Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Wright, Audrey L.
New York, American Book Co. [c1955-1956]
http://hdl.handle.net/2027/inu.32000000865990
INDIANA
UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
>
PART II
LET'S
LEARN
ENGLISH
PART II
775530
All rights reserved. No part of this book protected by the copyrights hereon
E.P. 2
INDIANA UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
PREFACE
Oo
*? Part II of Let's Learn English assumes that the student has com-
lesson.
drawings, large and small, serve to illustrate the text and stimulate
conversation.
lesson and from one lesson to another. They are purposely limited in
The 565 new words and idioms in Part II, added to the smaller
complete book. The majority of these words are used many times.
difficulty. The first four lessons continue in the present tense, but the
future with going to is added. The next five lessons include the use of
can and the simple past tense. The last three lessons take up the
through imitation and repetition, but the phonetic symbols and into-
in Part II, on the questions and answers and on the dialogues. For
sidered are the size, maturity, and motivation of the class. However,
The authors are grateful for the help and suggestions of all those
who have been interested in the publication of this text. They par-
A. L. W.
J. H. M.
vi
TO THE TEACHER
sections of a lesson and offer some suggestions for teaching the material
effectively.
providing the general theme as well as the new vocabulary and struc-
ture. All are woven into natural English, whether in simple questions
Tom should reply with the name of the student's own country and city.
with the new vocabulary. The teacher may use various types of
ture should be given at this time. Then the students repeat each
vii
first units of the Oral Practice, it is not necessary to complete the Oral
ever, it is better to present this material with the use of the blackboard
and the help of the class than to read it from the book. Let the ex-
These should be done orally in class, at least in part, before any are
assigned for homework. The student should not write the exercises
in his book.
teacher may or may not wish to have his students fill in the meanings
back of the book, which includes the iooo words and idioms used in
groups of three similar but contrasting sounds. Both words and sen-
tences are used for drill, with additional practice on a given intonation
Imitation and repetition are the basis for all work in pronunciation
in correcting the errors of his students. For the student, this material
Dictation. The two sections in the lessons of Part I that deal with
lowed here is essentially the same, the choice of material is left to the
teacher. He may use several lines of dialogue for one dictation and a
paragraph or two for another. Thus, the student will benefit from a
review of the whole Oral Practice, not knowing which part may be
The speed at which a teacher can dictate may vary from class to
serve as an oral review of all the content material as well as the struc-
ture of the lesson. The teacher may wish to make this entirely a
spoken English, this new section in Part II gives the student further
two types: those which require a summary of the text and those which
The three review lessons include all the features of the other lessons
except the Oral Practice, the Vocabulary, and the Dictation. Each
three lessons, and each reviews all the points of structure in those
IX
CONTENTS
PREFACE v
with whose the future with going to object pronouns the prepositions
have to the omission of the definite article the prepositions in, on, at,
verbs followed by to and another verb the prepositions from ... to,
xi
the omission of the definite article possessive forms nouns used as ad-
the auxiliary verb can count nouns and mass nouns some and any
much, many, and a lot of how much and how many the prepositions in,
at, for
the past tense of be there was and there were expressions of past time
statements, questions, and short answers) the simple past tense of irregular
verbs interrogative words and the simple past tense other, another, and
count nouns and mass nouns some, any, much, many, and a lot of nega-
tive commands the auxiliary verb can the past tense of be the simple
verbs in the simple past tense direct and indirect objects the verbs say
the present perfect tense of regular verbs the present perfect tense of ir-
the present perfect tense with for and since comparisons with most and
the simple past tense direct and indirect objects the verbs say and tell
possessive forms the words very and too the present perfect tense
prepositions
INDEX Ixv
XIII
LESSON THIRTEEN
13
ORAL PRACTICE
I .. ... .... .
r --*
161
Lesson Thirteen
What's thejdog'sjname?
* A slight pause.
1\
_________ 1
son's wife.
Lesson Thirteen
162
D. The other young man in this picture is Bill's friend. His name
ji-j\
i \
Tom:
Ann:
Tom:
Bill:
HeljIoViTom.
i '1
163
Lesson Thirteen
Tom: Thank
speak veryifast.
ix
Mrs. D.: How long are you going to j be: in the United States?
next year.
* A slight pause.
Tom's Impressions
have an American roommate. I like him very much. His sister Ann
is pretty and very nice. She lives at home and goes to high school.
I like her, too. Bill's parents, Mr. and Mrs. Dawson, are very friendly.
I like them very much. I'm going to see the Dawsons from time to
time.
nightor tomorrow.
STRUCTURE
Note: Use it (its) for an animal that you do not know. Use he
first nine sentences, use the form that refers to the subject.
3. A plural noun that does not end in s has the ending 's.
show possession.
E. Give the possessive form of the first noun and read it with the other
4. Ann brother
5. my father pen
C. Whose and who's (who is) have the same pronunciation [huz].
D. (1) Make original questions with whose and the following nouns.
167
Lesson Thirteen
QUESTIONS STATEMENTS
indicates future time. In this case, the word going does not refer
C. The short form I'm going is a substitute for I'm going to go. This
, (1) Read these questions with the correct form of be + going to.
2. What he study?
3. he have a roommate?
(2) Ask the question What are you going to do? with each expression
of time given below. Answer each question; use a verb from the list
1. tonight
2. after class
3. tomorrow morning
4. tomorrow afternoon
5. tomorrow evening
6. on Saturday
7. on Sunday
8. next week
9. next summer
do
study
go
talk
see
visit
play
write
read
get up
rest
invite
sleep
practice
swim
listen to
work
have dinner
169
Lesson Thirteen
V. Object Pronouns.
He writes to us.
B. The object pronouns are me, you, him, her, it, us, and them.
They are used after a verb or after a preposition. The word them
C. (1) Read each sentence. Then change the words in italics to object
in italics.
VI. Prepositions: from, with, about, in, at, to. Read each sentence
A. From (origin)
He's an American.
4. I'm {country).
5. I come {city)-.
B. With'(accompaniment)
W5530
Lesson Thirteen
171
C. About (concerning)
D. In (within limits)
E. At (specific place)
F. To (various uses)
[invdit] [spat]
Note 2: The people of the United States are commonly called Americans because
the official name of the country is the United States of America. The term is
not exclusive, however, since there are many other Americans in North, Central,
Idioms
PRONUNCIATION
I. Vowel Sounds.
A. Read these words (i) horizontally and (2) vertically. Imitate your
teacher.
B. Repeat each sentence several times. Imitate your teacher. Use the
A. Read these words (i) horizontally and (2) vertically. Imitate your
teacher.
[s] see
six [ks]
sister
nice
also
city
address
spend
state
store
street
school
study
student
[6] three
thank
third
thirty
month
Thursday
thirteenth
[t] two
Tom
time
write
letter
tonight
introduce
Lesson Thirteen
174
B. Repeat each sentence several times. Imitate your teacher. Use the
A. Close your books and listen. Your teacher will read some sentences,
C. Check your written work as your teacher reads all the sentences once
CONVERSATION
Close your books. Your teacher will ask the following questions for
possible.
COMPOSITION
class. Use short sentences and the vocabulary that you know.
LESSON FOURTEEN
ORAL PRACTICE
177
Lesson Fourteen
i ...
r'
- : i i
ii
\ - - \. -
i-.._............................
L............
\_. L
u-.
They own their own home now. It's new and modern, and they like
it very much. It isn't very far from Ann's high school. There are
Mrs. Dawson is usually busy because she does her own house-
work. She gets the meals, she cleans the house, she washes and irons
the clothes, and she does the shopping for the family. Ann helps her
a little every day. Mr. Dawson sometimes helps his wife, too.
Tom's Impressions
more quiet and more friendly. It also has many new houses with big
women usually have to do their own housework and take care of their
toQ m
fegp.^
179
Lesson Fourteen
STRUCTURE
QUESTIONS
SHORT ANSWERS
No, it isn't.
Yes, it is.
B. A short answer has only a subject with the verb be or the auxiliary
of be. Examples: Yes, I am. Yes, it is. Yes, they are. Yes,
there is.
Lesson Fourteen
180
short answers.
Do I have to
come?
Do you
go home?
Does he
walk?
Does she
leave?
Do we
help?
Do you
move?
Do they
work?
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
C. Two short answers are possible, one with the auxiliary verb do
and one with the expression have to. Examples: Do you have to
leave now? Yes, I do or Yes, I have to; No, I don't or No, I don't
have to.
D. (1) Fill the blanks with the correct form of have to as you read the
following sentences.
(3) Change the sentences in (1) to questions. Then give short answers,
(4) Give five different answers to this question: What do you have to
do tomorrow?
>
C. Read the following sentences and indicate the nouns that have a
general meaning.
V. Prepositions: in, on, at, near, far from, for, like. Read each sen-
A. In (a city, a country)
B. On (a street)
C. At (an address)
because
[bik6z]
[belmant]
big
[big]
busy
[bfzi]
buy
[bai]
clean
[klin]
clothes
[kloz]
conveniences
[kanvinyansiz]
crowded
[krdudid]
cut
[kat]
electric
[ilektrik]
expensive. .
[ikspensiv]
for
[for, fo]
grass.
[graes]
help. .
[help]
housework quiet
[hduswark] [kwdrat]
iron refrigerator..
[diarn] [nfrid38retar]
[lek] [rent]
lawn shop
[Ion] [Sap]
little sometimes. ..
[lft]] [s8mtaimz]
soon...
[sun]
stove. .
[stov]
suburb.
[s6barb]
maid
[med]
meal
[mil]
modern
[madam]
more supermarket
[mor] [suparmarkit]
move town
[muv] [taun]
own wash
[on] [waS]
[prifff] [hwai]
185
Idioms
do the shopping
PRONUNCIATION
I. Vowel Sounds.
A. Read these words (1) horizontally and (2) vertically. Imitate your
teacher.
