Thermal Strain

1. A vertical steel antenna tower is 200 m high. Calculate the change in height of
the tower that takes place when the temperature changes from -20 C on a winter
day to 30 C on a summer day.
(1)Given: L1 = 200m
T2 = 30 C and T1 = (-20 C) then (T2 T1) = (30C (-20C)) = 50 C
alpha (steel) = 0.000011/C
then: change in length is
x = (0.000011 /C) [200m/ 50C]= 0.000044 m = (L2 L1)
2. A metal rod is 200.00 cm long at 0C and 200.18 cm long at 60C. What is its
coefficient of linear expansion?
(2)Given: L1 = 200.00 cm and L2 = 200.18 cm
So: x = (L2 L1) = 0.18 cm
(T2 T1 ) = (60 C 0C) = 60C
Then: alpha = x/ {L1 (T2 - T1)} = 0.18 cm/ [200.00 cm (60C)]
alpha = 0.000015 /C
3. A metal vessel has a volume of 500.00 cm^3 at 0 C. If the coefficient of linear
expansion is 0.000011 /C, what is the volume at 50 C?
(3)V = 500.00 cm^3 and (T2 T1) = 50C
alpha= is 0.000011 /C
Beta = 3(alpha) = 3( 0.000011/C) = 0.000033 /C
delta V= (500.00 cm^3)(0.000033/C) (50C) = 0.825 cm^3
then the new volume = V + delta V = 500.00 cm^3 + 0.82 cm^3 = 500.82cm^3

4. A round hole of 6.000 cm in diameter at 0 C is cut in a sheet of brass (alpha =

0.000018 /C). Find the new diameter of the hole at 50 C.
(4)Given: alpha = 0.000018 /C
(T2 T1)= 50 C
D = 6.000 cm so r = 3.000 cm
And Area A = r^2 = 28.274 cm^2
But delta A = 2 (alpha) A ((T2 T1)
= 2 (0.000018 /C) 28.274 cm^2 (50C) = 0.051 cm^2
New Area A = A + delta A = 28.274 cm^2 + 0.051 cm^2
A = 28.325 cm^2
Then the new radius r = (A/)^ = (28.325 cm^2/ 3.141)^
= 3.002 cm
So the new diameter D = 2 r = 2 (3.002 cm) = 6.004 cm

5. Problem 261 A steel rod with a cross-sectional area of 0.25 in2 is stretched
between two fixed points. The tensile load at 70F is 1200 lb. What will be the stress
at 0F? At what temperature will the stress be zero? Assume = 6.5 10-6 in/
(inF) and E = 29 106 psi.
For the stress at 0F:

=T+st=T+st
LE=L(T)+PLAELE=L(T)+PLAE
=E(T)+PA=E(T)+PA
=(6.5106)(29106)(70)+12000.25=(6.5106)(29106)(70)+12000.25
=17995psi=18 ksi=17995psi=18 ksi
answer
For the temperature that causes zero stress:

T=stT=st
L(T)=PLAEL(T)=PLAE
(T)=PAE(T)=PAE
(6.5106)(T70)=12000.25(29106)(6.5106)(T70)=12000.25(29106)
T=95.46FT=95.46F
answer

6. A steel rod is stretched between two rigid walls and carries a tensile load of 5000
N at 20C. If the allowable stress is not to exceed 130 MPa at -20C, what is the
minimum diameter of the rod? Assume = 11.7 m/(mC) and E = 200 GPa.

=T+st=T+st
LE=L(T)+PLAELE=L(T)+PLAE
=E(T)+PA=E(T)+PA
130=(11.7106)(200000)(40)+5000A130=(11.7106)(200000)(40)+5000A
A=500036.4=137.36 mm2A=500036.4=137.36 mm2
14d2=137.3614d2=137.36
d=13.22 mmd=13.22 mm

answer

7. Steel railroad reels 10 m long are laid with a clearance of 3 mm at a temperature

of 15C. At what temperature will the rails just touch? What stress would be induced
in the rails at that temperature if there were no initial clearance? Assume = 11.7
m/(mC) and E = 200 GPa.

Temperature at which T = 3 mm:

T=L(T)T=L(T)
T=L(TfTi)T=L(TfTi)
3=(11.7106)(10000)(Tf15)3=(11.7106)(10000)(Tf15)
Tf=40.64CTf=40.64C
answer
Required stress:
=T=T
LE=L(T)LE=L(T)
=E(TfTi)=E(TfTi)
=(11.7106)(200000)(40.6415)=(11.7106)(200000)(40.6415)
=60 MPa=60 MPa
answer

8. A steel rod 3 feet long with a cross-sectional area of 0.25 in.2 is stretched
between two fixed points. The tensile force is 1200 lb at 40F. Using E = 29 106
psi and = 6.5 10-6 in./(in.F), calculate (a) the temperature at which the
stress in the bar will be 10 ksi; and (b) the temperature at which the stress will be
zero.
(a) Without temperature change:
=PA=12000.25=4800 psi =PA=12000.25=4800 psi
$\sigma = 4.8 \, \text{ksi}
A drop of temperature is needed to increase the stress to 10 ksi. See figure below.

