Soil Structure Interaction

Seismic Site Response Analysis
Soil-Structure Interaction:
Basic Concepts
Steve Kramer
Steve Kramer
University of Washington
University of Washington
EERI Technical
Seminar
Series
Impact of Soil-Structure Interaction on Response of Structures

Seminar 2: Practical Applications to Deep Foundations
Outline
Soil-structure interaction basics
Kinematic interaction
Inertial interaction
Analysis of soil-structure interaction
Effects of soil-structure interaction
Soil-pile-structure interaction basics
Deep foundations
Single pile/shaft behavior
Analysis of single piles
Forms of loading
Pile groups
Dynamic response
Methods of analysis
Conclusions
Soil-Structure Interaction
How does the presence of soil affect the response of a structure?
Soil
Rock
Rock
Does the structure founded on rock respond differently than

when founded on soil?
How does the presence of a structure affect the response of the
soil?
Foundation
input motion
Free-field motion
Soil
Rock
How does the motion at the base of the structure differ

from the free-field motion?
In reality, the response of the soil affects the response of
the structure, and the response of the structure affects the
response of the soil
Two components:
Presence of stiff
foundation elements on or
in soil cause foundation
motions to deviate from
free-field motions.
Inertial response of
structure causes base shear
and moments which cause
displacements of foundation
relative to free-field.
Kinematic SSI has three primary causes:
Base slab averaging results from stiffness of foundation
Embedment variation of ground motion with depth
Wave scattering scattering off corners and edges
Base slab averaging stiffness of

foundation prevents it from matching freefield deformations. Exists even for
massless foundation.
Outline
Deep foundations
Forms of loading
Pile groups
Dynamic response
Methods of analysis
Conclusions
Flexible pile
Deformation matches free-field
deformation
Surface motion = free-field motion
No rotation at surface
Rigid pile
Deformation different than freefield deformation can translate
and rotate
Surface motion = free-field motion
Rotation and displacement at
surface
Embedment reduction of ground motion with depth
Ground
motion
amplitude
decreases
with depth
Vertically
propagating
shear waves
can cause
rocking as
well as
translation
Wave scattering
reduces
amplitude of high
frequency
components
Outline
Deep foundations
Forms of loading
Pile groups
Dynamic response
Methods of analysis
Conclusions
Inertial SSI results from compliance of soil
Soil is not rigid will deform due to loads from structure
Translation in
three directions
k11
Fx
k
F
21
y
k31
Fz

k 41
Mx
k51
My
M z
k61
k12
k 22
k32
k13
k 23
k33
k14
k 24
k34
k15
k 25
k35
k16
k 26
k36
k 42
k52
k62
k 43
k53
k63
k 44
k54
k64
k 45
k55
k65
k 46
k56
k 66
ux
u
y
u z

x
y

z
Rotation about
three axes
6 x 6 stiffness matrix to
describe foundation
compliance
Displacement in
two directions
Rocking about
one axis
Fx
k11
F
y 0
M
k31
z
0
k 22
0
k13
0
ux
u
y
k33 z
3 x 3 stiffness matrix to
describe foundation
compliance
Deformations resulting from structural forces will propagate
away from structure
Energy removed
from structure
radiation damping
Outline
Deep foundations
Forms of loading
Pile groups
Dynamic response
Methods of analysis
Conclusions
Two approaches
Direct approach model soil and structure together
Requires detailed
model of structure
and soil in one
computer program
Can handle nonlinear
soil and structural
response
Two approaches
Direct approach model soil and structure together
Substructure approach model separately and combine
Kinematic SSI
Inertial SSI
Can use different codes for
soil and structural response
Superposition requires
linearity
Analysis of kinematic soil-structure interaction
Analysis of kinematic soil-structure interaction
FIM
uFIM
Model foundation as
massless but with
actual stiffness
Influenced by stiffness
and geometry of soil and
foundation
Compute foundation
input motions, uFIM
and FIM
Impedance function foundation stiffness and damping
Qv
k
Qh
kh
ch
cv
kv
Kv = kv + icv
6 x 6 matrix of complex impedance coefficients