[i] eat
need
meal
people
cleaner
machine
convenience
[1] it
big
Bill
little
prefer
electric
expensive
does
often
[a] cut
women
quiet
Sunday
sometimes
B. Repeat each sentence several times. Imitate your teacher. Use the
A. Read these words (1) horizontally and (2) vertically. Imitate your
teacher.
Lesson Fourteen
186
B. Repeat each sentence several times. Imitate your teacher. Use the
A. Close your books and listen. Your teacher will read some sentences,
C. Check your written work as your teacher reads all the sentences once
CONVERSATION
Close your books. Your teacher will ask the following questions for
16. Does your house have a big yard? ... a lawn? ... a garden?
18. Who does the shopping? Who takes care of the children?
COMPOSITION
class. Use short sentences and the vocabulary that you know.
LESSON FIFTEEN
15
ORAL PRACTICE
j , j I _ _ , 1 j
i i .
r~~->
/gikUM IMI*B|ftQ
ii
likes his work. The company sells life insurance, fire insurance, and
downtown. He doesn't walk because he lives very far from the office.
Mr. Dawson never goes home for lunch. He has to eat down-
other businessmen, too. His office closes at five, but he seldom leaves
before five-fifteen. Then he goes home and rests a little before dinner.
Tom's Impressions
States, almost all the single women work; and many married women
191
Lesson Fifteen
STRUCTURE
I. Negative Questions.
surprise.
D. Other long forms with not, such as does she not help and are they
E. (1) Ask each question in the negative form. Then give one short
short answers.
C. Never = not ever. Never and seldom are used only in negative
statements, but without the word not. They are negative words,
D. Ever, never, and seldom are frequency words like always, often,
short answers.)
E. (1) Use ever in the following questions as you read them. (2) An-
large
company
company
blackboard
an
insurance
housewife
his
life
insurance
her
housework
his
lunch
hour
the
newspaper(s)
the
morning
paper (s)
the
notebook (s)
the
Dawson
family
the
classroom (s)
the
family
car(s)
his
roommate (s)
195
Lesson Fifteen
B. In English, there are often two nouns together. The first noun is
I.
fire insurance
IO.
telephone book(s)
2.
automobile insurance
ii.
address book(s)
3-
family dinner
12.
bookstore (s)
4-
i3-
office work
5-
14.
office hours
6.
15-
7-
streetcar (s)
16.
state university
8.
weekend (s)
17-
university library
9-
businessman (-men)
18.
graduate student(s)
B. Certain verbs, such as prefer, want, like, try, need, learn, and
verb.
C. Two short answers are possible after a question, one with the
auxiliary verb do and one with the principal verb followed by to.
V. Prepositions: from ... to, before, after, during. Read these sen-
B. Before (time)
C. After (time)
D. During (time)
Idioms
go to w6rk on time
take a bus
PRONUNCIATION
I. Vowel Sounds.
A. Read these words (1) horizontally and (2) vertically. Imitate your
teacher.
B. Repeat each sentence several times. Imitate your teacher. Use the
n. Consonant Sounds.
A. Read these words (1) horizontally and (2) vertically. Imitate your
teacher.
B. Repeat each sentence several times. Imitate your teacher. Use the
A. Close your books and listen. Your teacher will read some sentences,
C. Check your written work as your teacher reads all the sentences once
CONVERSATION
Close your books. Your teacher will ask the following questions for
17. Do people here have a long lunch hour? (in your country)
COMPOSITION
class. Use short sentences and the vocabulary that you know.
LESSON SIXTEEN
Review
PRONUNCIATION
I. Consonant Sounds.
A. Read these words (1) horizontally and (2) vertically. Imitate your
teacher.
B. Repeat each sentence several times. Imitate your teacher. Use the
STRUCTURE
these sentences.
B. (1) Make five questions with whose. (2) Answer your questions in
HI. Nouns Used as Adjectives. Read each sentence. Then insert the
V. Short Answers. (1) Close your books. Your teacher or one of the
students will ask these questions. (2) Give short answers in the
4. Is he going to be an engineer?
A. (1) Make original questions with the expressions below. Use dif-
Examples: going to be ?
have to work ?
going to shop ? 6
going to drive ? 7
going to invite ? 8
going to arrive ? 9
going to introduce ? 10
have to see ?
have to take ?
have to buy ?
have to move ?
have to get up ?
A. (1) Make two different questions with each expression. Use the two
verbs at the right. (2) Then give a short answer and a long answer
to each question.
come
shop
Do we need to ... ?
Is he trying to ... ?
help
sell
repeat
take
invite
close
arrive
practice
drive
pronounce
sleep
listen to
write
understand
Lesson Sixteen
208
VIII. Word Order. Arrange each group of words in the correct order
and read the sentence. Questions are indicated by a question mark (?)
i. notebook
2. are
3. the
4. what's
is
friends
what's
number
this
why
address
their
whose
important
Dawsons'
telephone
5. Bill
6. is
8. his
call
at
her
helps
why
busy
day
too
they
7. a
Mrs. Dawson
helps
sometimes
William
home
little
wife
do
very
Ann
Mr. Dawson
generally
every
9. for
10. in
11. the
12. many
go
have
he
state
he
evening
on
has
lunch
always
to
graduate
ever
together
goes
that
vU
other countries?
about
after
at
before
during
far from
for
from
in
like
near
of
on
to
with
Lesson Sixteen
210
CONVERSATION
around the class in this manner. Give two answers whenever possible.
15. Do the women here do their own housework? (in your country)
ORAL COMPOSITION
Choose three topics from the list below. Be prepared to talk in class for
17
LESSON SEVENTEEN
ORAL PRACTICE
\_ i
>__ i -.
1 -. i- 1 , ._ j J
II
Mrs. D.:\ don't | know,; dear, but you can find it after j breakfast.
Mrs. D.: Yes, you canjpouriit now. Ann, please make some!toast.
i _..
Mrs. D.: Small oranges are j six j for twenty-nine j cents. And there
,I
,,- ' , - |
r"\
Mr. D.: I
Mrs. D.: I'mjsoriry, dear, but there i isn't any cream this morning.
Ann.
Ann: But I'migojing to. Mother, whyjdo we have eggs every day?
"lid
...J \ . L ' \
--1 j ;
Mrs. D.: All j right. We can have some cereal tojmorirow *and some
pancakes oniSuniday.
Note: The short form I'm going to means I'm going to drink it.
home for lunch because he doesn't have much time. He goes to a res-
two friends. What does he have for lunch? He often has some soup,
drink water, too? Yes, he often drinks a glass of water because he's
thirsty. How much is his lunch? It's usually ninety cents or a dollar.
D. Mrs. Dawson always gets dinner for the family at night. They're
often tired and hungry. They usually have some meat or fish, two
vegetables, a salad, and a dessert. Ann drinks milk; Mr. and Mrs.
Dawson drink coffee. There's always some water on the table, too.
Tom's Impressions
lunch in a hurry, but they have more time for dinner. Americans
drink a lot of water, a lot of milk, and a lot of coffee, but they don't
drink much tea. Yes, I like American food very much now, including
the pancakes, the sandwiches, the hamburgers, the salads, the apple
long counter. He can see all the food there in front of him. He
chooses his meal and puts it on his tray. Then he pays for it and
carries his tray to a table. I like this self-service, and the meals aren't
TRTTU
215
Lesson Seventeen
STRUCTURE
STATEMENTS
[kan] [kaent]
Can I (we) speak English? Yes, you can. No, you can't.
Can't she come with us? Yes, she can. No, she can't.
Can they sleep late? Yes, they can. No, they can't.
D. A short answer has only a subject with the word can or can't.
negative.
i. Count Nouns
2. Mass Nouns
sandwich, sandwiches.
milk, coffee.
pressions, such as a piece of, a glass of, a cup of, one piece of,
D. Some mass nouns are also count nouns, but the meaning is different
then. Examples: a pie, two pies, but a piece of pie; a cake, two
paper.
E. Repeat the question with each mass noun and one of the expressions
[ a piece of
(a cup of
i. meat
2. water
3. tea
4. toast
5. cake
6. milk
7. pie
8. butter
9. coffee
QUESTIONS
ANSWERS
B. In the sentences above, the words some and any indicate an in-
219
Lesson Seventeen
D. In the answer to a question, some and any are often used alone
E. Fill the blanks with some or any as you read these sentences.
Note: The words salad, dessert, and fish are both mass nouns and
count nouns. The plural of the count noun fish is also fish.
D. (1) Read each group of questions with the word indicated. (2) Then
much
many
221
Lesson Seventeen
B. In sections 1 and 2, how much and how many are used in questions
refer to price. Examples: How much is it? How much are they?
E. (1) Fill the blank with how much or how many as you read each
io
ii
12
13
14
15
16
I?
l8
IQ
20
prices as given.
VI. Prepositions: inj at, for. Read each sentence with the preposition
indicated.
A. In (time)
B. At (time)
C. For (purpose)
make salad
[mek] [sselad]
Idioms
be hungry in line
at noon self-service
PRONUNCIATION
I. Vowel Sounds.
A. Read these words (1) horizontally and (2) vertically. Imitate your
teacher.
B. Repeat each sentence several times. Imitate your teacher. Use the
rr
A. Read these words (1) horizontally and (2) vertically. Imitate your
teacher.
B. Repeat each sentence several times. Imitate your teacher. Use the
A. Close your books and listen. Your teacher will read some sentences,
C. Check your written work as your teacher reads all the sentences once
CONVERSATION
Close your books. Your teacher will ask the following questions for
24. What can you make? (tea, coffee, pies, cakes, bread, toast,
COMPOSITION
it in class. Use short sentences and the vocabulary that you know. Your
THE EIG
ESSON EIGHTEEN 1 V
HTEENTH LESSON 1 U
School Days
** *,
rfr
s>J+
ORAL PRACTICE
i .__ .
r,_,|,
r1||
229
Lesson Eighteen
V...
i,-~\
i . .......
