Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Laxative
Life Science
Investigatory Project
Proponent :
Trabajo, Hazel C.
Abstract
The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the safety and
effectiveness of a herbal laxative in human out of Libas leaves by determining its
potential for antibacterial activity after observing the results of the study in taking the
experiment. Study on the effectiveness of the said Libas leaves found to be safe at the
doses 5grams/day. General behavior adverse effects and were determined for up to 5
days. In view of the dose of Spondias pinnata, kurz. consumed in traditional medicine,
there is a wide margin of safety for the therapeutic use of Libas leaves as herbal
laxative. Thus, the researcher recommend the following : Improvement of this herbal
laxative are likewise suggested to attract consumers such as making this herbal laxative
in form of another product. Further research should be conducted to make the herbal
laxative more effective and prolong its effectiveness.
Acknowledgement
The researcher duly acknowledges the magnanimity of various
editors and authors in permitting this writer to use excerpts of their
published materials with due acknowledgements. Thanks are also due to the
researchers first cousin for letting use her technology equipment in order to make my
study just a short-time process. And also for all the people who help me to get the raw
material of this study which is very difficult to find.
Dedication
Table of Contents
A. Preliminaries
Title page
Abstract
Acknowledgement
Dedication
Table of Contents
Proposed Figures
B. Chapter 1
Introduction
Statement of the problem & Specific Questions
Significance of the Study
Delimitation of the Study
Definition of terms
C. Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature
a) Local
b) Foreign
c) Other Readings
1
2
3
4
5-6
7
9-10
11
12
13
14
16-21
D. Chapter 3
Research design
Respondents/Content of the study
Sampling techniques
Data gathering Procedures
Statistical Treatment
23
24-26
27
28-29
30
E. Chapter 4
Analysis & Interpretation
32-33
F. Chapter 5
Conclusion
G. Chapter 6
Bibliographies
Others :
Appendices
Curriculum Vitae
Questionnaire / Interviewer Guide
35
37-40
41
Proposed Figure
Chapter I
Introduction
S. pinnata Kurz (syns. Mangifera pinnata L. f), family Anacardiaceae is found in
India, Sri Lanka and other South-East Asian countries. In India it is commonly seen in
7
The
phytochemistry of this plant has been studied by Tandon and Rastogi (1976). Selection
of the fruit from literature (Maisuthisakul, Suttajit & Pongsawatmanit, 2007)wasmade on
the basis of its common use in the treatment of infectious diseases like fever, bronchitis,
ulcer, diarrhea, dysentery and skin diseases. Its bark has been reported for its large
amount of flavonoids, phenolic compounds and high antioxidant and free radical
scavenging activities (Hazra, Biswas, & Mandal, 2008).
In
spite of the use of Spondias pinnata, kurz. in traditional medicine and its potential for
toxicity, a 48 years old woman told the researcher that this kind of plant also having an
antibacterial activity, a laxative in human respectively. The said potential of this plant are
proven 40 years ago, stated by the woman. The researcher did not find any studies
related with these.
of the present study was to investigate Spondias pinnata, kurz of what particular
substance it contains which has the potential for antibacterial activity that is very useful
when proven.
What bacteria or a humans intestinal worms can be killed by this herbal laxative?
Is this kind of herbal laxative is safe, no harmful effects ?
What particular benefits it can give?
Is this kind of herbal laxative can be taken for all people who necessarily need it?
10
The rationale of the study is to prove that Libas leaves really has the potential for
the antibacterial activity in humans organ / to prove that Libas leaves truly can be an
herbal laxative in human respectively.
Students : For the student, who know some person who suffers an intestinal
disorders? Then he/she can help them by recommending this study to them.
Parents : For the parents, they can easily use this study when a member of the
family can experience humans intestinal disorders.
Community : For the knowledge, Libas Leaves is not only a plant but it can also
be an alternative purgative in human respectively.
Researchers : For the researchers, we must figure out the other use/products
that can be very useful for the consumers out of Libas.
This study was conducted to investigate how real the Libas leaves can be a
herbal laxative in human. The aspects looked into were the herbal laxative, how it
lessens intestinal worms of human, and the performance of the product and the
problems and proposed solution of our product.
Definition of Terms
12
Libas
Libas is a tree reaching a height of about 25 meters and a diameter of about 60
centimeters. Bark surface is smooth, with irregular cracks, grey to pale reddish brown,
exuding a clear, sticky sap with a turpentine smell. Leaves are alternate, pinnately
compound, 20 centimeters or more in length. Leaflets are pointed at the apex, rounded
or abruptly pointed at the base, 7 to 14 centimeters in length. Flowers are small and in
panicles. Fruit is rounded, yellow, a one-seeded drupe, with a finely flavored, edible
pulp.
Herbal laxative
Herbal laxative can be obtained from a herb which has the antibacterial potential
to loosen stools and increase bowel movements. They are used to treat and
prevent constipation. Herbal laxatives vary based on how they work and the side effects
they have.