3 translational coefficients
3 rotational coefficients
Cross-coupling (off-diagonal) coefficients
Analysis of structure on compliant base subjected to FIM
Based on principle of
superposition assumed
linearity
Frequently performed
using equivalent linear
approach
kh
k
c
FIM
ch
cv
kv
uFIM
Outline
Deep foundations
Forms of loading
Pile groups
Dynamic response
Methods of analysis
Conclusions
Consider simplified model
Base of structure
can translate
and rotate
SDOF
SDOFsystem
systemon
oncompliant
compliantbase
base
Horizontal
Horizontaltranslation
translation
Rocking
Rocking
Displacement
of ground
Displacement
due to
horizontal
translation
SDOF
SDOFsystem
systemon
oncompliant
compliantbase
base
Horizontal
Horizontaltranslation
translation
Rocking
Rocking
Displacement
due to rocking
Displacement
due to
distortion of
structure
~
T
k kh2
1
T
ku k
~ ~
0 ~
(T / T ) 3
Structure on
circular footing of
radius, r
Period
Periodlengthening
lengtheningisisnegligible
negligible
for
foraasoft
softstructure
structureon
onstiff
stiffsoil
soil
its
itseffects
effectsincrease
increasewith
with
increasing
increasingstructure/soil
structure/soil
relative
relativestiffness.
stiffness.
T/T
SSI
SSIeffects
effectsare
aresmall
smallfor
forflexible
flexible
structure
structureon
onstiff
stiffsite,
site,but
but
significant
significantfor
forstiff
stiffstructure
structureon
on
soft
softsoil.
soil.
Stiff soil
Flexible structure
h/(VsT)
Soft soil
Stiff structure
Radiation
Radiationdamping
dampingis
isnegligible
negligible
for
foraasoft
softstructure
structureon
onstiff
stiffsoil
soil
its
itseffects
effectsincrease
increasewith
with
increasing
increasingstructure/soil
structure/soil
relative
relativestiffness.
stiffness.
Relative
Relativeimportance
importanceof
ofradiation
radiation
damping
dampingdecreases
decreaseswith
with
increasing
increasingh/r
h/r(increasing
(increasing
rocking
rockingresponse).
response).
Stiff soil
Flexible structure
SSI
SSIeffects
effectsare
aresmall
smallfor
forflexible
flexible
structure
on
stiff
site,
but
h/(VsT)
structure on stiff site, but
Soft soilsignificant for stiff structure on
significant for stiff structure on
Stiff structuresoft soil.
soft soil.
With
Withincreasing
increasing
foundation
foundationflexibility,
flexibility,
Period
Periodlengthens
lengthens
Damping
Dampingincreases
increases
~
T
k kh2
1
T
ku k
~ ~
0 ~
(T / T ) 3
SSI can decrease

structural
deformations, loads
With
Withincreasing
increasing
foundation
foundationflexibility,
flexibility,
Period
Periodlengthens
lengthens
Damping
Dampingincreases
increases
~
T
k kh2
1
T
ku k
~ ~
0 ~
(T / T ) 3
SSI can increase total

displacements
Soil-Structure Interaction Basics

Summary
SSI is not significant for cases of flexible structures on stiff
soil deposits
SSI can be quite significant for stiff structures founded on
soft soils
Fundamental period of soil-structure system is longer than
that of fixed-base structure
Effective damping of soil-structure system is higher than
damping of structure alone
Total displacements can be increased by SSI can be
important for closely-spaced tall structures
Neglecting SSI is equivalent to assuming the structure is
supported on rigid materials
Outline
Deep foundations
Forms of loading
Pile groups
Dynamic response
Methods of analysis
Conclusions
Deep Foundations
Why?
Poor soil conditions
Soft, weak,
compressible
Deep Foundations
Why?
Soft, weak,
compressible
Deep Foundations
Why?
Soft, weak,
compressible
Deep Foundations
Why?
Poor soil
conditions
Soft, weak,
compressible
Deep Foundations
Pile Foundations
All deep foundation photos courtesy of Geo-Photo

album (Ross Boulanger and Mike Duncan)
Deep Foundations
Pile Foundations
Note excavation
outside of forms
Deep Foundations
Pile Foundations
Note excavation
outside of forms
Deep Foundations
Drilled Shaft Foundations
Deep Foundations
Deep Foundations
Deep Foundations
Outline
Deep foundations
Forms of loading
Pile groups
Dynamic response
Methods of analysis
Conclusions
Deep Foundations
Single pile/shaft behavior vertical loading
Applied load
High in clays (adhesion)

Skin resistance
Low in sands (friction)
Low in clays (cohesive)

