Date: -27th feb 2016

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At every step, an engineer has to encounter earth and
earth, as a material or as construction site. So it proves
the importance of geology to civil engineering
professionals. He or she must go through the inner core
of engineering geology for his/her perfection and for
professionalism.
The trip was really fruitful to us and certainly we got a
lot of knowledge about the rocks and its structures.
Thank you kamal sir and sir for sharing a part of his
brain and to help us in field and giving complete
suggestions. We also express our deep sense of
gratitude to lab ko sir ko naam for guidance during field
visit. Also thanks for driver dai ko naam for taking us
safely to the spot. At last, we would like to thank all our
friends of other groups who cooperate kindly in team
work ...All of you did a wonderful job
to lay out these pages.
At last, we would like to express our gratitude to our
college, Kathmandu Engineering College. We are proud
to be students of Kathmandu engineering college
Bibek Silwal (071bce031)
Bikalpa Subedi(071bce032)
Bikesh Karmacharya(071bce033)
Bikram Dhungana(071bce034)
Bipin G.C.(071bce035)

TABLE OF CONTENT
01.Introduction
.
Introduction
Objective of the study
Location of study area
02. Study of mass movement and study of preventive and
corrective measures
Mass movement
Causes
Classification
Prevention and corrective measures
Description of each location
Sketches and photographs
03. Measurements of
rock

attitude

of

planar

features

of

Types of geological compass

Handling of geological compass
Rock outcrops
Exposures
Planar features and Attitude of planar features
Observed data in the field
Sketches and photographs
04. Identification
of
rocks
field
Rock and its classification

in

the

 Rock and its identification

Types of rock identified in the field
Description of each location
Engineering significance of the rock
Sketches and photographS
05. Geology
of
area

study

Regional geological framework

Geological formation
Rock types in the formation
06. Study
of
geological
field

structures

in

the

Geological structures
Types of geological structures
Geological structures observed in the field
Civil engineering significance of the geological
structures
Sketches and photographs
07. Study
of
river
morphology

channel

River morphology
Types of river morphology
Features developed by river channel
Civil engineering significance of river channel
Sketches,
location

photographs,

description

of

the

08. Engineering
geological
outcrop

studies

of

the

rocky

Define engineering geological data

Parameters of engineering geological data
Engineering geological data observed in the field
Civil engineering significance of the geological
data
09. Rock
mass
What is the rock mass
Classification of the rock mass
Sketches and photographs
10.Conclusions
References

1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
What lies on the earth and inside it?
The curiosity gave birth the geology; the science of
earth. It is an applied science, which deals with hills
and mountains, valleys and Georges, and along lonely
forests and rugged terrain. In geological fieldwork
examination of the outcrops of rock, bodies upon the
earth surface are carefully studied in details and
reasonable inference on the geological structure and
history of the region are drawn. With good approach to
the geology and reasonable common sense of logical
interpretation, one can form a neat picture of the
geology of the region.

The two days tour from we were taken to Malekhu for

geological study. First day, we were taught to handle
the geologist compass to measure dip and strike and
we got ideas about river morphology, identification of
rock and different geological units of lesser Himalaya
and Kathmandu nappy. However the two days trip was
not sufficient to fulfill the thirst of us.

1.2 Objectives of the Study

To measure strike of bedding plane
To measure the dip direction and dip amount
of the bedding planes and joints
To identify the rock type and its property.
To be clear enough about joints, faults and
folds.
1.3 Location of study area
Malekhu lies on lesser Himalayan unit of Nepal. It
has peculiar geological features within a small range of
area. The Malekhu V.D.C. of Dhading district lies about
70 Kms south west of Kathmandu valley and is located
at latitude of 27o 50' 38'' to 27o 45' 50'' and longitude
of 24o49'5'' to 84o50' 50. It is situated on the bank of
Trishuli and Malekhu river. The Trishuli river is running
from the eastern direction to the western diredtion and
the Malekhu river from south to north which mingles
into the Trishuli river. Also, the Malekhu river has a
tributary namely the Apakhola which meets the
Malekhu river at a distance about 3 kms from the
Malekhu bazzar. Climatically Malekhu is a sub-tropical
zone. Mainly the rainfall is during the monsoon.