13
Chapter II
Review of Related Literature
14
Libas is widely distributed in the Philippines. The tree is used as shade and
living fence posts. Wood is utilized in temporary construction, mouldings, interior finish,
drawers, turnery articles, carvings, core stock of plywood and pulp. Because of its
lightness and softness, the wood is more suitable in the manufacture of matchsticks,
matchboxes, boxes and crates. Leaves have a sour taste are edible. When young
leaves are used as ingredient in meat stew and filling for fish sinanglay, a Bicolano
delicacy. Bicolanos also use dried young leaves in the preparation of laing, a favorite
and popular dish among the local people. Leaves are also used as feeds for cattle. The
fruits have a sour taste. They are eaten raw and can be made into jams, jellies and
juices. It is also given to pigs as feeds. The bark, leaves and fruits have medicinal
properties and is used in the treatment of wounds, sores and burns.
Studies shows that Libas leaves have sub acid components which made it to be
a better souring agent. Leaves and fruits are sour and used in stews and the filling for
the fish dish "sinanglay," a Bicolano delicacy.
In the Philippines , Libas (Spondias pinnata) is a very useful plant in the community.
It
s wood is employed for packing cases, tea chests and match splints.
The fruits are eaten as a vegetable when green and as a fruit when ripe. Fruits are very
nutritious and rich in vitamin A, minerals and iron content.
The bark is useful in dysentery and diarrhea, and is also given to prevent vomiting.
The root is considered useful in regulating menstruation.
The plant is reported to have anti-tubercular properties.
The leaves are aromatic, acidic and astringent. They are used for flavoring.
15
The flowers are sour and used in curry as a flavoring and also eaten raw.
Through value addition of this wild edible fruit tree plant the local people make chutney,
jam and pickle. By production and marketing of these products, the local people may
increase their socio-economic status.
(Foreign)
16
17
subtilis, a Gram (+) bacteria. The extracts did not inhibit the growth of Gram (-) bacteria
and S. cerevisiae, a fungus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum
bactericidal concentration (MBC) were between 0.5 1.0 mg/ml for B.subtilis with
extracts obtained in petroleum ether. The thermal stability tests showed that the
antimicrobial activity found in the extracts was heat stable. In the phytochemical tests,
phytosterols and flavonoids gave positive results; carbohydrates and fixed oil also may
be present. Saponins, tannins and proteins appeared to be absent. Bioautography
experiments revealed the presence, in resin extracts, of one major component and four
minor components which inhibited the growth of Gram (+) bacteria.
Spondias pinnata (Anacardiaceae) stem heart wood are well known in India as
Jangliaam (Hindi), Adavimaamidi, Kondamaamidi (Telugu), Common hog plum, Indian
mombin (English) of ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts was prepared and tested for
its hepatoprotective effect against carbon tetrachloride induced in rats. Alteration in the
levels of biochemical markers of hepatic damage like SGPT, SGOT, ALP, bilirubin were
tested in both treated and untreated groups. Carbon tetrachloride has enhanced the
SGPT, SGOT, ALP and bilirubin levels. Treatment with ethyl acetate extract of S. pinnata
stem heart wood (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) has brought back the altered levels of
biochemical markers to the near normal levels in the dose dependent manner.
This was evident from significant reduction in serum enzyme, SGOT, SGPT, ALP and
Total bilirubin (TB).Various pathological changes like centribular necrosis and
vacuolization were observed in CCl4 treated rats, which were significant protective
activity
19
in groups treated with SP and silymarin. It was concluded from the study that ethyl
acetate and methanolic extracts of SP possess hepatoprotective activity against CCl4
induced hepatotoxicity in rats.
20
Chapter III
21
Research Design
The researcher made use an experimental quantitative research utilizing
descriptive correlation techniques and use a standard format, with a few minor
interdisciplinary differences of generating a hypothesis to be proved or disproved. This
hypothesis must be provable by mathematical and statistical means, and is basis
around which the whole experiment is designed.
Quantitative experiments are useful for testing the results gained by a series of
qualitative experiments, leading to a final answer, and a tightening down of possible
directions for follow up research to take. This design was appropriate in this
investigatory project.
22
Numerical Legend
5
Fair
Poor
Descriptive Legend
Outstanding
Very Good
Good
Effectiveness
Respondents
1.Rona Bestudio
2. Crystal Vistal
3. Marie Bestudio
4. Jeann Campuso
5. Phet Leonel
6. EJ Tundaan
7. Shelby Terio
8. Marites Buhian
9. Marites Buhian
10. Ruben Ecleo
11. Kristine Salmo
12. Daryll Pesa
13. Anna Eviota
14. Flor Fuentes
15. Joy Alejandro
16. Dayan Juntilla
17. Miggy Dot
18. Mika Banes
19. Dave Ybanez
20. Jaryll Tbalan
21. Jessa Monda
22. Mayate Henso
Herbal
Comm
Safeness
Cost
Herbal
Commer
Herbal
Comm2e
4
5
3
2
5
5
ercial
3
5
4
4
2
2
5
2
4
5
5
5
cial
5
5
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
rcial
3
2
2
2
2
2
5
5
4
4
5
5
5
5
2
2
3
4
2
5
5
3
2
2
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
1
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
2
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
3
3
3
3
3
4
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
5
5
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
3
3
23
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
2
2
2
2
3
5
4
3
4
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Item :
Effectiveness
Safeness
Cost
Herbal
4.13
4.47
4.37
Commercial
2.03
4.45
2.5
24
Sampling Techniques
The process of conducting this study is known sampling (Labiondo-Wood &
Haber). A portion of libas leaves weigh 500 g is mixed with 1000 ml of water. Libas
leaves was gathered by the researcher. Now , it is being boiled so that the raw material
can be eaten. The data would have made possible to accomplish within the time
constraints which is available for conducting this research.