Tip resistance
High in sands (frictional)
Deep Foundations
Applied load
High in clays
Skin resistance
Low in sands
Possible
momentary
suction
Zero* in clays
Tip resistance
Zero in sands
Deep Foundations
Applied load
Skin resistance
Tip resistance
How do we
measure vertical
load resistance?
Deep Foundations
Pile load test
Deep Foundations
Applied load, Q
Qult
Q
Strain
gauges
Skin resistance
Tip resistance
Tip
Skin
Deep Foundations
Q
Pile head load

Applied
load, Q
displacement
Qult
Q
Qult
Strain
gauges
Nonlinear
soil
Nonlinear
soil
Skin
resistance
response
responsemeans
meanspile
pile
stiffness
stiffnessisisnot
not
constant
constant
Tip resistance
Tip
Skin
Deep Foundations
Single pile/shaft behavior lateral loading
Applied load
No lateral load
Horizontal plane
Lateral load
Deep Foundations
Applied load
No lateral load
Horizontal plane
Lateral load
Deep Foundations
p
Applied load
Strength
Stiffness
y
Horizontal plane
Lateral load
pult
Deep Foundations
At large depths,
pult
Pile moves through soil

Soil appears to flow around pile
Soil movement in horizontal plane
Lateral load
Solutions for pult available
Deep Foundations
At shallow depths,
pult
Lateral load
Wedge of soil is pushed up and out
Vertical and horizontal components of movement
Deep Foundations
At shallow depths,
Same resistance
in both directions

Deep Foundations
At shallow depths,
Symmetric loading
leads to generally
symmetric response

Deep Foundations
At shallow depths,
Much greater
resistance to loading in
upslope than
downslope direction

Deep Foundations
At shallow depths,
Symmetric loading
leads to asymmetric
response

Deep Foundations
Determination of p-y behavior lateral load test
Applied load
Strain
gauge
pairs
Deep Foundations
Determination of p-y behavior lateral load test
lateral soil
resistance
shear
force
bending
moment
d 2M ( z)
p
dz 2
d2y
M ( z ) EI 2
dz
Deep Foundations
Determination of p-y behavior
lateral soil
resistance
d 2M ( z)
p
dz 2
shear
force
bending
moment
d2y
M ( z ) EI 2
dz
Deep Foundations
Determination of p-y behavior
lateral soil
resistance
shear
force
bending
moment
Nonlinear
Nonlinearsoil
soil
response
responsemeans
means
lateral
lateralstiffness
stiffnessisis
not
notconstant
constant
p
d 2M ( z)
p
dz 2
d2y
M ( z ) EI 2
dz
Deep Foundations
static
cyclic
sand
stiff clay
Rate-dependence has been
observed in some fine-grained
soils (increases with increasing
plasticity)
soft clay
May provide ~ 10% increase in

stiffness/strength for 10-fold
increase in strain rate
Implies frequency-dependence
in dynamic stiffness
Outline
Deep foundations
Forms of loading
Pile groups
Dynamic response
Methods of analysis
Conclusions
Deep Foundations
Analysis of deep foundation response lateral loading, single foundation
4y
2y
2y
EI
Q
mp
4
2
z
z
t 2
Dynamic beam on nonlinear

Winkler foundation
y ff
y 2 y
P y ,
,
, y ff ,
, G , ru ,
2
t t
t
Deep Foundations
NF
FF
NF
FF
NF
FF
NF
FF
NF
FF
NF
FF
NF
FF
NF
FF
Dynamic beam on nonlinear

Winkler foundation
Free-field
displacement
Deep Foundations
Near-field element
Nonlinear, inelastic
behavior close to pile
y
mnf (1,1)
mnf (1,2)
mnf (2,1)
mnf (2,2)
.y
Deep Foundations
Far-field element
Frequency-dependent
radiation damping
Deep Foundations
Far-field element
Frequency-dependent
radiation damping
k
y
3
ff
ff
Deep Foundations
Far-field element
Frequency-dependent
radiation damping
k
y
3
ff
Imaginary part
Stiffness
ff
c2
c3
4
3
2
Real part
1
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
Dimensionless Frequency
0.45
0.5
Deep Foundations
Analysis of deep foundation response vertical loading, single foundation
Discretize pile, represent nonlinear skin resistance using t-z curves
t-z
Skin resistance
generally mobilized
quickly
Tip resistance
mobilized at larger
displacements
z
Q
What about tip