=T+st=T+st
LE=L(T)+PLAELE=L(T)+PLAE
=E(T)+PA=E(T)+PA
10000=(6.5106)(29106)(T)+12000.2510000=(6.5106)(29106)(T)
+12000.25
T=27.59FT=27.59F
Required temperature: (temperature must drop from 40F)
T=4027.59=12.41FT=4027.59=12.41F
answer
(b) Temperature at which the stress will be zero:
From the figure below:

=T=T
PLAE=L(T)PLAE=L(T)
P=AE(TfTi)P=AE(TfTi)
1200=(6.5106)(0.25)(29106)(Tf40)1200=(6.5106)(0.25)(29106)(Tf40)
Tf=65.46FTf=65.46F
answer

9. A bronze bar 3 m long with a cross sectional area of 320 mm2 is placed between
two rigid walls as shown in Fig. P-265. At a temperature of -20C, the gap = 2.5
mm. Find the temperature at which the compressive stress in the bar will be 35
MPa. Use = 18.0 10-6 m/(mC) and E = 80 GPa.
T=+T=+

L(T)=LE+2.5L(T)=LE+2.5
(18106)(3000)(T)=35(3000)80000+2.5(18106)(3000)
(T)=35(3000)80000+2.5
T=70.6CT=70.6C
T=70.620T=70.620
T=50.6CT=50.6C
answer

10. Calculate the increase in stress for each segment of the compound bar shown in
Fig. P-266 if the temperature increases by 100F. Assume that the supports are
unyielding and that the bar is suitably braced against buckling.

T=LTT=LT

T(st)=(6.5106)(15)(100)T(st)=(6.5106)(15)(100)
T(st)=0.00975T(st)=0.00975
T(al)=(12.8106)(10)(100)T(al)=(12.8106)(10)(100)
T(al)=0.0128inT(al)=0.0128in
st+al=T(st)+T(al)st+al=T(st)+T(al)
(PLAE)st+(PLAE)al=0.00975+0.0128(PLAE)st+(PLAE)al=0.00975+0.0128
Where Pst = Pal = P. Thus,
P(15)1.5(29106)+P(10)2(10106)=0.02255P(15)1.5(29106)+P(10)2(10106)=0
.02255
P=26691.84lbP=26691.84lb
=PA=PA
st=26691.841.5=17794.56 psist=26691.841.5=17794.56 psi
al=26691.842.0=13345.92 psial=26691.842.0=13345.92 psi

answer
answer

11. At a temperature of 80C, a steel tire 12 mm thick and 90 mm wide that is to be

shrunk onto a locomotive driving wheel 2 m in diameter just fits over the wheel,
which is at a temperature of 25C. Determine the contact pressure between the tire
and wheel after the assembly cools to 25C. Neglect the deformation of the wheel
caused by the pressure of the tire. Assume = 11.7 m/(mC) and E = 200 GPa.
=T=T
PLAE=LTPLAE=LT
P=TAEP=TAE
P=(11.7106)(8025)(9012)(200000)P=(11.7106)(8025)(9012)(200000)
P=138996NP=138996N

F=2PF=2P
pDL=2PpDL=2P
p(2000)(90)=2(138996)p(2000)(90)=2(138996)
p=1.5444 MPap=1.5444 MPa
answer

12. The rigid bar ABC in Fig. P-268 is pinned at B and attached to the two vertical
rods. Initially, the bar is horizontal and the vertical rods are stress-free. Determine
the stress in the aluminum rod if the temperature of the steel rod is decreased by

40C. Neglect the weight of bar ABC.

