Lecture #21(14).

Checking calculation of a cross section in wing of big aspect

ratio. Calculation of shear stresses in the cross section.
Plan:
1. Calculation of shear stresses in opened contour
2. Calculation of shear flow in the multiclosed contours
3. Estimation of strength
1. Calculation of shear stresses in opened contour
Calculation of shear stress is carried out after estimation of normal stress. There
are some ways of calculation of shear stress. In this lecture we consider the elementary
method of calculation on the cutting module of elasticity. The shear flow (SF) is
calculated in the analytical model of thin-walled bar from the equilibrium equations
through normal efforts.

Fig. 1. An opened contour.

From the equilibrium equation for cutted elementary site on a longitudinal axis z
it is resulted:
N
(1)
qdz
dz 0 ,
z
here N is axial effort in longitudinal elements.
Hence, dz is cancelled and we have:
N
.
(2)
q
z
Generically shear flow for k-th skin site in the opened contour is equal to:
k

q pk

i 1

dN i
;
dz

(3)

In this formula summation should be carried out from opened edge up to k-th site
of a skin.
Calculation of shear stress is carried out for reduced cross section after
achievement of convergence for iterative process of calculation for normal stress. In this
case longitudinal efforts are equal in elements of the original (actual) and reduced cross
section from previous calculation of normal stress:
1

N o N r o fo r fr ;

(4)
(5)

a r 0

If the longitudinal effort is submitted through a stress of reduced section,

N i ri f ri .
Then we have:
k

q pk

i 1

d
( ri f ri ) ;
dz

(7)

Here normal reduced stress is equal to:

My
M
xi .
ri x y i
I rx
I ry

(6)

(8)

Ep

r=a
Fig. 2. A cutting and fictitious modules.
Believing, that only bending moment essentially varies on coordinate z, we can
write down
k
k
1 dM x
1 dM y
q pk
f ri y i

f ri x i
,
(9)
I rx dz
I ry dz

i 1

i 1

but
Qy

dM x
;
dz

Qx

dM y
dz

- from mechanic of materials.

Hence,

q pk

Qy k
I rx

i 1

Q
f ri y i x
I ry

f ri x i

(10)

i 1

Here

S rx

f ri y i , S ry f ri x i
i 1

(11)

i 1

These values are static moments of inertia for the cut off part of cross section. The
cut off part of cross-section is a part of cross section from open edge of a contour up to a
point of calculation of shear flow.
Then in open contour the shear flow is equal to:
Qy
Q
qp
S rx x S ry .
(12)
I rx
I ry
Calculation of shear flow is carried out in the main central axes of the reduced
cross section. Passing to designation U and V, we can write down:
Q
Q
q p v S ru u S rv ;
(13)
I ru
I rv
here Iru, Irv - are the reduced moments of inertia in the main central axes.
k

I ru

i 1

f riV i2 ;

I rv

f riU i2 ,

(14)

i 1

where k - the general number of the concentrated longitudinal elements (stringers

and spar caps) in the whole cross section, Sru, Sry - are the reduced static moments of
inertia in the main central axes for the cutted off part of the cross section.
k

S ru

f riVi ;
i 1

S rv

f riU i ,

(15)

i 1

where Qv, Qu are projections of shear force on the main central axes.

Fig. 3. The main central axes of cross section.

Qu Q x cos Q y sin ,

Qv Q y cos Q x sin .

(16)

Calculation of the static moments of inertia for cut off part of cross section is
carried out for the reduced section after achievement of convergence for iterative process
of calculation on normal stress by a method reduced factors.