resistance?
Q-z
Outline
Deep foundations
Forms of loading
Pile groups
Dynamic response
Methods of analysis
Conclusions
Deep Foundations
All forms of loading
p-y
t-z
Q-z
Deep Foundations
Vertical loading
Deep Foundations
Vertical loading
Deep Foundations
Vertical loading
Adhesion/frictional
Adhesion/frictionalresistance
resistance
ofofsoil
soiland
andinterface
interfacestrength
strength
mobilized
mobilizedalong
alonglength
lengthofofpile
pile
Tip
Tipresistance
resistancemobilized
mobilizedinin
bulb
bulbbeneath
beneathbase
baseofof
foundation
foundation
Vertical
Verticalstiffness
stiffness
influenced
influencedby
byentire
entire
soil
soilprofile
profile
Deep Foundations
Lateral loading at pile head
Deep Foundations
Lateral loading at pile head
Resistance (stiffness) dominated

by near-surface soils
Deeper soils dont

contribute much to lateral
resistance (stiffness)
Single Pile Stiffness Static Loading

KMH
KHH
Es
KHM
KMM
Es*
z
Homogeneous soil modulus:
KHH Es d ( Ep / Es
KMM 0.15 Es d
KMH = KHM
- 0.22
0.21
( Ep / E )
Es d 2 ( Ep / Es* )
3
*
s
0.75
0.50
Rocking and
swaying are
coupled

KMH
KHH
Es
KHM
Es*
z
Gibson soil modulus:
KHH 0.6 Es d ( Ep / Es* )
0.35
KMM 0.15 Es d
KMH = KHM
KMM
- 0.17
( Ep / E )
Es d 2 ( Ep / Es* )
3
*
s
0.80
0.60

KMH
KHH
Es
KHM
Es*
z
Parabolic soil modulus:
KHH 0.8 Es d ( Ep / Es* )
0.28
KMM 0.15 Es d
KMH = KHM
KMM
- 0.24
( Ep / E )
Es d 2 ( Ep / Es* )
3
*
s
0.77
0.53

Es
KMH
KHH
1
z
Layered nonlinear soil:
Use p-y analysis
KMM
KHM
1
Deep Foundations
Lateral loading from ground shaking uniform soil profile
Very flexible pile
High
Highcurvatures,
curvatures,low
low
bending
bendingmoments
moments
Flexural
Flexuraldemands
demandscan
can
be
beas
ashigh
highatatdepth
depthas
as
near
nearthe
thesurface
surface
Pile
Pilehead
headmotion
motionisis
same
sameas
asfree-field
free-field
ground
groundsurface
surfacemotion
motion
Deep Foundations
Stiff pile
Low
Lowcurvatures,
curvatures,high
high
bending
bendingmoments
moments
Flexural
Flexuraldemands
demandscan
can
be
beas
ashigh
highatatdepth
depthas
as
near
nearthe
thesurface
surface
Pile
Pilehead
headmotion
motionisis
different
differentthan
thanfree-field
free-field
ground
groundsurface
surfacemotion
motion
reflects
reflectsdistribution
distributionof
of
motions
motionsalong
alonglength
lengthofof
pile
pile
Deep Foundations
Soft
Stiff
High
Highfree-field
free-fieldcurvature
curvature
atatboundary
boundary
Flexural
Flexuraldemands
demandscan
canbe
be
much
muchhigher
higheratatdepth
depth
than
thannear
nearsurface
surface
Deep Foundations
Stiff
High
Highfree-field
free-fieldcurvature
curvature
atatboth
bothboundaries
boundaries
Soft
Stiff
Flexural
Flexuraldemands
demandscan
canbe
be
high
highatatboth
bothlocations
locations
Deep Foundations - Lateral loading summary