Contraction of steel rod, assuming complete freedom:

T(st)=LTT(st)=LT
T(st)=(11.7106)(900)(40)T(st)=(11.7106)(900)(40)
T(st)=0.4212mmT(st)=0.4212mm
A0.6=al1.2A0.6=al1.2
A=0.5alA=0.5al
T(st)st=0.5alT(st)st=0.5al
0.4212(PLAE)st=0.5(PLAE)al0.4212(PLAE)st=0.5(PLAE)al
0.4212Pst(900)300(200000)=0.5[Pal(1200)1200(70000)]0.4212Pst(900)300(200
000)=0.5[Pal(1200)1200(70000)]
28080Pst=0.4762Pal28080Pst=0.4762Pal
Equation (1)
MB=0MB=0
0.6Pst=1.2Pal0.6Pst=1.2Pal
Pst=2PalPst=2Pal
Equation (2)
Equations (1) and (2)
280802Pal=0.4762Pal280802Pal=0.4762Pal
Pal=11340NPal=11340N
al=PalAal=113401200al=PalAal=113401200
al=9.45 MPaal=9.45 MPa
answer

13. As shown in Fig. P-269, there is a gap between the aluminum bar and the rigid
slab that is supported by two copper bars. At 10C, = 0.18 mm. Neglecting the
mass of the slab, calculate the stress in each rod when the temperature in the
assembly is increased to 95C. For each copper bar, A = 500 mm2, E = 120 GPa,
and = 16.8 m/(mC). For the aluminum bar, A = 400 mm2, E = 70 GPa, and =

23.1 m/(mC).

Assuming complete freedom:

T=LTT=LT
T(co)=(16.8106)(750)(9510)T(co)=(16.8106)(750)(9510)
T(co)=1.071mmT(co)=1.071mm
T(al)=(23.1106)(7500.18)(9510)T(al)=(23.1106)(7500.18)(9510)
T(al)=1.472mmT(al)=1.472mm

From the figure:

T(al)al=T(co)+coT(al)al=T(co)+co
1.472(PLAE)al=1.071+(PLAE)co1.472(PLAE)al=1.071+(PLAE)co
1.4722F(7500.18)400(70000)=1.071+F(750)500(120000)1.4722F(7500.18)4
00(70000)=1.071+F(750)500(120000)
0.401=(6.606105)F0.401=(6.606105)F
F=6070.37NF=6070.37N
Pco=F=6070.37NPco=F=6070.37N
Pal=2F=12140.74NPal=2F=12140.74N
=P/A=P/A
co=6070.37500=12.14MPaco=6070.37500=12.14MPa
al=12140.74400=30.35MPaal=12140.74400=30.35MPa

answer
answer

14. A rigid bar of negligible weight is supported as shown in Fig. P-271. If W = 80

kN, compute the temperature change that will cause the stress in the steel rod to be
55 MPa. Assume the coefficients of linear expansion are 11.7 m/(mC) for steel

and 18.9 m/(mC) for bronze.

Stress in bronze when st = 55 MPa

MA=0MA=0
4Pbr+Pst=2.5(80000)4Pbr+Pst=2.5(80000)
4br(1300)+55(320)=2.5(80000)4br(1300)+55(320)=2.5(80000)
br=35.08MPabr=35.08MPa

By ratio and proportion:

T(st)+st1=T(br)+br4T(st)+st1=T(br)+br4
T(st)+st=0.25[T(br)+br]T(st)+st=0.25[T(br)+br]
(LT)st+(LE)st=0.25[(LT)br+(LE)br](LT)st+(LE)st=0.25[(LT)br+(LE)br]
(11.7106)(1500)T+55(1500)2000=0.25[(18.9106)
(3000)T+35.08(3000)83000](11.7106)
(1500)T+55(1500)2000=0.25[(18.9106)(3000)T+35.08(3000)83000]
0.01755T+0.4125=0.014175T+0.3170.01755T+0.4125=0.014175T+0.317
T=28.3CT=28.3C
A temperature drop of 28.3C is needed to stress the steel to 55 MPa.

answer

15. A rigid horizontal bar of negligible mass is connected to two rods as shown in
Fig. P-275. If the system is initially stress-free. Calculate the temperature change

that will cause a tensile stress of 90 MPa in the brass rod. Assume that both rods are
subjected to the change in temperature.

Mhingesupport=0Mhingesupport=0
5Pbr3Pco=05Pbr3Pco=0
5brAbr3coAco=05brAbr3coAco=0
5(90)(1200)3co(1500)=05(90)(1200)3co(1500)=0
co=120MPaco=120MPa

=LE=LE
br=90(2000)100000=1.8mmbr=90(2000)100000=1.8mm
co=120(3000)120000=3mmco=120(3000)120000=3mm
By ratio and proportion
T(co)co3=brT(br)5T(co)co3=brT(br)5
5T(co)5co=3br3T(br)5T(co)5co=3br3T(br)
5(16.8106)(3000)T5(3)=3(1.8)3(18.7106)(2000)T5(16.8106)
(3000)T5(3)=3(1.8)3(18.7106)(2000)T
0.3642T=20.40.3642T=20.4

T=56.01CT=56.01C drop in temperature

answer