. _- ! \ ... i i -j V
V V
r ... _*
Ann: Yes. And the last hour in the afternoon, from two-thirty to
LL
\-. I
r------ ______ *
ii
*<*
231
Lesson Eighteen
i.
L...
-- ' ! ' I
i1
1 . \__
1i
Ikfi
E. Last year Ann was a junior. It was her third year in high school.
every week, and there were several school dances during the year.
There were football games in the fall, basketball games in the winter,
and baseball games in the spring. Ann was in the school orchestra
This year Ann is a senior. It's her last year in high school, and
high school, and four years in high school! Now she's taking English,
sings in the chorus, and writes for the school paper. She wants to be
in the senior play, too. The senior year is always a busy year.
Tom's Impressions
They usually go to the same classes every day, and they have an
assignment for every class. They often have one or two study periods
in school, but they have to study at home, too. They also enjoy
They generally have to pay for a college education. But there are
some scholarships for good students, and many college students work
233
part time because they need the money for their education.
Lesson Eighteen
STRUCTURE
STATEMENTS
(was not)
QUESTIONS
Was I late
[ he absent
| it warm
you tired
Were \ we quiet
they busy
(were not)
SHORT ANSWERS
Yes, I was.
Yes, he
Yes, it
Yes, we
No, I wasn't.
No, he
No, it
No, we
Yes, they
No, they
B. The past tense of be has two forms, was [waz] and were [war].
The negative forms are was not or wasn't [waznt] and were not
or weren't [want].
C. The word order for the past tense of be is the same as for the
present tense.
D. A short answer has only a subject with a form of the verb be.
E. (i) Fill the blanks with was or were as you read these sentences.
Lesson Eighteen
234
(2) Read these sentences with the past tense of be. Use the affirma-
STATEMENTS
QUESTIONS
SHORT ANSWERS
B. The expressions there was and there were are used in the past the
C. Fill each blank with was there or were there as you read these
tive, as indicated.
io
a good orchestra?
an assembly yesterday?
No,.
Yes, .
No, .
No, .
Yes, .
No, .
Yes, .
Yes, .
Yes, .
No, .
No, .
I was busy
yesterday.
yesterday morning.
yesterday afternoon.
yesterday evening.
last evening.
last night.
last week.
last weekend.
last Sunday
last month.
last summer.
last year.
Lesson Eighteen
236
Example: the last week in the month (not the first week).
Note 2: The subjects economics and mathematics are plural in form, but they are
used with a singular verb. The word vacation is usually singular; vacations means
Idioms
PRONUNCIATION
I. Vowel Sounds.
A. Read these words (1) horizontally and (2) vertically. Imitate your
teacher.
B. Repeat each sentence several times. Imitate your teacher. Use the
A. Read these words (1) horizontally and (2) vertically. Imitate your
teacher.
B. Repeat each sentence several times. Imitate your teacher. Use the
A. Close your books and listen. Your teacher will read some sentences,
C. Check your written work as your teacher reads all the sentences
CONVERSATION
Close your books. Your teacher will ask the following questions for
24. Are you ever late for this class? Are you ever absent?
COMPOSITION
it in class. Use short sentences and the vocabulary that you know. Your
LESSON NINETEEN 1 U
ORAL PRACTICE
football game this afternoon, and the boys are making their plans.
ii
>l
243
Lesson Nineteen
_____ , _
Bill: I don't i know, but let's not j wait i for him. He's often i Tate. - j \ ; i \
\-_ I i
I* "I
\ _. J ' I ' *
\IL
football, not soccer. The game started at two o'clock and ended at
four-thirty. The big college stadium was full. There were sixty
some went on the bus, and others drove. The weather was fine that
fall day.
Each team had eleven men on the field. Each team defended its
own goal. Each team also tried to cross the other goal line with the
ball. Sometimes they ran with the ball, sometimes they threw the
ball, and sometimes they kicked it. The game was very exciting.
But when do they run? When do they throw the ball? And when
do they kick the ball? I don't understand all the rules of the game.
There are two halves in a football game. In the first half, our
team crossed the other goal line once and made a touchdown. The
other team made two touchdowns. The band played between the
halves, and we cheered for our team. During the second half, we
made another touchdown, and then another. The final score was
245
Lesson Nineteen
Tom's Impressions
practice after school every day. The games with other schools are
Some parts of the United States have a lot of snow and ice during the
enjoy baseball. The schools have their games in the spring, but the
Some also play tennis or golf, and others go fishing. They like to be
outdoors because it's warm during the months of June, July, and
August.
<^-
Lesson Nineteen
246
STRUCTURE
simple form of the verb (sfv). The polite form is please don't.
C. In the negative, let's becomes let's not before the simple form of
D. (1) Repeat these commands in the affirmative, the negative, and the
Change the preceding sentence to the negative and then read the new
5. No, 9. No,
It ended at four-thirty.
simple form of the verb. The same form is used in all persons.
vowel, and the stress is on the last syllable, double the con-
E. (1) Pronounce the following verbs in the simple past tense, first
ed = [t]
ed = [d]
ed = [id]
1. I asked
1. we answered
1. they defended
2. you crossed
2. they called
2. it ended
3. he erased
3. you cheered
3. I needed
4. she helped
4. I closed
4. he graduated
5. they kicked
5. he opened
5. we invited
6. we laughed
6. it seemed
6. you repeated
7. I practiced
7. you used
7. they rented
8. you talked
8. we enjoyed
8. she skated
9. she washed
9. he carried
9. I visited
10. he waited
11. he worked
11. we wanted
(2) In these sentences, use the simple past tense of the verbs.
249
Lesson Nineteen
AUX.
r.v. \siv
walk
> . ^.
Did
you
to the game?
Did
arrive
on time?
Did
he
study
the rules?
Did
it
start
at two o'clock?
Did
you
enjoy
the game?
Did
they
wait
SHORT ANSWERS
Yes, I did.
Yes, he did.
Yes, it did.
Yes, we did.
B. The interrogative form of the simple past tense begins with the
in the past.
2. Did is used in all persons with the simple form of the principal
verb.
in the affirmative.
begin
began [biga^n]
make
made [med]
drive
drove [drov]
run
ran [rasn]
go
throw
went [went]
threw [Gru]
have .
had [haed]
win
won [wan]
B. An irregular verb has a special form for the simple past tense. In
C. Questions are formed with the auxiliary verb did and the simple
D. (1) Read these questions. Then complete the answers with the neces-
(3) Make questions with did and the principal verbs in (2); add
other words to complete the meaning. Then give a short answer and
I.W.
Aux.
ANSWERS
What did
you
forget?
When did
you
have them?
you
have?
Where did
you
put them?
you
go to bed?
Note: put put [put]. The past tense is like the simple form.
as it precedes do or does.
C. Each sentence below is the answer to a question. (1) Make the question
the words I, we, my, and our to the second person. (2) Then read
1. When . . . ?
2. Where . . . ?
3. What... do .
4. When . . . ?
5. What time . .
.?
6. What . . . ?
7. How much . .
.?
8. How many . .
.?
9. What . . . ?
.?
n. How long . . .
12. Who . . . ?
13. Which . . . ?
14. Whose . . . ?
15. Why . . . ?
16. Where . . . ?
The other
is Tom.
UkU
Others drove. /^
Lesson Nineteen
254
D. Other and others are often used in contrast to the word some.
enjoy baseball.
8. My two uncles like sports very much. One often plays tennis,
prefer to go swimming.
10. What do you know about the students in your class? One
either with the verb be or with a verb like rain. The words cold,
cool, hot, warm, cloudy, sunny, and windy are all adjectives after
cross if soccer
touchdown
Idioms
be sunny go fishing
PRONUNCIATION
I. Vowel Sounds.
B. Repeat each sentence several times. Imitate your teacher. Use the
B. Repeat each sentence several times. Imitate your teacher. Use the
A. Close your books and listen. Your teacher will read some sentences,
C. Check your written work as your teacher reads all the sentences once
CONVERSATION
Close your books. Your teacher will ask the following questions for
16. What are the popular sports here? (in your country)
COMPOSITION
it in class. Use short sentences and the vocabulary that you know. Your
20
LESSON TWENTY
Review
PRONUNCIATION
I. Consonant Sounds.
B. Repeat each sentence several times. Imitate your teacher. Use the
STRUCTURE
required. Some words like cake may be count nouns and also mass
nouns.
apple
egg
soup
bread
fish
money
spoon
butter
food
milk
napkin
sugar
cafeteria
fork
orange
supermarket
cake
fruit
pancake
tea
cereal
ice cream
paper
time
chalk
juice
pie
toast
coffee
knife
restaurant
tray
cream
meal
salad
vegetable
dessert
meat
sandwich
water
261
Lesson Twenty
B. Read all the nouns in A with the word some. Use the plural form
A. (1) Read these sentences with some or any, as required. (2) Read
B. (1) Make five original questions with how much and five with how
A. Fill the blank in each sentence with the expression please don't.
10
11
12
13
14
15
B. Practice these sentences in groups of three students, (a), (b), and (c).
Use i as an example.
(b) No, let's not listen to the radio. Let's watch TV.
B. (1) Complete each question; use a verb from the list at the right and
add other words to complete the meaning. (2) Then give a short
1. Can you .
2. Can't you
3-
4-
5.
6.
Can Mary .
Can't Mary
Can John . .
