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1979
New correlations have been developed to estimate the steady-state free-fall conditions of isolated,
nonspherical, isometric particles moving in Newtonian fluids. The proposed relationships cover the
Stokes, the Newton, and the transitional flow regions. Their explicit forms enable the direct
computation of the particle size corresponding to a chosen terminal velocity and the straightforward
calculation of the terminal velocity of a given nonspherical particle. The terminal velocities of
crushed particles of limestone and lime have been measured and compared to the values predicted
by the proposed formulas.
Introduction
Reliable correlations for estimating the terminal freefall velocity of particles moving through different fluids
are of great interest because of practical needs. Such
relationships are at the basis of the design and operation
of chemical process equipment such as fluidized bed
reactors, particle separators, classifiers, and crystallizers
(e.g., Yates, 1983).
The balance of forces acting on a particle which is falling
freely through an infinite fluid of constant density and
viscosity in a gravitational force field leads in the case of
steady state to
C g e ; = (4/3)Ar
(la)
C, = CD(Ret,J/)
(1b)
(3a)
where
K = 0.843 10g,~($/0.065), Re, C 0.05, 0.67 < < 1 (3c)
Re, = CD(Re,,$)/Y
(5)
&2
One can note that the particle size does not occur on the
right-hand side of eq 6. Similarly as in the case of Ut (eqs
l a and lb), the estimation of the particle size corresponding
to a given terminal velocity and physical properties of a
system also requires an iterative ("single cycled") solution
of eqs l b and 5.
This article is a sequel to recent studies of ours on the
predictive relationships for steady-state free fall of particles
in a Newtonian fluid. The primary objectiveof this project
was to propose an explicit formula that would make it
possible to estimate the size of a nonspherical particle
directly from its terminal velocity under different conditions of operation.
The work was divided into three parts: (1)To measure
the terminal velocities of nonspherical limestone and lime
particles. (2) To develop an explicit relationship Ret =
Ret( Y,$) by treatment of the voluminous experimental
data on free-settling rates of nonspherical isometric
particles amassed by Pettyjohn and Christiansen (1948).
(ap
(ap
- 1.75(1-
c)pfU2
e3d,
(ap
U
- 150(1- E ) ~ / +- 0 (7a)
~~
~~~
(9)
where
log R e t ( Y , l ) = 0.77481 - 0.56032 log Y +
0.024246(10g
(10)
n2
v3
for 0.01 < Ret < 16 OOO and 0.67 < $ < 1 and with s =
0.0470. One should note that eq 10 holds for spheres ($
= 1).
An effort was also made to derive a simpler formula
than eq 9. An entirely different approach, similar to that
of Churchill and Usagi (1972), was applied. This method
employs the limiting solutions for large and small values
of the independent variable. The use of a simple equation
originated from its canonical form is proposed for interpolation between the asymptotic solutions
Re,(Y) = m [ 1 + 7.38Y"995]1.266,$ = 1
(13)
Y
Comparison with the Measured Data for the
Particles of Limestone, Particles of Lime, and
Glass Spheres
The proposed eqs 9 and 12 were subjected to testing
with the use of the experimental data measured for the
particles of limestone and lime, The measured terminal
velocities as well as related quantities are presented in
Table 1. Figures 1 and 2 illustrate reasonably good
agreement between the predicted Reynolds numbers at
the terminal velocity and the values measured at room
temperature. The proposed correlation 9 fib the experimental data points for limestone and lime with an accuracy
of 3-22 5%. As also can be seen in Figures 1 and 2, the
predictions of eqs 9 and 12 that are represented by the
curves 1 and 2, respectively, are not far apart. The
differences do not exceed about 105% , Considerably lower
Figure
Conclusions
4
1 1Y'"
Acknowledgment
This work was supported in part by the Grant Agency
of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic under
Grant No. 472113.
Nomenclature
Ar = Archimedes number = dp3gpt(pll- pf)/pf2
CD = drag coefficient of a particle
dp = particle size, m
Literature Cited
Becker, H. A. The Effects of Shape and Reynolds Number on Drag
in the Motion of a Freely Oriented Body in an Infinite Fluid. Can.
J. Chem. Eng. 1969,37,85.
Broadhurst, T. E.; Becker, H. A. Onset of Fluidization and Slugging
in Beds of Uniform Particles. AIChE J. 1975,21, 238.
Clark, N. N.; Gabriele, P.; Shuker, S. Drag Coefficient of Irregular
Particles in Newtons Settling Regime. Powder Technol. 1989,
59, 69.
Appendix
In this appendix, we provide other correlations based
on the data of Pettyjohn and Christiansen (1948) for the
steady-state free fall of isometric, nonspherical particles
in Newtonian fluids. The Reynolds number a t the terminal
velocity can be directly estimated as a function of the
Archimedes number and the sphericity from
log Re,(Ar,$) = log Re,(Ar,l)
+ P(Ar,$)
(A-1)
where
log Re,(Ar,l) = -1.27380 + 1.04185 log Ar O.O60409(log ArI2 + O.O020226(log ArI3 (A-2)
for 0.01 < Ret < 16 OOO and 0.67 < $ < 1 and with s =
0.0331. As can easily be seen, the right-hand sides of eqs
A-2 and A-3do not contain the terminal velocity. Equation
A-1 enables, therefore, the direct computation of the
terminal velocity of a given particle under different
conditions of operation. Thus, eqs 9 and A-1 are complementary to one another and cover the problems which
occur very frequently in engineering practice.
An equation for the drag coefficient of nonspherical
particles was also developed as a function of Ret and $:
where
24
CD(Ret,l)= ~ (+ 0.173
1
t
0.413
1 16300Re:.0e
(A-5)