3. Measurement of Attitude of Planner Features

Of Rock
3.1 Types of compass are as follows:
1. Clinometers compass:
The compass, which can measure bearing and
orientation with two sets. Since it doesnt consist the
sprit level, it should leveled by approximation and may
not be accurate.
2. Burnton compass:
It consists of sprit level and can measure bearing
and inclination with relatively less error.
3. Clar compass:
It can read both inclination and bearing at once.
Relatively easier to handle.
4. Digital compass:
Displays digits as reading. Easy to handle.
5. Digital PC compass:
The compass directly connected to the computer.
Do not need to booking.
3.2 Handling of geological compass:
A geological compass is used to measure the
attitudes of the geological features. The compass was
mainly used for measuring the bearing of object with
respect to north and to measure inclination .The main
operation of geological compass consists of opening
the compass carefully, leveling the spirit level and
placing the compass on the planer feature for
measurement.

3.3 Rock outcrops:

Outcrop is a geological term referring to the
appearance of bedrock or superficial
deposits exposed at the surface of the Earth. In most
places the bedrock or superficial deposits are covered
by a mantle of soil and vegetation and cannot be seen
or examined closely. However in places where the
overlying cover is removed through erosion, the rock
may be exposed, or crop out. Such exposure will
happen most frequently in areas whereerosion is rapid
and exceeds theweathering rate such as on steep
hillsides, river banks, or tectonically active areas.
Bedrock and superficial deposits may also be exposed
at the earth's surface due to human excavations such
as quarrying and building of transport routes.
Outcrops allow direct observation and sampling of the
bedrock in situ for geologic analysis and
creating geologic maps. In situ measurements are
critical for proper analysis of geological historyand
outcrops are therefore extremely important for
understanding earth history. Some of the types of
information that can only be obtained from bedrock
outcrops, or through precise drilling and coring
operations, are; structural geologyfeatures
orientations (e.g. bedding planes, fold axes, foliation),
depositional features orientations (e.g. paleo-current
directions,
grading, facies changes),paleomagnetic orientations.
Outcrops are also critically important for understanding
fossil assemblages, paleo-environment, and evolution
as they provide a record of relative changes within
geologic strata.
3.4 Measurements of attitude of planar features
of rocks in the field

Location No- L1:

About 100m far from the old (broken) bridge along
Prithvi Highway.
S.N. Dip Direction Dip Amount Attitude
(degree)
(degree)