Can't John . . . 1
play
come
sleep
eat
answer
speak
get up
study
go
take
have
wait
leave
walk
265
Lesson Twenty
A. Fill the blanks with was or were as you read these sentences.
A. Pronounce the simple past tense of each verb with its subject. As
I studied
B. Choose two verbs from each group in A and make two affirmative
C. (1) Complete each question; use a verb from the list at the right and
add other words to complete the meaning. (2) Then give a short answer
1. Did you . . . ?
3. Did he ... ?
5. Did she . . . ?
7. Did we ... ?
7. Did we ... r
9. Did they . . . r
.?
begin
meet
come
put
drink
read
drive
sleep
forget
swim
go
teach
have
understand
know
win
make
write
Lesson Twenty
268
VII. Other, another, and others. Fill the blanks with one of these
n. We need two spoons, one for dessert and the for coffee.
14. The oranges are good now; there isn't much fruit.
Vlil. Word Order. Arrange each group of words in the correct order
and read the sentence. Questions are indicated by a question mark (?)
i. be
2. in
3. you
4. I
class
don't
today
I'm
let's
your
go
no
for
please
can
busy
not
book
swimming
can't
late
write
very
5. a
7. we
8. you
three
at
why
6. a
black
they
eat
some
can
day
light
don't
your
have
they
coffee
drink
always
noon
make
coffee
meals
lunch
9. a
10. in
n. Ann
12. we
in
was
year
can
was
an
taking
our
new
the
what
where
class
there
long counter.
public schools.
about
after~
at .
before -
between
during -
for
from
in
including
in front of
in place of
near-
of
on
through
to
with
271
Lesson Twenty
CONVERSATION
around the class in this manner. Give two answers whenever possible.
4. What's a cafeteria?
ORAL COMPOSITION
Choose one topic from each group below. Be prepared to talk in class
for two or three minutes about any one of your three topics.
3. I Like Sports
LESSON TWENTY-ONE ) J
Let's Go Shopping
ORAL PRACTICE
you.
Yes, let'sigo.
273
Lesson Twenty-One
L-
f __-, ,_ ,
Ii
I'
f\
it.
\_
Lesson Twenty-One
274
D. Mr. Dawson seldom goes shopping with his wife. He doesn't have
and her husband needed a new winter coat. He wanted a brown coat,
but his wife said to him, "Why don't you get a gray coat, dear? Your
clerk offered Mrs. Dawson a seat. Then he showed Mr. Dawson sev-
eral brown coats. Mr. Dawson liked the first coat very much, but
he said that it was too expensive. The others didn't fit very well.
One was too big, another was too small, and another was too short.
Then he tried on some gray coats, and one fitted him very well.
"Of course you can. You can also wear it with your blue suit or
"And it's a good coat for the price," his wife said.
on the fifth floor. Mr. Dawson found a chair and sat down.
riii
i w--i
i '
Mrs. D.: Yes, but Ijhave!a black dress. I'd like ajbright;color.
1 1 ---_- i 1
1i1j
Mrs. Dawson tried on the blue dress, and then the red dress.
Mrs. D.: The blue dress wasjpretity, Bob. But look at;this!
it?
Then Mrs. Dawson gave the clerk her name and address, and the
Mr. D.: Then let's go to the j drugstore on the [corner. And what
Tom's Impressions
Mrs. Dawson is always well-dressed. She says that she usually buys
her clothes. She also tells me that she doesn't spend a lot of money
for them.
There are other small stores, too; but people like the big stores because
they can usually do all their shopping in one place. Many department
ten in the morning, and they close at five-thirty or six in the afternoon.
and suits alike. They come in all sizes. In some departments the
277
Lesson Twenty-One
STRUCTURE
I. Possessive Pronouns.
It's mine.
It's yours.
It's ours.
(my book)
(your book)
(our book)
They're mine.
They're yours
They're ours.
(my books)
(your books)
(our books)
(his raincoat)
(his gloves)
(her raincoat)
(her gloves)
(their ball)
(their coats)
B. The possessive pronouns are mine, yours, his, hers, ours, and
follows it.
C. As you read these sentences, fill each blank with the possessive pronoun
Lesson Twenty-One
278
B. The negative form of the simple past tense is the same for all verbs,
1. In all persons, the auxiliary verb did and the word not are used
(2) Answer these questions in the negative. Give a short answer and
do did [did]
Lesson Twenty-One
280
C. (1) Read these questions and answers. Fill each blank with the
(2) Use tlte subject she in place of you and I, and read the sentences
(2) Fill each blank with the past tense of the verb in italics.
7. Did you pay for the tickets? Yes, I for them yesterday.
8. I can't wear that suit this year, and I wear it last year.
9. Mr. Dawson always says, "I don't have time." Last night his
10. He often gives some money to his wife. He some to her this
morning.
11. Some people spend a lot of money for books. I three dollars
B. Some verbs (like buy, get, give, make, show, and write) often
showed Mr. Dawson the coats. She bought Ann the umbrella.
D. A few verbs, like explain and repeat, always have a phrase with to
tence to me. Repeat that word for me. {not Repeat me that word).
(2) Change the first nine sentences in (1) to questions; use indirect
objects again instead of the words in italics. Then answer the ques-
10. Did you give your name and address to the secretary?
B. The verbs say and tell have the same meaning, but they are used
differently in a sentence.
1. Say has only one object, a direct object. Tell usually has two
2. Say (not tell) is used when the exact words of a speaker are
2. In the last two examples, notice that the second verb after
E. (i) Use say or tell in the blanks as you read these sentences. Follow
(2) Fill the blanks with the simple past tense of say or tell as you read
6. She to her husband, "I like the style of the red dress."
She her husband that she liked the style of the red dress.
C. In the examples above, the word too indicates a high degree which
D. Fill the blanks with very or too as you read these sentences.
2. This hat is cheap, but it's a good hat for the price.
7. Ann was tired last night, but she did her homework.
i0. I'm not hungry. I ate much ice cream this afternoon.
Idioms
PRONUNCIATION
I. Vowel Sounds.
A. Read these words (i) horizontally and (2) vertically. Imitate your
teacher.
B. Repeat each sentence several times. Imitate your teacher. Use the
B. Repeat each sentence several times. Imitate your teacher. Use the
A. Close your books and listen. Your teacher will read some sentences,
C. Check your written work as your teacher reads all the sentences once
CONVERSATION
Close your books. Your teacher will ask the following questions for
15. What did her husband say about the red dress?
17. How much was it? Did she pay for it?
23. What time do the stores open? What time do they close?
COMPOSITION
graphs about it in class. Use short sentences and the vocabulary that
you know. Your teacher will give you some new words, if necessary.
B. Imagine that you are in a store. You want to buy either a hat, a
22
LESSON TWENTY-TWO
Leisure Time
ORAL PI
\1|j
% i
i \._ \...
\ i --i j 1
ii[jL.i!
1I
r- \M\%
-_i i | -_. j *
\._ t
p6.
v.. p^
>
ago. His name is James Smith, but his family call him Jim. In
February this year, he came to visit the Dawsons. They were glad
to see him again, and they asked him many questions about New York.
.1,
l'i
Jim: Yes, but the j plays; were more interesting than theimusicals.
Ann: I'd like aimusical better than aiplay,iI think. I've heard
r ; ; ; >
--- 1 ' : j
**
v- \
ri \ r 1
Mrs. D.: We'd like to see an j opera, too. We've never i been \ to the
J A| ' \ 4 i >
\__
l1
MetropolitaniOpera House.
i -_.
i ^ , 1
\_. i
r*f
Mr. D.: Did you sayj"We"? Aren't you going to j Washington during
ii
r~---\
Tom's Impressions
says that it's been colder this year than it was last year.
because they have central heating. For this reason, there are many
like to read, listen to the radio, and look at television. There have
in the United States. However, it isn't the only place for good plays
and good music. Many smaller cities, too, have theaters, art galleries,
other parts of the country, often very far from New York. A lot of
them have never been to New York. The Dawsons have been there
STRUCTURE
STATEMENTS
I have talked.
He has worked.
It has rained.
We have waited.
[aiv] I've
[yuv] You've
[hiz]
EH
[its]
[wiv]
He's
She's
It's
We've
[tSev] They've
talked.
listened.
worked.
played.
rained.
waited.
moved.
I haven't decided.
He hasn't arrived.
Lesson Twenty-Two
296
B. To form this tense, use the verb have as an auxiliary verb with
4. A short answer has only a subject with the auxiliary verb have.
Yes, I've played tennis with him. I've often played with him.
No, I haven't played with him. I've never played with him.
the present.
and not the present perfect. The word ago in expressions of time
is used only with the simple past. Example: I played with him
(2) Complete the short answer with have or has. Then use the
SIMPLE FORM
SIMPLE PAST
PRESENT PERFECT
read [rid]
read [red]
see
saw
have
had
be
was, were
go
went
3. In a few verbs, the past participle, the past tense, and the
simple form of the verb are all the same. Examples: cut, put.
(1) Learn the past participle of each irregular verb below. Then use
the present perfect tense of that verb in the sentence at the right. Use
contractions.
I never that.
I.
1.
2.
2.
3-
3-
4-
4-
5-
5.
6.
6.
7-
7-
8.
8.
9-
9-
IO.
10.
ii.
11.
12.
12.
13-
13-
14.
14.
15-
15.
16.
16.
I a new hat.
We that orchestra.
He often that.
he ever mathematics?
Note: There are two past participles of get: got and gotten. They
answer, and then a long answer in the past tense with the definite
time indicated.
1. There have been some good concerts recently. (two last week)
8. Mrs. Dawson has worn her new dress. (to church last Sunday)
11. Mr. Dawson has been busy recently. (very busy yesterday)
12. The Dawsons have seen Jim Smith recently. (two weeks ago)
14. He's gotten some theater tickets for them. (last week)
A is taller than B.
B is shorter than A.
C is as tall as B.
C isn't as tall as A.
B. The expressions -er than and more . . . than compare two persons
or things that are different. The word than is used before the
a lot, and many. Examples: more music than, more plays than.
in -er, some are used with more, and some have both forms.
than.
much.
also used after the verb like, as the comparative form of very
alike. Examples: as tall as, as expensive as, as fast as. The nega-
the comparative form with more or the ending -ex. Add the word
(2) Read each sentence with three comparative forms. Follow the
example.