2. Calculation of shear flow in the multiclosed contours

For the multiclosed contour the shear flow is equal from mechanic of structure:
3

q r q p q01 q02 ... q p

qoi ;

(17)

i 1

here i is number of closed contours, qoi are shear flow in the chosen reference
marks, k quantity of closed contours.
The task of calculation qoi from ultimate loads is sufficient more difficult from the
following reasons:
1. These shear flows depend from rigidity on shear G of skin and spar webs in
statically indefinable structure. The more rigidity gives the more efforts in an element.
2. Rigidity of element G essentially depends from effort in it. At loss of stability
from shear rigidity can be decreased in 1.5-2 time. Up to the decision of this task we
dont known neither effort, nor effective rigidity.
It complicates the exact decision of the task. The task is solved approximately in
the assumption of validity of the superposition method.
Let's consider the closed contour.
For a finding of unknown shear flow forces q01 and q02 we write down 2 equations
equilibrium and equality of relative angles of contour twisting.
M A 0
(18)
q01 , q02
1 2

Fig. 4. Loading of cross section by shear forces.

Let's write down system (18) in the unfolded kind

Q y hy M 1 M 2 q p ds Q x hx 0
;

11 M 1 22 M 2 1 p 21 M 1 22 M 2 2 p
here
M 1 q01 1 ;
M 2 q02 2 .
At the numerical decision of the task integrals are represented as the sums:

(19)

(20)

q pi i S i
q pds
i 1

(21)

where i is the perpendicular directed from moment points A on a tangent to the

i-th site of the contour (fig.5).

Fig. 5. Example of moment point.

For computation of factor ij we must use the following ratios from mechanic of
structure by Mohrs formula:
S i
1
11 2
;
1 Gi
S i
1
;
12 21
1 2
G i
S i
1
22
;
(22)
2

G
i

1 p

1
1

q pi S i
G i
q pi S i

1
G i
2
As a result of the decision of these 2 equations we receive the moments of internal
efforts M1 and M2 on which we find q01 and q02
M
q01 1 ,
1
M
(23)
q02 2 .
2
Further the resultant shear flow is calculated:
q t q p q01 q02 .
(24)
The shear stress in an element is equal to:
q
t t .
(25)
2p

In the equations for calculation of factors ij shear rigidity enters. As a result of

numerous calculations and comparisons with experiments empirical factors of a

reduction for a skin and spar webs on shear are entered.
On shear it is accepted to set effective rigidity as value 105r; where 105 - is the
reduced shear module that is accepted for duralumin
5

Gr=105 (kgf/cm2)=10GPa, r is reduced skin thickness.

The reduced skin thickness is equal to:
G
;
(26)
r
GD
where - the original thickness, G- the shear module for a material of the given
element, GD - the shear module for duralumin, - reduction factor on shear which is
taken from fig. 6.

Fig. 6. The reduction factor on shear.

3. Estimation of strength
After estimation of resultant shear flow and resultant shear stress we can carry out
estimation of strength. If t cr the element does not lose stability from shear and has
excess of strength. If t cr the operating condition is varied for the element. The
element begins to work by the analytical model of diagonal tension. In this case we must
carry out check of strength as follows.

Fig. 7. Loading of spar web.

Fig. 8. Loading of the element of spar web.

If resultant shear stress is more critical stress the skin or spar web loses stability
and flexural waves appear in them. Stress 2 is much less than stress the 1 and this
difference is more, than less skin thickness. In case of so-called clear diagonal tension we
can neglect by stress 2 (for thin skin) and we receive dependence for a finding 1.
The elementary working on site dS effort is equal to:
(27)
dN 1 dS .
The effort projection on vertical axis is equal to:
(28)
dN y dN sin 1 sin cos dy .
Let's write down the equation of equilibrium for the cut site of a spar web in a
projection on vertical axis:
(29)
1 sin cos a t a .
Lets cancel a:
(30)
1 sin cos t .
After substitution we receive:

sin cos

2 t
(31)
2
2 1

2
2
2
(Usually the angle is close to 45 45).
After calculation of the main stress in diagonal tension excess strength factor is
found so
(32)
1 2 t .
Hence

ut ut
.
(33)

1 2 t
Calculation of shear flow is carried out by tabular procedure. Filling of the table is
carried out after calculation of normal stress. The reduced areas, coordinates of elements
in the main central axes of the reduced cross section, the moments of inertia are taken
from the calculation table for normal stress.