Plane

Remarks

Observed By Bishnu Prasad Devkota

1

263

60

60/263

J.P

117

68

68/117

B.P

348

85

85/348

J.P

087

42

42/087

J.P

080

14

14/080

J.P

085

13

13/085

B.P

265

56

56/265

B.P

079

32

32/079

J.P

175

82

82/175

B.P

10

356

19

19/356

J.P

Observed By Hari Prasad Poudel

1

090

36

36/090

J.P

265

50

50/265

J.P

180

86

86/180

B.P

245

65

65/245

J.P

J.P=Joint
Plane
B.P=Bedding
Plane

220

73

73/220

J.P

082

53

53/082

J.P

165

88

88/165

B.P

080

58

58/080

J.P

252

54

54/252

J.P

10

082

27

27/082

J.P

Observed By Kosha Raj Rimal

1

271

51

51/271

J.P

082

14

14/082

J.P

162

53

53/162

B.P

172

56

56/172

B.P

088

26

26/088

J.P

344

74

74/344

B.P

263

20

20/263

J.P

171

86

86/171

B.P

164

84

84/164

B.P

10

281

53

53/281

J.P

Observed By Lalan Yadav

1

345

6/345

B.P

170

12

12/170

J.P

J.P=Joint
Plane
B.P=Bedding
Plane

175

5/175

B.P

084

12

12/084

J.P

164

5/164

B.P

265

70

70/265

J.P

276

60

60/276

J.P

068

36

36/068

J.P

255

32

32/255

B.P

10

256

69

69/256

J.P

Observed By Manishman Shakya

1

280

58

58/280

J.P

295

65

65/295

J.P

350

75

75/350

B.P

180

87

87/180

B.P

172

80

80/172

B.P

280

55

55/280

J.P

265

30

30/265

J.P

255

62

62/255

J.P

163

84

84/163

B.P

10

095

10

10/095

J.P

4. IDENTIFICATION OF ROCKS INT THE FIELD:

4.1 Rock mass
In geology, rock is a naturally occurring aggregate
of minerals and/ormineraloids. The
Earth's lithosphere is made of rock. In general rocks
are of three types, namely, igneous,sedimentary,
and metamorphic.Petrology is the scientific study of
rocks.
4.2 Classification of rocks
1. Sedimentary rocks:
The sedimentary rocks, as the name indicates, are
those rocks which are derived from the consolidation of
sediments of the preexisting rocks (igneous,
sedimentary or metamorphic) under the influence of
mechanical, chemical or organic activities of the
denuding agents (i.e. wind, running water, glacier etc.)
The products of wear and tear of the rocks due to
natural agencies like blowing wind, running water,
percolating underground water etc when subjected,
under favorable conditions to sedimentation and
subsequent compaction results in the formation of rock
masses due to pressure and temperature conditions
which are known as the sedimentary rocks. Well known
examples are sandstone, lime stone, shale etc.
2 Metamorphic rocks:
The rocks formed from the pre-existing rocks (igneous,
sedimentary or metamorphic) by the processes of
metamorphism (Greek, Meta=Change, morphe=form).

It is a process by which existing rocks are modified

under the influence of heat pressure or both
The ultimate product of metamorphism of already
existing igneous, sedimentary or even metamorphic
rocks incorporating temperature, pressure, stress,
chemically active substances are called metamorphic
rocks, e.g. Slate, Marble, Schist, Gneiss, Phyllite.
3 Igneous rocks
Primary or first formed rocks are called igneous (Latin,
Ignis=Fire) rocks. It has been observed in deep wells,
borings, mines, etc. that the temperature increases
with the depth, generally there is an increase of 1o C for
every 40m. depth.
The consolidation of magma results in the formation of
igneous rocks e.g. of igneous rocks are granite, rhyolite.
The magma remains in the molten state; so long its
physical and chemical environments remain
unchanged. But whenever some changes (pressure,
temperature etc) takes place; the magma no longer
remains in molten state, but is changed into solid state
called rock. Those rocks, which are formed directly by
the solidification of magma on the earth's surface or
below it, are called igneous rock.
4.3 Identification of rock in the field
Location no.L2
About 400m from the hanging bridge over the Trishuli
River along Thopal Khola. Hanging bridge is about
100m from the Prithvi highway towards north and along
the way of Thopal Khola. The study of River Channel
Morphology had done in this location which is described
later.
Location no.L3

About 200m from the hanging bridge over the Trishuli

River along Thopal khola i.e. in between location L2 and
the hanging bridge. Following things we observed in
this location
1. Slate Rock
2. Unconformity
3. Limestone Rock
Slate Rock:
Description:
S.N.

Physical Properties

Sample number

01

Color

Grayish

Texture

Non crystalline

Structures

Foliation plane/slaty cleavage

Grain size

Fine

Sp. Gravity

Low to medium

Acid test

No reaction

Mineral comp.

Origin/rock type

Metamorphism

10

Engineering
properties

Low strength, slightly weathered,

slaty cleavage and soapy feel

11

Identification

Slate

12

Uses

Roofing, in electrical industry as

switch board, bases and various
turned or shaped parts due to its
insulating property

The attitude of this formation is,

Strike: E to W, N 33 E
Dip direction: 152
Dip amount: 86
Limestone Rock:
Description
S.N.

Physical Properties

Sample number

02

Color

White

Texture

Crystalline

Structures

Bedding plane

Grain size

Medium

Sp. Gravity

Medium to high

Acid test

Vigorously reacts with HCl

Mineral comp.

Calcite

Scratch test

Scratched by hammer

10

Origin/rock type

Sedimentary

11

Engineering

Porous, permeable

properties
12

Identification

Limestone

13

Uses

Raw material for cement and

sometimes in flooring

The attitude of this formation is ,

Strike: N 70E to S 40 W
Dip direction: 2
Dip amount: 83
Location no.L4
Typical fold had observed in this location and is
described later.
Location no.L5
Typical fold had observed in this location and is
described later.
Location no.L6: Amphibolite
Amphibolite was found at this location.
Description
S.N.

Physical Properties

Sample number

03

Color

Dark green

Texture

Crystalline

Structures/cleavage Foliation plane/slaty

Grain size

Fine to medium

Sp. Gravity

High

Acid test

No reaction

Mineral comp.

Horn blend

Origin/rock type

Metamorphism

10

Engineering
properties

High strength

11

Identification

Amphibolite

12

Uses

Can be used as aggregates,

dimension stone and other
constructional applications

Magma intrusion into the robang phyllite.