Idioms
PRONUNCIATION
I. Vowel Sounds.
B. Repeat each sentence several times. Imitate your teacher. Use the
A. Close your books and listen. Your teacher will read some sentences,
C. Check your written work as your teacher reads all the sentences
CONVERSATION
Close your books. Your teacher will ask the following questions
14. Do you ever have snow in your city? ... in your country?
16. Do you like to read? Have you read a good book recently?
17. Do you like movies? Have you seen a good movie recently?
21. Do you like music? Have you heard a good symphony orchestra?
22. Do you like art? Have you gone to an art gallery recently?
COMPOSITION
about it in class. Use short sentences and the vocabulary that you know.
23
LESSON TWENTY-THREE
^-rr^pa
ORAL PRACTICE
. j vv --
1i
l_.
._... . . j \ i ;
EEB
No, they haven't been there for ajlongitime, not since 1946.
1 i -i
Nq, they haven't bought one for jthree years, not since 19
Yes, theyj do. They go by plane and by] boat, by train and
L... v..
D. New York is the largest city in the United States. Perhaps it's
the noisiest city, too. It has the tallest buildings and the most crowded
most offices and the most telephones of any city. In New York,
people can hear the best music and see the newest plays. Broadway
and Fifth Avenue are two of the most famous streets in New York.
several cities in the United States are larger than Washington. Some
Americans say that it's the most beautiful city in the country. Others
say that it's the cleanest city. There are many national monuments
E. Ann has gone to Washington this week for her spring vacation.
It's her first trip to the capital. She's been there for two days now,
but she hasn't seen her friend Sue. She's going to call her on the
telephone tonight.
Ann: It's our spring vacation now. I'm here with the senior!class.
i ... \__
- --- \ j L--~ - -; j
v.- i i
v._. *
r,,,
L1
311
Lesson Twenty-Three
r^ i 1
v__ 1
ii
1i1i1
r_"~ 1
m*.
Tom's Impressions
East and the West, the North and the South. Some go
by plane or by train, others take boat trips or bus trips, but the
In fact, more than seventy per cent (70%) of the families own one.
He uses it for business and for pleasure. American cities have wide
streets, and there are good roads in all parts of the country. There's a
lot of traffic on these roads during the summer because that's vacation
STRUCTURE
PAST -^ PRESENT
continued from the past to the present. The period of time may
1. The word for indicates the length of time. Examples: for ten
C. (1) Complete each question with the present perfect tense of the verb
in parentheses. Then give two long answers; use the time expressions
indicated.
(a) No, for a long time. (b) No, since last fall.
(a) No, for several days. (b) No, since last Tuesday.
(2) Use for or since in the blanks as you read these sentences.
(3) Use the present perfect tense or the simple past tense of the verb
in parentheses, as required.
Example: Tom (be) in the United States for nine months now.
Tom has been in the United States for nine months now.
POSITIVE
COMPARATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
tall
taller than
the tallest
nice
nicer than
the nicest
big
bigger than
the biggest
busy
busier than
the busiest
active
serious
good, well
better than
the best
much, many
more than
the most
persons or things.
i. The word most [most] and the ending -est [ist] are used in the
superlative in the same way that more and the ending -er are
Lesson Twenty-Three
316
13. New York has (tall) buildings of any city. (tall) building of all
14. New York has (many) theaters and (many) subways of any
American city.
15. Broadway and Fifth Avenue are two of (famous) streets in New
DI. Prepositions: by, for, since. Read each sentence with the preposition
indicated.
A. By (means)
about
[about]
Abraham
[ebrahaem]
best
[best]
bird
[ba-d]
boat
[bot]
[br5dwe]
business
[bfznis]
by
[bai]
capital
[kaepat]]
Capitol
[kEepatJ]
cherry tree
[tSn tri]
clean
[klin]
Congress
east
[kdrjgras]
' [ist]
embassy
[embasi]
famous
[femas]
favorite
[fevnt]
for
[for, fa-]
[lif] [livz]
Lincoln
[lfrjkan]
memorial
[manorial]
monument. . . .
[mdnyamant]
most
[most]
national
[nseSan]]
nice
[nais]
north
[nor0]
Pan-American Union.. .
[psenamrakan yunyan]
per cent
[pa-sent]
plane
[plen]
pleasure
[pl^]
president
[prezadant]
rain. . .
[ren]
really. .
[ri(a)li]
road. . .
[rod]
session.
Idioms
be back be in session
PRONUNCIATION
I. Vowel Sounds.
B. Repeat each sentence several times. Imitate your teacher. Use the
A. Close your books and listen. Your teacher will read some sentences,
C. Check your written work as your teacher reads all the sentences once
CONVERSATION
Close your books. Your teacher will ask the following questions for
17. Where do you live now? How long have you lived there?
18. Where do you work now? How long have you worked there?
25. Where did you go? How did you go? How long did you stay?
COMPOSITION
about it in class. Use short sentences and the vocabulary that you know.
24
LESSON TWENTY-FOUR
Review
PRONUNCIATION
A. (1) Review the vowel triangle and the consonant chart on pp. xx, xxiv.
(2) Then read the examples under English Stress and American
18. Ann saw the Capitol, the Supreme Court, and the White House.
STRUCTURE
A. Use the simple past tense of the verbs as you read these sentences.
20. She (pay) for it. The clerk (put) it in a hat box for her.
B.
(1) First answer all these questions in the affirmative. (2) Then
answer them in the negative. Give short answers and long answers.
C.
1. When . . . ?
2. How . .
3. Why . .
4. Who . .
5. When .
6. Where
7. How . .
8. Why . .
9. How many ..
n. What. . . ?
12. Where . . . ?
13. What. . . ?
15. What . . . ?
April.
expensive.
cheaper.
II. Direct and Indirect Objects. Place the word or words in parentheses
Lesson Twenty-Four
324
(me)
(for me)
(me)
(her)
(you)
(him)
(him)
(Ann)
(the Dawsons)
(them)
(us)
(you)
(Jim)
(the men)
(them)
(to us)
(you)
(me)
(his teacher)
(her)
325
Lesson Twenty-Four
B. Read each sentence preceded by Tom (He) says that or Tom (He)
tells us that.
C. Complete these sentences with the past tense of say or tell, as required.
She her that she was with the seniors from school.
C. As you read these sentences, fill each blank with a possessive pronoun.
10. The Scotts sold their car. Did the Dawsons sell ?
11. They had their vacation in July. When did you have ?
V. The Words very and too. As you read these sentences, fill the
14. I never wear red. It's pretty, but it's bright for me.
(find)
(do)
(write)
(leave)
(go)
(take)
(think)
(decide)
(buy)
(make)
A. (i) Complete each question with the present perfect tense of the verb
C. In these sentences, use the present perfect tense and the past tense, as
D. Complete each question with the present perfect tense of the verb in
parentheses. Then give two answers, one with for and one with since.
VII. Comparisons.
comparative form with more or the ending -er. Add the word than
in a complete comparison.
13. The Clarks have been to New York (recently) the Dawsons.
15. That bus leaves (early) the train, but the train goes (fast).
16. The city buses are (crowded) at five o'clock at four o'clock.
19. It's (easy) for her it is for me. She's (lucky) I am.
20. One little boy said to another, "My father is (good) yours."
C. (1) Read each question with the superlative form of the word in
VIII. Word Order. Arrange each group of words in the correct order
and read the sentence. Questions are indicated by a question mark (?)
i. in 2.
to 3.
him 4.
does
him
yes
for
now
glad
many
they
live
see
they
time
brother
were
about
been
New York
again
asked
long
Mrs. Dawson's
the Dawsons
there
New York
questions
haven't
5. of 6.
in 7.
any 8.
the
the
you
see
any
are
good
ago
has
most
seen
you
city
buildings
movies
one
tallest
important
have
week
New York
Washington
recently
didn't
buildings
government
9. go 10.
go II.
the 12.
it
his
to
i. Who . . . ?
2. Whose . . .
3. What . . . ?
4. Where . . .
5. When . . . ?
6. Why . . . ?
7. What time
8. How much
9. How many
can, can't
did, didn't
The
10.
11.
12.
14.
i5.
it.
Lesson Twenty-Four
334
23. fact, it's much larger than any other American city.
ORAL COMPOSITION
Choose one topic from each group below. Be prepared to talk in class
for two or three minutes about any one of your three topics.
3. My Vacation Plans
Tom's Impressions
At first, many things seemed new and strange, and it was hard for
me to speak English all the time. The people, however, were very
country.
Yes, I've really been busy here this year. I've enjoyed all the
sports very much. I've traveled on several buses and trains. I've
and the big department stores. I've learned to like American food,
too, and I understand a movie in English now. I've also seen several
The majority of Americans live well, but they also work hard.
They're practical and efficient. They want to own a home and a car;
in their homes. Their taxes are high; but they have good schools,
Well, I have to say good-bye now because I'm going home soon.
I've been very happy this year, and I'm not going to forget my friends
336
Lesson Twenty-Four
which are different from those of his native language. All habits, how-
The rhythm and intonation of English are also important for the
the more accurately he imitates, the better his pronunciation will be.
will also help the student to produce the sounds more clearly and
accurately.
xvii
I. Phonetic Symbols.
these exceptions: the symbol [j] of the IPA is replaced by [y]; the
diphthongs [ai] and [au] of the IPA are replaced by [ai] and [au]; the
symbols [a] and [jj are eliminated for the sake of simplicity in favor
of [9] and [ar], which are used for both stressed and unstressed syllables;
and accent marks are placed over the stressed vowel instead of before
words, only the sounds which may distinguish meaning are represented.
ably from region to region, from individual to individual, and from situa-
tion to situation.