Inertial
Loading from
superstructure
Kinematic
Lateral
spreading
Crust
Loading from
cyclic soil
deformation
Loading from
permanent soil
deformation
Deep Foundations
All forms of loading
p-y
t-z
Q-z
Deep Foundations
Lateral loading
P
p
P
y
Liquefiable soils
p-y curves are softened
as pore pressures increase
shape remains the same
Actual p-y behavior of
liquefied soil is more
complicated stiffness and
shape both change
Outline
Deep foundations
Forms of loading
Pile groups
Dynamic response
Methods of analysis
Conclusions
Deep Foundations
Pile Groups
Deep Foundations
Pile Groups
Decreased
axial load
potential for
pullout
Lateral
Lateralloading
loadingofofpile
pile
groups
groupsmobilizes
mobilizesaxial
axial
resistance
resistance(t-z,
(t-z,Q-z
Q-zsprings)
springs)
as
aswell
wellas
aslateral
lateralresistance
resistance
(p-y
(p-ysprings)
springs)
Increased
axial load
potential for
bearing
failure
Deep Foundations
Pile Groups
Axial
Axialresistance
resistanceofofpiles
piles
generally
generallysufficient
sufficienttoto
greatly
greatlyreduce
reducepile
pilecap
cap
rotation
rotation
Deep Foundations
Pile Groups
Axial
Axialresistance
resistanceofofpiles
piles
generally
generallysufficient
sufficienttoto
greatly
greatlyreduce
reducepile
pilecap
cap
rotation
rotation
Deep Foundations
Pile Groups
Axial
Axialresistance
resistanceofofpiles
piles
generally
generallysufficient
sufficienttoto
greatly
greatlyreduce
reducepile
pilecap
cap
rotation
rotation
Deep Foundations
Pile Groups
Axial
Axialresistance
resistanceofofpiles
piles
generally
generallysufficient
sufficienttoto
greatly
greatlyreduce
reducepile
pilecap
cap
rotation
rotation
Deep Foundations
Pile Groups
3 x 3 group
Deep Foundations
Pile Groups
4 x 4 group
Deep Foundations
Pile Groups
Zones of influence overlap with each
other and with other piles
Not all piles produce same resistance
Pile-soil-pile interaction can affect group
capacity and stiffness
Zones of
influence
Piles interact at spacings

less than 7-8 diameters
Deep Foundations
Pile Groups
Row 2
Row 1
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
Row 4
Single pile
Leading
Leadingrow
rowtakes
takes
greatest
greatestload
load
Rows 3-5
Trailing
Trailingrows
rowstake
takeless
less
load
load
Group
Groupeffects
effectshandled
handled
Trailingby
Leading
byp-multipliers
p-multipliers
rows
row
Multiple
Multiplecycles
cyclescan
can
diminish
diminishrow
roweffects
effects
Deep Foundations
Pile Groups
Leading
Leadingrow
rowtakes
takes
greatest
greatestload
load
Trailing
Trailingrows
rowstake
takeless
less
load
load
Mokwa, 1999
Group
Groupeffects
effectshandled
handled
by
byp-multipliers
p-multipliers
Multiple
Multiplecycles
cyclescan
can
diminish
diminishrow
roweffects
effects
Deep Foundations
Pile Groups
Single
Singlepile
pilehas
hasgreater
greater
bending
bendingmoment
moment
Leading
Leadingrow
row piles
pileshave
have
largest
largestMMin
ingroup
group
Rollins et al., 2005
Trailing
Trailingrow
rowmoments
moments
stabilize
stabilizeafter
afterRow
Row33
Deep Foundations
Pile Groups Embedded pile cap
Passive resistance
on pile cap
Pile
Pilecap
capcan
canprovide
provide
substantial
substantialcontribution
contributionto
to
lateral
lateralresistance
resistance
(stiffness)
(stiffness)
Effectiveness
Effectivenesscan
canbe
be
affected
affectedby
bycompaction
compaction
ofofbackfill
backfillsoils
soils
Deep Foundations
Pile Groups High overturning moment
High axial demands

placed on outer rows of
piles upward and
downward
Can lead to yielding of

these piles plastic
deformation of soils
Deep Foundations
Pile Groups High overturning moment
Dissipated
energy
High axial demands

placed on outer rows of
piles upward and
downward
Can lead to yielding of

these piles plastic
deformation of soils
Outline
Deep foundations
Forms of loading
Pile groups
Dynamic response
Methods of analysis
Conclusions
Single Pile Stiffness Dynamic Loading

Under harmonic loading, pile will respond (deform) harmonically
Both amplitude and phase of response will vary with frequency
Can model resistance (pile impedance) as having two parts
Elastic resistance K()
In phase
Viscous resistance C()
90o out of phase
Can model dynamic stiffness using stiffness multiplier

K() = k()Kstatic
Deep Foundations Dynamic Amplification Factors

o = d / VS
Frequency
Frequencydependence
dependencefor
for
single
singlepiles
pilesnot
notthat
thatstrong
strong
Not
Notuncommon
uncommonto
toassume
assume
k()
k()~~11
Outline
Deep foundations
Forms of loading
Pile groups
Dynamic response
Methods of analysis
Conclusions
Methods of Analysis
Direct Analysis
Model entire soil-pile-structure system
Compute response in single analysis
Direct Analysis
Attach t-z
curves to all
nodes
Attach p-y
curves to all
nodes
p-y
t-z
Attach Q-z
curves to pile
tip nodes
Q-z
Direct Analysis
Apply depth-varying
free-field motions to free
ends of p-y, t-z, and Q-z
elements
Compute resulting
response
Coupled
Coupledanalysis
analysis
of
ofsoil-pilesoil-pilestructure
structuresystem
system
p-y
t-z
Q-z
Substructure Modeling
Cut piles at mudline and replace with springs/dashpots