Hard, gave metallic sound when hammered.
Massive rock, couldnt found any exact
orientation.
Location no.L7
phyllite was found at this location.
Description:
S.N.

Physical Properties

Sample number

04

Color

Silver white

Texture

Crystalline

Structures/cleavage

Foliation plane/slaty

Grain size

Medium to coarse

Sp. Gravity

Low to medium

Acid test

No reaction

Mineral comp.

Origin/rock type

Metamorphic

10

Engineering
properties

Low strength

11

Identification

Phyllite

12

Uses

The attitude of this formation is

Strike: N 55E to S 55 W
Dip direction: S 35 E
Dip amount: 50
Location no.L8
Description
S.N.

Physical Properties

Sample number

05

Color

Dirty white

Texture

Crystaline

Structures/cleavage

Folliation plane/slaty

Grain size

Medium

Sp. Gravity

Medium

Acid test

No reaction

Mineral comp.

Quartz

Origin/rock type

Metamorphic

10

Engineering
properties

High strength, durable

11

Identification

Quartzite

12

Uses

For making reeling in home

applications,building stone,
road metal, concrete aggregates

Location no.L9 Schist

Schist was found in this location.
Description
S.N.

Physical Properties

Sample number

06

Color

Silver white

Texture

Crystalline

Structures

Schistosity

Grain size

Fine to coarse

Sp. Gravity

Low to medium

Acid test

No reaction

Mineral comp.

Garnet, chlorite,
quartz,hornblend,talc

Origin/rock type

Metamorphic

10

Engineering
properties

Low strength, incompetent, harmful

and undesirable rock

11

Identification

Schist

12

Uses

Rock foundation, building stone,

aggregate for concrete, road material

Found right bank of malekhu about 3.5km south from

Malekhu Bridge.
The attitude of this formation is
Strike: N 75E to S 75 W
Dip direction: S 15 E
Dip amount: 75
Location no.L10: Marble
Marble was found in this location.
Description
S.N.

Physical Properties

Sample number

07

Color

White

Texture

Crystalline

Structures

Foliation plane

Grain size

Coarse

Sp. Gravity

Medium

Acid test

Vigorous

Mineral comp.

Calcite

Scratch test

Scratched by hammer

10

Origin/rock type

Metamorphic

11

Engineering
properties

High strength, less porous, has rust

due to iron of pyrite

12

Identification

Marble

13

Uses

As face works like flooring, wall

panels, statue making, tabletops and
other decorative works

Location no.L11: Granite

The boulder of granite was found in this location near
location L1.
Description
S.N.

Physical Properties

Sample number

08

Color

White

Texture

Crystalline

Structures

Foliation plane

Grain size

Coarse

Sp. Gravity

Medium

Acid test

Vigorous

Mineral comp.

Most important is calcite and the

others are olivine, garnet, graphite

Scratch test

Scratched by hammer

10

Origin/rock type

Metamorphic

11

Engineering
properties

High strength

12

Identification

Granite

13

Uses

As aggregates, foundations in the

construction and as slab

Location no.L12: Gneiss

Gneiss was found at this location just near the
location1.
Description
S.N.

Physical Properties

Sample number

09

Color

White

Texture

Crystalline

Structures

Preferred orientation, gneisocity

Grain size

Coarse

Sp. Gravity

High

Acid test

No reaction

Mineral comp.

Quartz, plagioclase, biotite,

muscovite

Origin/rock type

Metamorphic

10

Engineering
properties

High strength, durable, non-porous,

impermeable

11

Identification

Gneiss

12

Uses

as flooring mill and for building

stone or material

Further:
Bands of light and dark color minerals.
Gneissocity is very high.
Have weak planes.
High shear strength.
Perfect foliation plane.
Thus all three types of rock we had found at our field
area. Mostly there were metamorphic rock and then
sedimentary and lastly igneous. For civil engineers,
only identification of rock is not sufficient. He or she
should have an idea about theengineering significance
of specific rock type. We all had learnt on this basis and
partially we got it too.