II. Articulation.
should know the position of the lips, the Jaw, and the tongue. The
speech organs used in producing the sounds are shown in the first dia-
xviii
TR
HP
VC
lip
toothridge
hard palate
velum
vocal cords
Tongue:
Tip (blackened)
F = front
M = middle
B = back
There are twelve vowel sounds that a beginner must know. Five of
these sounds exist in almost every language: [i], [e], [a], [o], [u]. The
other seven are more or less peculiar to English and are usually more
sounds: for [i] the tongue is high in front; for [u] the tongue is high in
back; and for [a] the tongue is low in the mouth and the jaw drops
considerably.
xix
For the other intermediate vowel sounds, see the complete vowel
triangle below. From [i] to [a] and from [u] to [a], the tongue is just
a little lower for each sound; the jaw also drops gradually just a little
so that each sound is a little more open than the preceding sound.
From [i] to [a], the lips are drawn back, or unrounded; from [u] to [a],
the lips are rounded and more or less protruded. For [a] and [ar], the
tongue is in the middle of the mouth and the lips are relaxed.
UNROUNDED
ROUNDED
Front
Back
i.[i]\
/ M i-
seek\
/ suit
2.[l]\
Av) 9.
sick\
/ soot
sake \ sir
/[o]8.
/ soak
/i]7.
set \ son
/ sought
[sot]
5- [\ /
sack\ /
6. [a]3
sock
[i]
XX
2.
3-
[e]
[e]
xxi
[]
8.
[o]
10.
[]
touching velum.
ii.
xxii
teeth.
another within the same syllable. There are three basic diphthongs in
i.
boy, voice
ticularly true of the sounds [e] and [0], which become [ei] and [ou].
In spite of this general tendency for all vowels, the simple symbols of
the triangle are used in the transcription of this text, such as [e] in
xxiii
these sounds occur in eight pairs; each pair is produced in the same
way except that one sound is voiceless and the other is voiced. A
vocal cords; a sound is voiced when one hears the voice because of the
vibration of the vocal cords. The voiceless sounds are usually ac-
All the vowel sounds and most of the consonant sounds are voiced.
Except for the three nasal sounds, [m], [n], and [n], the velum closes
the passage of the nose so that the air escapes through the mouth.
The chart below shows all the consonant sounds in graphic form.
All the sounds inside the box are voiced; the sounds outside the box
are voiceless.
VOICELESS
VOICED
i. pen
[p]
[b]
Ben
2. tWO
[t]
[d]
do
3. cold
Nasals
[g]
gold
n. [m] my
4. fine
[f]
vine
12. [n] no
5. thin
[6]
[]
then
6. Sue
zoo
Glides
7. missior
i[$]
[3]
vision
8. cheap
[t$]
[d3]
jeep
9. he
[h]
16. [w] we
17. [h
w]
hat
XXIV
[p] voiceless
[d] voiced
[k] voiceless
[g] voiced
[f] voiceless
[v] voiced
XXV
[5] voiced
6. [s] voiceless
[z] voiced
7. [S] voiceless
[3] voiced
8. [t$] voiceless
[d3] voiced
xxvi
9. [h] voiceless
laterally.
fine
xxvii
17. [hw]
xxviii
ENGLISH STRESS
I. Word Stress.
receives much more emphasis than the other syllables; this syllable
to be stressed.
pencil
housewife
calendar
eraser
today
window
classroom
envelope
eleven
afternoon
ruler
homework
exercise
banana
engineer
table
notebook
telephone
umbrella
seventeen
words of one syllable if the latter are among the important words
mentioned above.
B.
What's this?
Is that a book?
It's a pen.
and the, the verb be, the auxiliary verb do, the personal pronouns,
and the prepositions. To this list can be added the relative pro-
verbs.
XXIX
sounds in the weak syllables are usually [a], [i], [u], and [ar], whereas
all the vowel sounds on the triangle may occur in the stressed
is [a] because it occurs not only in stressed syllables but also in the
seven
August
minute
thank you
w6man
breakfast
pretty
to meet you?
3u
question
celling
picture
usually
ar
U3 I
kitchen
calendar
repeat
ten to &ght
a ar
children
umbrella
eraser
do you know?
33
i ar
U3
IIiuI3
e ar 3 i 3
fast breakfast
table vegetable
ea
every
[evn]
several
[sgvrel]
evening
[ivnirj]
bus/ness
[bisnis]
between t-n, d-n, t-1, and d-1 at the end of a word, the nor I remains
its symbol with a dot under it. A syllabic consonant occurs when
the tongue position for the last two consonant sounds is the same.
16sson
cousin
apple
uncle
[sn] or [san]
[zn] or [zan]
\p\] or [pal]
[k[] or [kal]
listen
season
table
pencil
[sn] or [san]
[zn] or [zan]
[bj] or [bal]
[s[] or [sal]
I. General.
and lowered. Americans generally use three tones: (1) a low tone,
(2) a medium tone, and (3) a high tone. The medium tone is a
little higher than the low tone, and the high tone is a little higher
than the medium tone. The high tone, or note, is not really high,
but only relatively so. Each individual has his own three notes
They usually begin on a medium note, (marked 2); they may end
xxxi
A. Rising Intonation:
Is this aj'book?
Is Georgeireading?
Do you understand?
Are these:pencils?
Are youigoing?
The voice rises from 2 to the higher note 3, and the sentence finishes
by the curve of the line upward; the voice rises a little more on the
such as do or does.
B. Rising-Falling Intonation: 2
Who's the|woman?
She's Mrs.iAllien. i
The voice rises from 2 to the higher note 3 and then falls more or
This pattern is used for all statements and all questions that begin
indicates that the voice falls more gradually than when the line
XXXII
i. A Slight Variation: 2
_3_
then, it is important to know when the voice rises to the high note
B. There are often times when one gives special emphasis, because
note which varies with individuals and situations, and seldom the
xxxiii
C. Wherever one puts the high note, the remainder of a short sentence
is pronounced either all on the high note 3 or all on the low note
sentence. The words yes and no are spoken in various ways, either
NORMAL
SPECIAL STRESS
Is this an eiraser?
Is:this an eraser?
L...
i-
.ii
1ii
ji
s L [_
H6wiarejyou?
xxxiv
J^
ii
Whitftfimelis it?
H6w[61d]are you?
How 61diarejyou?
What are:theyjd6ing?
What[are]they d6ing?
i_- ...
Where's J6hn|g6iing?
ST'".
XXXV
There are no definite rules except for the two general patterns.
The first part of the question before or is spoken with rising in-
tonation, 2 - 3; but the second part rises first and then falls to the
pause before or, shown by the broken line. The answer is a choice
The voice rises on each word in a series, 2-3, except the last one,
pause between the words in a series, shown by the broken line and
the comma.
xxxvl
1 1 . 1 1
1 .. .....
with an asterisk (*). Each part of the sentence has its own high
indicating that the sentence is not complete at this point. The end
the movement of the voice up or down, but all the syllables on the
xxxvfl
a given pattern, and the position of the high note varies within the
group of sentences.
stresses are marked in the text itself as they are in this introduction.
Thus, there can be no rules for intonation that would cover all
pattern has been chosen, one which is natural for normal unemo-
XXXVIII
VOCABULARY
afternoon
[aeftamun]
good afternoon
[gud aeftamun]
also. . .
[dlso]
always.
[olwiz]
am
[32m, am]
American.
[amerakan]
and
[and, an]
again.
[agen]
[ago] [sen]
answer.
[aensar]
answer.
any.
[aensa1]
[&11]
alike
[aldik]
all
[ol]
Note: Verb forms are shown in italics except when listed in idioms.
a, an
[a] [an]
about
[abdut]
What about _ ?.
[hwat abdut]
[ebrahaem]
absent.
[aabsnt]
active
[sektiv]
activity
[aektfvati]
actor
[aekta-]
actress
[sektris]
address
[adres, aklres]
advance: in advance.
after. .
[teftar]
[*lan] [epral]
almost are
XXXIX
[ardiv] [odat6nam]
[art] [Sgast]
automobile. . . [otamobil]
artist avenue
as.
. 3z]
[artist]
as . .
[az . .
ask. .
[aesk]
ask questions..
[aesk kwstSanz]
[aevanu]
back: be back.
assembly. .
[asmbli]
assignment.
[asdinmant]
balcony
[baelkani]
in the balcony,
[in Sa bcelkani]
ball.
association [bol]
[asosieSan]
at
[aet, at]
at a time..
[at a team]
at first
[at fa-st]
at home
[at hom]
at night bath.
at noon be...
baUet
[bade]
banana...
[banana]
band
[baend]
baseball. . .
[besbol]
basketball.
[baeskitbol]
be at work
[bi at wa*k]
be back
[bi back]
be cloudy
[bi kldudi]
be hungry
[bi hSrjgri]
be in session
[bi in seSan]
be lucky
[bi laki]
be thirsty
[bi fcrsti]
be windy
[bi wfndi]
beautiful
[byutafal]
because
[bikoz]
to you
ta yu]
bed: go to bed
bedroom
[bedrum]
before
[bifor]
begin
[bigin]
let's begin
[lets bigfn]
best
[belmant]
[best]
better
[beta-]
Betty (Elizabeth) . ..
[beti]
between
[bitwin]
big
[big]
Bill (William)
[bil]
bread.
[bred]
breakfast
[brekfast]
eat breakfast.
[it brekfast]
get breakfast.
[get brekfast]
have breakfast.
[haev brekfast]
bird
[bard]
bright
black [brait]
broadcast
blackboard [brodkaest]
blue [brodwe]
boat [br^
[bot]
by boat. . ..
[bai bot]
Bob (Robert).