Apply kinematic pile motions at mudline to free ends of
horizontal, vertical, and rotational springs
Compute resulting response
Substructure Modeling
Cut column at pile cap and replace with springs/dashpots

Apply kinematic pile cap motions to horizontal, vertical,
and rotational springs at centroid of pile cap
Substructure
modeling
Substructure
modelingcan
canprovide
provideexact
exact
Compute resulting
response
solution
solutionfor
forlinear
linearsystem
system
Can
Caniterate
iterateto
toapproximate
approximatenonlinear
nonlinear
effects
effectsusing
usingequivalent
equivalentlinearization
linearization
No
Nodirect
directway
waytotohandle
handlenonlinear
nonlinearsystems
systems
Outline
Deep foundations
Forms of loading
Pile groups
Dynamic response
Methods of analysis
Conclusions
Conclusions
Physical behavior of deep foundations is complicated
For buildings
kinematic interaction can affect foundation input motions
inertial interaction effects are more significant
For bridges, wharves, etc.
kinematic interaction effects can be very significant
kinematic effects due to permanent deformations can be critical
inertial interaction effects can still be important
For inertial interaction, estimation of stiffness becomes important
single piles resistance mostly flexural
pile groups resistance provided by flexural and axial components
pile cap stiffness can be significant backfill characteristics important
Approximations to actual behavior frequently required requires
communication between structural and geotechnical engineers
Thank you
References
Gazetas, G. (), Chapter 15 in Foundation Engineering Handbook, Winterkorn and Fang,
Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Lam, I.P. and Law, H. (2000). Soil-structure interaction of bridges for seimsic analysis,
Technical Report MCEER-00-0008, 119 pp.
Mokwa, R.L. (1999). Investigation of the Resistance of Pile Caps to Lateral Loading,
Ph.D. Dissertation, Virginia Tech.
Rollins, K.M., Lane, J.D., Gerber, T. M. (2005). "Measured and Computed Lateral
Response of a Pile Group in Sand," J. Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engrg., ASCE
Vol. 131, No. 1, p. 103-114.
Stewart, J.P. (2000). Variations between foundation-level and free-field earthquake ground
motions Earthquake Spectra, 16 (2), 511-532.
Stewart, J.P., Fenves, G.L. and Seed, R.B. (1999). Seismic soil-structure interaction in
buildings. II: Analytical aspects, J. Geotech. & Geoenv. Engrg., ASCE, 125 (1), 26-37.
Stewart, J.P., Seed, R.B., and Fenves, G.L. (1999). Seismic soil-structure interaction in
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Soil Structure Interaction

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Soil Structure Interaction

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Seismic Site Response Analysis

Impact of Soil-Structure Interaction on Response of Structures

Does the structure founded on rock respond differently than

How does the motion at the base of the structure differ

Base slab averaging stiffness of

6 x 6 matrix of complex impedance coefficients

SSI can decrease

SSI can increase total

Soil-Structure Interaction Basics

All deep foundation photos courtesy of Geo-Photo

High in clays (adhesion)

Low in sands (friction)

Low in clays (cohesive)

High in sands (frictional)

Pile head load

Pile moves through soil

Solutions for pult available

Wedge of soil is pushed up and out

Wedge of soil is pushed up and out

Wedge of soil is pushed up and out

Wedge of soil is pushed up and out

May provide ~ 10% increase in

Dynamic beam on nonlinear

Dynamic beam on nonlinear

What about tip

Resistance (stiffness) dominated

Deeper soils dont

Single Pile Stiffness Static Loading

Single Pile Stiffness Static Loading

Single Pile Stiffness Static Loading

Single Pile Stiffness Static Loading

Use p-y analysis

Deep Foundations - Lateral loading summary

Piles interact at spacings

Rollins et al., 2005

High axial demands

Can lead to yielding of

High axial demands

Can lead to yielding of

Single Pile Stiffness Dynamic Loading

Viscous resistance C()

90o out of phase

Can model dynamic stiffness using stiffness multiplier

Deep Foundations Dynamic Amplification Factors

Cut piles at mudline and replace with springs/dashpots

Cut column at pile cap and replace with springs/dashpots

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