5.0 GEOLOGY OF STUDY AREA

5.1 Location of study area
Malekhu lies on lesser Himalayan unit of Nepal. It
has peculiar geological features within a small range of
area. The Malekhu V.D.C. of Dhading district lies about
70 Kms south west of Kathmandu valley and is located
at latitude of 27o 50' 38'' to 27o 45' 50'' and longitude
of 24o49'5'' to 84o50' 50. It is situated on the bank of
Trishuli and Malekhu river. The Trishuli river is running
from the eastern direction to the western direction and
the Malekhu river from south to north which mingles
into the Trishuli river. Also, the Malekhu river has a
tributary namely the Apakhola which meets the
Malekhu river at a distance about 3 kms from the
Malekhu bazzar. Climatically Malekhu is a sub-tropical
zone. Mainly the rainfall is during the monsoon.
6.0 RECOGNITION OF GEOLOGICAL UNITS:
Nepal lies at active tectonic region. Indian plate has
been penetrating the Asian plate continuously. Due to
this several thrusts were formed and forming till
today .the Himalayas also formed due to tectonic
activity.
There are mainly following thrusts.
1) Main central thrust
2) Main boundary thrust
3) Main frontal thrust
The Mahabharat range lies between MFTand MBT.
Similarly, siwalik range lies below MFT. Our Study area
lies between Kathmandu complex and nuwakot
complex, both is the member of Mahabharat
synclonyrium.

The study area starts from benighat slate, Maluku

limestone, robang formation (robang phyllite with
dunga quartzite) to raduwa formation ( garnetiferous
shist). This is the boundary between nawakot and
Kathmandu complex and known as Mahabharat thrust.
Then we had found the formation named bhainsedovan
marble.
6.1 Geological structures
Geological structure is the study of the permanent
deformation and rock failure created by the changes in
stress through geologic time. It is by far the most
important aspect of geology for the engineer to
understand. Tectonic processes are responsible for the
many discontinuity planes (fractures, faults, joints) that
permeate rock masses controlling their strength, stressstrain characteristics and the transmission and storage
of fluids.
6.2 Phenomenon of geological structures
Phenomenon of structures
subdivided into two groups:

may

be

conveniently

Brittle structures - recording the brittle-elastic

failure of rocks in the past. Faults and joints fall in
this broad category.
Ductile structures - preserving the permanent
viscoplastic deformation of rock throughout
geologic time. Folds and metamorphic foliations
are the expression of this type of structure.
6.3 Major geological structures:
During the course of trip to Malekhu area, we came
across varieties of structure like joints, folds, fault, etc.
1. Joints

It is a fracture, which is relatively planer along which

there has been little or no obvious displacement
parallel to the plane. The joints were formed almost
parallel, which are called a set of joints.
Almost at all location, we found the joints on the
outcrop of the rock mass. It can be easily predict. And
have great significance in engineering geology.
2. Folds
Folds are ductile deformation on the structure. They are
the strata permanently deformed either by buckling or
fracturing, if subjected to stress in a rock mass, and
they cannot resist. Type of deformation depends upon
mechanical properties of rocks and the nature of stress
when applied slowly deep on the earth.
3. Fault
Fault is a rupture plane along which the opposite walls
are moved each other. This movement may vary from a
few cm to many km depending upon the magnitude
and nature of the stress and the resistance offered by
the rocks. The faults are also caused due to earthquake
but it is still a complicated geological problem, which
awaits satisfactory solution. Whether the earthquakes
are caused due to faulting or faults are caused due to
earthquake. The fault is occurred due to the plate
movements, which creates the shear stress. The
metamorphic form of gauge and breccia is called
mylonite.
4. Unconformity:
An unconformity is a buried erosionsurface separating
two rock masses orstrata of different ages, indicating
thatsediment deposition was not continuous. In
general, the older layer was exposed to erosion for an

interval of time before deposition of the younger, but

the term is used to describe any break in
thesedimentary geologic record
Disconformity
An unconformity between
parallel layersof sedimentary rocks which represents
a period of erosion or non-deposition. A paraconformity
is a type of disconformity in which the separation is a
simple bedding plane; i.e., there is no obvious buried
erosional surface.(AGI, 366) A blended unconformity is
a type of disconformity or nonconformity with no
distinct separation plane or contact, sometimes
consisting of soils, paleosols, or beds of pebbles derived
from the underlying rock.
Nonconformity
A nonconformity exists between sedimentary rocks
and metamorphic origneous rocks when the
sedimentary rock lies above and was deposited on the
pre-existing and eroded metamorphic or igneous rock.
Angular Unconformity
Angular unconformity at Vallis Vale.
An unconformity where horizontally parallel strata of
sedimentary rock are deposited on tilted and eroded
layers that may be either vertical or at an angle to the
overlying horizontal layers. The whole sequence may
later be deformed and tilted by
further orogenic activity.
Paraconformity
An unconformity where beds above and below are
parallel and no erosional surface is evident.
Paraconformity can only be recognized based on the