[bab]
book
[buk]
box
take a bus
[tek a bas]
business
[biznis]
[bfznismaen] [-men]
busy
[bfzi]
but
[bat]
butter
[bata-]
buy
[bai]
by
[bai]
by boat
[bai bot]
by bus
[bai bas]
by car
[bai kar]
by plane
[bai plen]
by taxi
[bai tksi]
by train
[bai tren]
cafeteria
[kaefatfna]
cake
[kek]
calendar
[kselanda*]
call
[kol]
camera
[ksemara]
can (auxiliary)
[kaen, kan]
capital
[ksepat]]
Capitol
[kaepat]]
car
[kar]
by car
[bai kar]
carry
[ken]
ceiling
[sihrj]
cent
[sent]
center
[senta-]
centigrade
[sentagred]
central heating. . .
choose
[tSuz]
chorus
[k5ras]
church
[tSartSl
go to church
[go to tSartS]
city
[sfti]
in most cities
[klark]
class
[klaes]
come to class
[kam to klaes]
go to class
[go to kites]
in class
[in klaes]
classroom
clean
[kkesrum]
[klin]
clean. . .
[klin]
cleaner:
vacuum cleaner
[klin*] [
ysekyuam klinar]
come
[kam]
[kla-k]
clock. .
[klak]
company
nine c
[nam
('clock
[kampani]
akldk]
composition
[kampaziSan]
comprehension
close . . .
[kloz]
[kampnhnSan]
cloudy:
be cloudy
[kldudi]
[bi kldudi]
concert
[kdnsa-t]
Congress
club. . .
[kdrjgras]
[klab]
conveniences
coat.. .
[kanvinyansiz]
[kot]
[k5fi]
counter
[kdrntar]
country
[kSntn]
course: of course
court
[kort]
in court
[in kort]
Supreme Court. . . .
[saprim kort]
cousin
[kazn]
cream
[krim]
cross
[kros]
crowded
[krdudid]
cup
[kap]
curtain
[ksrtn]
custom
[kastom]
out
[kat]
dance
[daens]
daughter
[dota-]
[dosn]
day
[de]
every day
[evn de]
dear
[dir]
December (Dec.)
[disembar]
decide (to)
[disdid]
defend
[difend]
degree
[dJgrfl
dentist
[dentist]
go to the dentist. . . .
[go ta Sa dentist]
department
[dipdrtmant]
department store. . .
[dipdrtmant stor]
depend (on)
[dipend]
desk
[desk]
dessert
[dizaH]
Dick (Richard)
do the shopping....
[du Sa Sdpin]
[hau da yu du]
more to do
[mor ta du]
do (auxiliary)
[du, da]
doctor (Dr.)
[ddktar]
dog
[dog]
dollar
[ddla-]
door
[dor]
downstairs
[daunsterz]
downtown
[dauntdun]
dress
[dres]
drink
[drink]
drive eighth
[draiv] [et0]
drugstore eighty
[dragstor] [eti]
during electric
[dunrj] [itektnk]
elementary school
E [elamntn skul]
each
[itS]
early elevator
[aHi] [laveta-]
east eleven
[ist] [ilevan]
easy eleventh
[izi] [ilevanfl]
lit] [ilfzaba0]
eat lunch.
[it lantS]
economics. .
[ikandmiks]
engineer. . .
[end3anfr]
engineering,
[endsaninrj]
education. .
[ed3ukeSan]
efficient. ..
[affSant]
egg
[eg]
eight
[et]
eighteen. .
[etin]
eighteenth.
[etin0]
envelope
[Envelop]
erase. . .
[ir&]
eraser..
[iresar]
evening.
[ivnirj]
fifty
[fffti]
fifty-five.
[ffftifdiv]
film
[film]
final
[fdmj]
fall , ,
fine
[fain]
fact:in fact...
Fahrenheit.
fall
[teranhait]
[fel]
family,
[fsfemll]
[in Si ivnirj]
[femas]
far. .
[far]
[fi$]
[fdSa-
everything favorite
[vnflqj] [fevrit]
[igz&mpj] [februen]
except
[iksgpt]
exciting field
[iksditirj]
exercise..
[6ksarsaiz]
expensive.
[iksp&isiv]
explain...
[iksplen]
[fild]
fifteen
[fiftin]
fifteenth flower.
[fiftinfl] [flduGP]
fifth food...
[fif0] [fud]
fishing: go fishing.
[ff$m] boflSnol
fit...
[fit]
five. .
football friend.
[futbol] [trend]
[pie ftjtbol]
for
[for, fa-]
[frendli]
from
[fram]
far from
[far fram]
I come from
[hwer ar yu fram]
fork
[fork]
forty
[forti]
forty-five
[fortifdiv]
four
[for]
fourteen
[fortin]
fourteenth
[fortin0]
fourth
[fori?]
free
[fri]
French
[frentS]
from ... to
Friday fruit.
[frdidi] [frut]
full
[ful]
funny
[foni]
game
[gem]
garden
[gdrdn]
generally
[d3narali]
[d3ord3]
get
[get]
get a meal
[get o mil]
get breakfast
[get brekfost]
get up
[getap]
girl
rga-l]
give
[giv]
glad
feted]
I'd be glad to
glass
[glaes]
glove
[glav]
go
[go]
go to bed
[go ta bed]
go to church
[go ta tSartS]
go to class government
go to college graduate
go to the dentist
[go ta 6a dentist]
grass.
[grses]
green
[grin]
go to work gym
[gol] [d3imneziam]
golf
[golf]
good.
[gud]
go fishing
[goffSirj]
go home
[go hom]
go shopping
[go Sdpirj]
go skating
[go sketirj]
go skiing
[go skiirj]
go swimming
[go swimirj]
good-bye
[gudbdi]
good morning
hard
[hard]
hat
[haet]
have
[hffiv]
have breakfast
[haev brekfast]
have dinner
[haev dinar]
have lunch
[haev lant]
have to
[hsefta]
he
[hi]
hear
[hir]
[bilan]
high school.
[hdiskul]
go to high school.
[go ta hdiskul]
[d3unyar hdiskul]
his
[hiz]
history
[hfst(a)n]
home
[horn]
at home. .
[at hom]
get home.
[get hom]
hello.
[halo]
go home.
[go hom]
help. .
[help]
homework.
[homwa-k]
honeymoon.
[h^nimun]
her
here
[hir]
[hirz] [dna-]
hospital
[hdspit]]
high hot....
[hoi] [hat]
hour
[aur]
house
[haus]
White House
[hwdithaus]
housewife
[hduswaif]
housework
[hduswark]
how
[hau]
however
[haufeva-]
hundred
[handrid]
one hundred
[wan handrid]
hungry: be hungry
hurry: in a hurry
husband
[hazband]
[oi]
ice
[ais]
ice cream
[diskrim]
if
[if]
important
[importnt]
impression
in
[imprSan]
[m]
in advance
[in advsens]
in a hurry it
[in a ha-i]
in fact
[in f aekt]
in front of
in line
[in lain]
[it]
it's,
[its]
in many ways.
in place of... .
[d3emz]
January (Jan.)
[d3cenyuen]
in season.
[in sizn]
in session.
[in san]
[d3im]
[d3cm]
including juice
[inkhldin] [d3us]
indoors.
[indorz]
insurance. .
[inSurans]
interesting.
[fntnstirj]
intonation.
[intaneSan]
kind later
[kamd] [leta-]
kindergarten laugh
[kfnda-gartn] [laef]
lawn
[Ion]
kitchen lawyer
PrftSan] [I6yapj
[hau da yu laik]
I'd like _
[aid laik]
[naif]
Inaivz
[lif]
learn.
[lam]
[livz]
know.
[no]
[lirjkan]
[Ueb(8)raton]
lake (Lake).
[lek]
lamp
[laemp]
large
[lards]
last
[test]
last night.
[test nait]
lesson. . . .
[lesn]
letter
[leta-]
librarian. . .
[kubrerian]
library. .
[ldibren]
life
[laif]
like....
[laik]
[let] [laik]
line. .
[lam]
[lets lgrn]
leave
[liv]
[in lain]
leisure time ,. . ,.
n, . i listen (to).
[lisf f taim] M
little
[lit]]
a little. .
[9 litl]
live
[liv]
living room. . .
look (at)
make a plan
[luk]
[mek a plaen]
make a sweater
[mek a sweta-]
make a touchdown. . .
lot: a lot of
[mek a ttSdaun]
lucky: be lucky
[laki] [bilaki]
[mam] [men]
[mem]
how many?
[tentS]
[hau mem]
eat lunch
[it Ismtfl
[maep]
have lunch
[haev lantS]
[martS]
married
[mrid]
machine
[men]
[maSin]
washing machine....
mathematics (math)....
[ma20amaetiks]
[wdSirj maSin]
maid May.
[med] [me]
majority meal.
[mad3orati]
make
[mek]
make a pie. .
[mek a pai]
[mil]
get a meal
[get a mil]
meat
[mit]
meet
[mit]
meeting
[mitirj]
memorial
[mam5nal]
Metropolitan Opera
[metrapdlatn dpra
House
haus]
milk
[milk]
million
[milyan]
modern.
[mdda-n]
Monday.
[mandi]
mother.
[maSa*]
move..
[muv]
money movie
[mani] [muvi
month Mr.. .
[man0]
monument
[mdnyamant]
more.
[mor]
more . . . than
[mor . . . San]
more to do.
[mor ta du]
[mista-]
Mrs
[mfsiz]
much
[matS]
how much?
[hau matS]
morning
[m5rnirj]
good morning
[gud mornirj]
very much.
[ven matS]
in the morning
[in Samornirj]
music
[myiizik]
musical (comedy).
[myuzik] kdmadi]
yesterday morning .
[y&terdi m6rrurj]
most
[most]
in most cities.
napkin. .
[mepkin]
national.
[naSan|]
near,
[nir]
need.
[nid]
never.
[neva-]
new
[nu]
newspaper.
[nuzpepa-]
New York.
