedView Article
15.
Scalbert A, Williamson G: Dietary intake and bioavailability of
polyphenols. J Nutr 2000,130(8):2073S-2085S.PubMed
16.

Sazuka M, Itoi T, Suzuki Y, Odani S, Koide T, Isemura M: Evidence for

the interaction between (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and human plasma

proteins fibronectin, fibrinogen, and histidine-rich glycoprotein. Biosci

Biotechnol Biochem1996,60(8):13171319.
10.1271/bbb.60.1317PubMedView Article
17.

Lee MJ, Maliakal P, Chen L, Meng X, Bondoc FY, Prabhu S, Lambert G,

Mohr S, Yang CS: Pharmacokinetics of tea catechins after ingestion of
green tea and ()-epigallocatechin-3-gallate by humans: formation of
different metabolites and individual variability. Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev 2002, 11:10251032.PubMed

18.

Aura AM, Martin-Lopez P, OLeary KA, Williamson G, OksmanCaldentey KM, Poutanen K, Santos-Buelga C: In vitro metabolism of
anthocyanins by human gut microflora. Eur J Nutr 2005,44(3):133142.
10.1007/s00394-004-0502-2PubMedView Article

19.

Cheng AL, Hsu CH, Lin JK, Hsu MM, Ho YF, Shen TS, Ko JY, Lin JT, Lin
BR, Ming-Shiang W, Yu HS, Jee SH, Chen GS, Chen TM, Chen CA, Lai MK,
Pu YS, Pan MH, Wang YJ, Tsai CC, Hsieh CY: Phase I clinical trial of
curcumin, a chemopreventive agent, in patients with high-risk or premalignant lesions. Anticancer Res 2001,21(4B):28952900.PubMed

20.

Isbrucker RA, Edwards JA, Wolz E, Davidovich A, Bausch J: Safety

studies on epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) preparations. Part 2: dermal,
acute and short-term toxicity studies. Food Chem Toxicol 2006,44(5):636
650. 10.1016/j.fct.2005.11.003PubMedView Article

Clostridium difficile