gap in the rock record when rocks of a particular age

are absent from the sequence of rocks.
6.4 What kind of geological structures, we found
at the area?
Location no- L4
A typical plunge fold was found at the left bank of
malekhu khola just about 200m far from new Malekhu
Bridge.
Description:
Brown colored rock with plunging fold.
Plastic and ductile deformation.
Asymmetric fold.
Affected by physical weathering.
Hard in hammering.
One should have an idea about the engineering
significance of folds.
Some of these are:
1. Repetition of beds may give a surprise to an
engineer.
2. Shattering in rocks causing permeability contrast and
loss in strength.
3. The crest and trough have reasonably low strength
than other part.
4. Folds are more sensitive in tunneling.
Location no- L5

At this location, we have found an example of fault. The

location lies about 300m from Malekhu Bridge. It
consists of fault breccia and fault gauge. Fault breccia is
the crushed and angular fragments .it was embedded
and cemented on the fault gauge. Gauge was
pulverized clay like powdered rock mineral. It was
occurred at the base of the faulted zone. it was formed
due to the strong rubbing action on the rocks during
the faulting process.
Engineering considerations of the fault:
The shear zone and fault zone serve as easy
pathways to water, which can cause leakage in
dam construction.
The faulted rock is very weak in strength and cant
be suitable for foundation.
Once the shear zones become reaching in water,
slippage is highly facilitated.
Location no- L9
The location where the garnet ferrous schist was found,
we also met the major thrust zone named as
mahabarat thrust. Thrusts are reverse faults and
commonly dominate the structure of collision mountain
belts. Some thrusts have moved a long way - many
mountain belts have thrusts that have moved many
tens of kilometers.
Once upon a time, the top of mt.everest lies at the
bottom of the Tethis Sea. It has been raised due to
thrust resulting by tectonic activities.
The picture below is of the area from where the
mahabharat thrust passes. It was identified by the

dipping of the boundary rock .it separates the nawakot

complex with Kathmandu nappe.
Besides these major geological structures, we also
found some deformation structures like:
Veins:
Joints filled my filler material. sometimes, the strength
of filler material is more than the parent material.
Lenses:
Same as veins, only difference in shape. It looked like
an optical lens.
Boudinage:
Variation in width of vein.
Tension gases:
Deformation structures due to shear stress in the mass.
6.5 Engineering significance of the geological
structures
The most striking features of rocks as engineering
materials is that they are not simple, isotropic, elastic
and continuous but very complex, strongly anisotropic,
inelastic discontinuous. It is virtually impossible to
deduce the stress history of rocks from their observed
deformation. There are always many ambiguous
deformation paths that could have been followed to
produce what is observed.
10.0 CONCLUSIONS:
At last we had concluded the malekhu and its
surrounding is the answer for geological curiosity.
Actually, the malekhu is small in area but it has large

amount or numbers of the geological phenomenon and

hence it can provide broad knowledge for the learners.
Along the Malekhu River, we found sedimentary rock
and gradually metamorphosed from phyllite to
crystalline schist and along the way to Dhading, it
gradually metamorphosed to lime stone to phyllite and
then to slate.
Every major bed was dipped in north direction. This
proved the tectonic movement along the way from
south to north.
Besides this, we have learnt different methods of
geological data collection measures and the way, how
rock mapping is done.
Handling the compass and to measure the attitude of
rock outcrop is now very easy to us.
By, the river channel morphology we knew that, how
the river flows, what are the factors affecting erosion
and deposition and how it occurs.
Really ...........beyond expectation! We do salute to our
respective teachers again!!

REFERENCES:
Data collected during the field visit
Sketches drawn and photo taken in the field
http://www.geocities.com/s_m_s_2002/geo
all.html
http://www.geocities.com/razesh55/geotour.ht
m
http://www.google.com.np/
http://www.geology.edu.np
Engineering Geology:
By Prakash Chandra Ghimire
Mahesh Singh Dhar

 A Text Book of Engineering Geology

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