[nuyork]
next
[nekst]
next year.
last night
[laest nait]
nine
[nam]
nineteen
[namtin]
nineteenth
[namtfnfl]
ninety
[ndmti]
ninth
[name]
no
[no]
noisy
[noizi]
noon: at noon
north
[nor0]
not
[nat]
notebook
[notbuk]
November (Nov.)
[nov&nbar]
now
[nau]
[nau an Sen]
nurse
[nsrs]
October (Oct.)
[aktobar]
of
[av]
of course
[av kors]
offer
[4fer]
office
[ofis]
often
[5fon]
old
[old]
on
[an]
on Saturdays
[an saetardiz]
on Sundays
[an sandiz]
on time
[an taim]
once
[wans]
one
[wan]
only
own
[on]
own
[on]
page
[ped3]
on page two
pair
[per]
Pan-American'Union .
[paenamerakan yiinyan]
pancake
[p<enkek]
paper
[pepa-]
a piece of paper....
[a pis av pepar]
school paper
[skul pepar]
parents
[perants]
part
[part]
part time
[part taim]
pay (for)
foe]
pen
[pen]
pencil
[pens]]
people
[pipH
per cent
[parsent]
perhaps
[pa-hseps]
person
[pa-sn]
piano
[piano]
[pie Sa piceno]
picture
[piktSar]
pie
[pai]
make a pie
[mek a pai]
piece
[pis]
a piece of chalk
[a pis av tSok]
a piece of paper.
[a pis av pepar]
place
[pies]
in place of
plan
[plaen]
make a plan
[mek a pteen]
plane
please listen.
[pliz lisn]
proper name
[prdpa- nem]
pleasure
[ple3ar]
P.M
[pi em]
[paKsman] [-man]
P.T.A.
[pi ti e]
public school.
[pabhk skul]
put. . . .
popular [put]
[pdpyala1]
possible
[pdsabl] quality.
pour [kwdlati]
[por]
quarter.
practical [kwortar]
[praktik]l
[pnektis]
prefer (to)
[prifai]
president
[prezadant]
pretty
[prfti]
a quarter to ten.
[a kworta- ta ten]
pnce
[prais]
professional.
[prafeSan]]
question
[kwestSan]
ask questions. .
[aesk kwest^anz]
program. .
[program]
quiet. . .
[kwdiat]
pronounce
[pranduns]
pronunciation radio. .
[prenansiean] [r6dio]
rain
[ren]
rain
[ren]
raincoat
[renkot]
read
[rid]
ready
[idi] .
ready-made
[rdim6d]
really
[ri(a)b]
reason
[rizn]
rest
[rest]
restaurant
[restarant]
review
[rivyti]
[ritSa-d]
road
[rod]
[rdbart]
room
[rum]
roommate
'[rumrnet]
rug
[rag]
rule
[nil]
ruler
[rular]
run
salad
[ran]
[salad]
same
[sem]
sandwich
[sasn(d)witS]
Saturday
[scetardi]
on Saturdays.
[an sxt^diz]
seem.
[siml
seldom....
[seldam]
y(.iys) self-service.
M [SEz] [selfsavis]
scholarship
[skdlaSip]
school
[skul]
at school
[at skul]
go to school.
[go ta skul]
in school.
[in skul]
score
[skor]
[skat]
season
[sizn]
in season.
[in sizn]
seat.. . .
[sit]
second..
[sekand]
sell
[sel]
semester.
[samesta-]
senior. . .
seventeenth
[sevantin0]
seventh
[sevan0]
seventy
[sevanti]
several
[sevral]
she
[Si]
shoe
Bu]
shop
Bap]
go shopping
[go Sdpirj]
short
Bort]
show
Bo]
show
Bo]
silk
since
[silk]
[sins]
sing
[sirj]
single
[sirjgl]
sister
[sfstff]
sit. .
[sit]
[smi0]
sit down.
[sitddun]
six
[siks]
sixteen
[sikstin]
sixteenth
[sikstin 0]
sixth
[siks0]
sixty
[sfksti]
size
[saiz]
sleep
[slip]
skate
[sket]
go skating.
[go sketirj]
snow
[sno]
snow
[sno]
soccer
[sdkar]
sofa
[sofa]
some
[sam]
special street
[speSal] [strit]
spend streetcar
[spend] [stritkar]
spoon structure
[spun] [str6ktSa-]
sport student
[sport] [stiidnt]
spring
[sprirj]
stadium study..
[stadi]
study English.
[stadi fngliS]
[stediam]
start
[start]
state
[stet]
state university P*
[stet yunav&sati]
[stadi pfriad]
United States. .
stay.
[yuntiitidst6ts]
[ste]
style
[stall]
subject
[s6bd3ikt]
take a subject. .
[tek a S8bd3ikt]
store
[stor] suburb
stove.
[stov]
strange. .
[strend3]
the suburbs,
[tfo saba*bz]
subway
[sabwe]
[su]
sugar
Biter]
suit
[sut]
summer
[samar]
Sunday
[sandi]
on Sundays
[an sandiz]
sunny: be sunny
superlative
[saplativ]
supermarket
[suparnarkit]
Supreme Court
[saprim kort]
[suzn]
sweater
go swimming.
[go swimirj]
symphony orchestra .
[simfani orkistra]
teach
[titSl
teacher
[tftSar]
team
[tim]
telephone
[telafon]
T television (TV).
take
[tek]
take a bus
[tek a bas]
take a trip.
[tek a trip]
talk.. .
[tok]
taU. . ..
[tol]
tax. .. .
[taeks]
taxi. . .
[teeksi]
tea....
[ti]
television set.
[telavi3an set]
thank you
[0aerjk yu]
that
[Sset]
that
[oat]
the
[Sa, Si]
theater
[0iata-]
go to the theater.
[go ta Sa 0iata-]
take a subject. .
[tek a sabdsikt]
tell (about)
[tel]
temperature ^.e"!
[temp(a)ratSa-]
ten. ..
[ten]
tennis
[o'er]
then
[Sen]
[nau an Sen]
play tennis.
[pie tenis]
tenth
[tenS]
test
[test]
than
[Saen, oan]
they
[e]
thing
[ml
think (about)
[mk]
third
[0a-d]
thirsty: be thirsty
thirteen
[0a-tin]
thirteenth
[0grtin0]
thirtieth
[0aHn0]
thirty
[0aHi]
thirty-first
[0aHifa-st]
thirty-five
[0a-tifdiv]
this
[Sis]
those
[tdmas]
[oz]
thousand
[0duznd]
thousands of people.
[0duzndz av pip]]
three
[ftri]
through
[0ru]
throw
[0ro]
Thursday
[08-zdi]
ticket
[tfkrt]
time
[taim]
a long time
[a lorj taim]
at a time
[at a taim]
leisure time
[Ii3ar taim]
on time
[an taim]
part time
[part taim]
tired
[taird]
toast. . . .'
[tost]
today
[tade]
together
[tageSa-]
travel. .
[trsev]]
tray. . .
[tre]
twice very.
[ven]
[twais]
twice a week.
[twais a wik]
tree,
[tri]
[tS&i tri]
trip
[trip]
take a trip.
[tek a trip]
[tu]
umbrella
[ambrela]
uncle
[*QkU
understand. . . .
try n [yunditidst6ts]
[traidn]
Tuesday
[tlizdl] university. .
twelfth [yunava,sati]
[twelf0]
twelve
[twelv]
twentieth. . . .
[twentu0]
twenty
[twenti]
twenty-first.
[twentifa-st]
twenty-five.
[twentifdiv]
state university. .
[stet yunava'sati]
use. .
[yuz]
very much.
[veri matS]
very well. .
[viri wel]
visit
[vfzit]
vitamin. . .
[vditamin]
vocabulary. . .
[voksebyalen]
wait (for).
[wet]
walk
[wok]
usually wall.
[yu3uali]
twenty-one. . .
[twentiwan]
twenty-second.
Washington, D.C
[wdirjtan di si]
watch
[watS]
water
[wotar]
way
[we]
in many ways
we
[wi]
wear
[wer]
weather
[weSa-]
Wednesday
[wenzdi]
week
[wik]
a week ago
[9 wik ago]
last week
[best wik]
twice a week.
[twais a wik]
weekend
[wikend]
welcome
[welkam]
You're welcome.
[yur welkam]
well
[wel]
very well.
[vn wel]
well-dressed.
[weldrest]
[hwflar]
when
[hwen]
where
[hwer]
which
[hwitS]
white
[hwait]
White House
[hwdithaus]
west
[west]
what
[hwat]
What a _!
[hwat a]
What about ?
[hwat abdut]
who
[hu]
window word.
[windo] [ward]
[windo Sdpin]
windy: be windy. .
[windi] [biwindi]
winter.
[winta1]
with
[wiS]
[wnman] [wimanl
wonderful.
[wanda-fal]
wool.
[wul]
wark]
be at work.
[bi at wark]
next year.
[nskst yir]
work ye!fow
go to
[go ta wa-k]
work...
[wark]
write. . .
[rait]
writing.
[rditirj]
yard. .
[yard]
year,
[yir]
lyflo]
yes
[yes]
yesterday
[y^sta-di]
yesterday morning .
[yestffdi mornir)]
you... .
[yu, yu]
young.
[yarj]
your
[yur, yar]
yours.
[yurz]
Ixiv
INDEX
about, 171-17 2
332
after, 197-198
203-204
articulation, xviii-xix
267
before, 197-198
better, 302
by, 317
3IS-3I7, 332
diphthongs, xxiii
during, 197-198
ever, 193-195
from, 171
Ixv
swers, 296-299
tell, 284-286
xxxviii
last, 236-238
near, 184
never, 193-195
219, 261-262
on, 184
vowel sounds
328
with
seldom, 193-195
stress, xxix-xxxi
object, 282-284
present perfect
with, 171
perfect
Ixvii
PA1
DO NOT n7.M0VE
ci ip