Percheron

The Percheron is a breed of draft horse that originated in

the Huisne river valley in western France, part of the former Perche province from which the breed takes its name.
Usually gray or black in color, Percherons are well muscled, and known for their intelligence and willingness to
work. Although their exact origins are unknown, the ancestors of the breed were present in the valley by the 17th
century. They were originally bred for use as war horses.
Over time, they began to be used for pulling stage coaches
and later for agriculture and hauling heavy goods. In the
late 18th and early 19th centuries, Arabian blood was
added to the breed. Exports of Percherons from France to
the United States and other countries rose exponentially
in the late 19th century, and the rst purely Percheron
stud book was created in France in 1883.
A gray Percheron
Before World War I, thousands of Percherons were
shipped from France to the United States, but after the
war began, an embargo stopped shipping. The breed was
used extensively in Europe during the war, with some
horses being shipped from the US back to France to
help in the ghting. Beginning in 1918, Percherons began to be bred in Great Britain, and in 1918 the British
Percheron Horse Society was formed. After a series of
name and studbook ownership changes, the current US
Percheron registry was created in 1934. In the 1930s,
Percherons accounted for 70 percent of the draft horse
population in the United States, but their numbers declined substantially after World War II. However, the
population began to recover and as of 2009, around 2,500
horses were registered annually in the United States alone.
The breed is still used extensively for draft work, and in
France they are used for food. They have been crossed
with several light horse breeds to produce horses for range
work and competition. Purebred Percherons are used for
forestry work and pulling carriages, as well as work under saddle, including competition in English riding disciplines such as show jumping.

top weight is around 2,600 pounds (1,200 kg).[2] In Great

Britain, 16.2 hands (66 inches, 168 cm) is the shortest
acceptable height for stallions and 16.1 hands (65 inches,
165 cm) for mares, while weights range from around
2,000 to 2,200 pounds (910 to 1,000 kg) for stallions
and 1,800 to 2,000 pounds (820 to 910 kg) for mares.[3]
They are generally gray or black in coloring, although the
American registry also allows the registration of roan, bay
and chestnut horses.[2] Only gray or black horses may be
registered in France[1] and Britain.[3] Many horses have
white markings on their heads and legs, but registries consider excessive white to be undesirable.
The head has a straight prole, broad forehead, large eyes
and small ears. The chest is deep and wide and the croup
long and level. The feet and legs are clean and heavily
muscled. The overall impression of the Percheron is one
of power and ruggedness. Enthusiasts describe the temperament as proud and alert, and members of the breed
are considered intelligent, willing workers with good dispositions. They are considered easy keepers and adapt
well to many conditions and climates.[2] In the 19th century, they were known to travel up to 60 kilometres (37
mi) a day at a trot.[4] Horses in the French registry are
branded on the neck with the intertwined letters SP,
the initials of the Socit Hippique Percheronne.[5]

Characteristics

The ideal size for the Percheron varies between countries.

In France, height ranges from 15.1 to 18.1 hands (61 to
73 inches, 155 to 185 cm) and weight from 1,100 to 2,600
pounds (500 to 1,200 kg).[1] Percherons in the United 2 History
States generally stand between 16.2 and 17.3 hands (66
and 71 inches, 168 and 180 cm), with a range of 15 and The Percheron breed originated in the Huisne river val19 hands (60 and 76 inches, 152 and 193 cm). Ameri- ley in France,[6] which arises in Orne, part of the forcan Percherons average 1,900 pounds (860 kg), and their mer Perche province, from which the breed gets its name.
1

HISTORY

cm) high, and more agile.[10] These horses were almost

uniformly gray; paintings and drawings from the Middle
Ages generally show French knights on mounts of this
color. After the days of the armored knight, the emphasis in horse breeding was shifted so as to develop
horses better able to pull heavy stage coaches at a fast
trot. Gray horses were preferred because their light coloring was more visible at night. This new type of horse was
called the Diligence Horse, because the stage coaches
they pulled were named diligences. After the stage
coach was replaced by rail, the modern Percheron type
arose as a slightly heavier horse for use in agriculture and
heavy hauling work moving goods from docks to railway
terminals.[11]