25
Collecting Materials
26
Observing cleanliness of the raw material is a must. The researcher makes sure
that there were no nasty stuff in the raw material for the safety in performing the
expirement.
27
Statistical Treatment
We used Karl Pearsons formula in order to find the Mean Value, we must find
the middle value of each Age Range. Karl Pearsons formula is n/e. N stands for the
total rates while e stands for number of respondents. The data collected were tabulated
and analyzed. Analyses of data were guided by mean. This will produce the average
value of them.
28
Chapter IV
Analysis & Interpretation
29
Analysis
Table 1.
The name of the ingredients and amount used to conduct this study.
500
1000
Grams
Ml
Libas leaves
Water
30
Table 2
The equipment and their function uses in conducting the study.
Non- reactive pot
knife
plate
small basin
Graph presentation
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
Herbal laxative
Commercial laxative
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Safeness
Effectiveness
Cost
\
The graph shows that the herbal laxative is more effective and more affordable than
the commercial ones but still both are having good performance during the application
to the respondents.
31
Chapter V
Summary, Conclusion
& Interpretation
Conclusion
32
Arriving at the results and outputs , the researcher conclude after the hard
investigation produce on how to prove that libas leaves can perform antibacterial
activity as herbal laxative. The researcher found out that the present product can
truly, effectively, and so affordable that can be a herbal laxative in performing
antibacterial activity and since the raw material is in our sorroundings.
33
Chapter VI
Bibliographies
34
Adewuyi, A., Prasad, B. N. R., Rao, S. K. B. V., & Oderinde, A. R. (2010). Oil
composition,mineral nutrient and fatty acid distribution in the lipid classes of
underutilized oils of Trilepisium madagascariense and Antiaris africana from Nigeria.
Food Research International, 43(3), 665.670.
Almela, L., Sanchez-Munoz, B., Fernandez-Lopez, J. A., Roca, M., & Rabe, V.
(2006). Liquid chromatograpic.mass spectrometric analysis of phenolics and free
radical scavenging activity of rosemary extract from different raw material. Journal of
Chromatography A, 1120, 221.229.
35
Ames, B. N., Shigenaga, M. K., & Hagen, T. M. (1993). Oxidants, antioxidants and
the degenerative diseases of aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences, 90 (8), 7915.7922.
Bravo, L., Goya, L., & Lecumberri, E. (2007). LC/MS characterization of phenolic
constituents of mate (Ilex paraguariensis, St. Hil.) and its antioxidant activity
compared to commonly consumed beverages. Food Research International, 40(3),
393.405.
Antioxidant activity of extracts from Acacia confusa bark and heartwood. Journal of
Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49, 3420.3424.
Choi, H. S. (2003). Character impact odorants of Citrus Hallabong [(C. unshiu
Marcov~C. sinensis Osbeck)~C. reticulata Blanco] cold-pressed peel oil. Journal
of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51, 2687.2692.
2086 G. Satpathy et al. / Food Research International 44 (2011) 2076.2087
36
Souci, S. W., Fachmann, W., & Kraut, H. (1986). Food composition and nutrition
tables 1986/87. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschafi mbH. Germany: Stuttgart.
Stratil, P., Klejdus, B., & Kuban, V. (2006). Determination of total content of Phenolic
compounds and their antioxidant activity in vegetables . Evaluation of
spectrophotometric methods. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(3),
607.616.
Suvimol, C., & Pranee, A. (2008). Bioactive compounds and volatile compounds of
Thai bael fruit (Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa) as a valuable source for functional food
ingredients. International Food Research Journal, 15(3). Tandon, S., & Rastogi, R. P.
(1976). Studies on the chemical constituents of Spondias pinnata. Planta Medica,
29, 190.192.
Tyagi, Y. K., Kumar, A., Raj, H. G., Vohra, P., & Gupta, R. K. (2005). Synthesis and
comparative antioxidant evaluation of novel 4-methyl coumarins. European Journal
of Medicinal Chemistry, 40, 413.420.
Vagi, E., Simandi, B.A., & Hethelyi, E. (2005). Essential oil composition and
antimicrobial activity of Origanum majorana L. extracts obtained with ethyl alcohol
and supercritical carbon dioxide. Food Research International, 38(1), 51.57.
Van-Burden, T. P., & Robinson,W. C. (1981). Formation of complexes between
proteins and tannin acid. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 1, 77.180
Curicculum Vitae
37
HAZEL C. TRABAJO
Brgy. Penaplata , Samal District
Island Garden City of Samal
trabajo.hazel@yahoo.com
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Secondary Education :
38
JENNIFER A. EMBERADOR
Adviser
39