2.1 19th century

A black Percheron

Several theories have been put forth as to the ancestry

of the breed, though its exact origins are unknown. One
source of foundation bloodstock may have been mares
captured by Clovis I from the Bretons some time after
496 AD, and another may have been Arabian stallions
brought to the area by Muslim invaders in the 8th century. Other possibilities are captured Moorish cavalry
horses from the Battle of Poitiers in 732 AD, some of
which were taken by warriors from Perche. A nal theory posits that the Percheron and the Boulonnais breed
are closely related, and that the Boulonnais inuenced the
Percheron when they were brought to Brittany as reinforcements for the legions of Caesar. It is known that during the 8th century, Arabian stallions were crossed with
mares native to the area, and more Oriental horse blood
was introduced by the Comte de Perche upon his return
from the Crusades and expeditions into territory claimed
by Spain. Blood from Spanish breeds was added when
the Comte de Rotrou imported horses from Castile.[7] No
matter the theory of origin, breed historians agree that the
terrain and climate of the Perche area had the greatest inuence on the development of the breed.[8] A possible
reference to the horse is made in the 13th-century romance Guillaume de Dole, in which the titular character
asks for the Count of Perches horse to be made ready,
possibly indicating the "'great horse,' which could accommodate an armored knight and was bred in the geographical setting of the poem.[9]

A mid-19th century painting by Rosa Bonheur, depicting a

French horse fair that includes Percherons

Arabian stallions were made available to Percheron

breeders for use in breeding army mounts, beginning in
1760 at the royal stud at Le Pin.[10][12] Between 1789 and
the early 1800s, the Percheron was in danger of becoming extinct as horse breeding was suppressed during the
French Revolution and its aftermath. Early histories of
the breed point to two gray Arabian stallions from Le
Pin, Godolphin and Gallipoly, as the blood that helped
to restart Percheron breeding. However, later research
found that Godolphin was a chestnut Arabian of ordinary
conformation and no special worth, while Gallipoly was
a gray saddle horse of unknown breeding. Modern breed
historians contest that there was enough breeding stock
left after the early 19th century to restart the breed without further Arabian inuence, and state that it is unlikely
that two horses of unremarkable breeding and conformation had a signicant inuence on the breed.[13] Jean le
Blanc, a founding stallion of the Percheron breed, was
foaled in 1823. Today, all Percherons trace their ancestry to this stallion.[10] At this time the breed also became larger, with horses from other French districts being imported to Perche to change the Percheron from a
coach horse averaging 1,200 to 1,400 pounds (540 to 640
kg) to a draft horse averaging 2,000 pounds (910 kg).[13]
In 1893, the rst Percheron stud book was created in
During the 17th century, horses from Perche, the ances- France.[7] By 1910, French registrations had risen to altors of the current Percheron, were smaller, standing be- most 32,000 horses. Between 1880 and 1920, Percheron
tween 15 and 16 hands (60 and 64 inches, 152 and 163 breeders in France exported horses all over the world,

2.2

20th and 21st centuries

including South Africa, South America, Australia and The rst Percherons imported to Britain included some
North America.[12]
of the thousands of crossbreds from the United States.
In Britain, many of the horses, once they nished their
bus-pulling career, were sold to farmers. Other imported
2.1.1 In the United States and Great Britain
horses were sold to the British Army, and in 1900, 325
horses were shipped to South Africa for use in the Boer
Percherons were rst imported into the United States in War.[15]
1839, although only one of the initial four horses survived the ocean trip. Soon after, two stallions and two
mares were imported; one mare died shortly after arrival 2.2 20th and 21st centuries
and one stallion went blind and was retired within a year.
Although the rst importations of Percherons were less In 1911, the French society restricted registration to
than successful, the remaining stallion, named Diligence, horses with both parents already registered with the
was credited with siring almost 400 foals. In 1851, three society.[19] In the early 20th century, the Percheron was
stallions were imported: Normandy 351, Louis Napoleon one of the four major draft horse breeds, along with the
281 and Gray Billy. Throughout their stud careers, each Belgian, the Clydesdale and the Shire. Breeders could sell
had signicant inuence on United States draft horse their horses for signicant amounts of money, especially
stock.[14] In the mid-19th century in the United States, in the United States and Canada, where breeding stock
Percheron stallions were crossed with homebred mares brought a premium price.[20]
to improve the local stock, resulting in thousands of
crossbred horses.[15] After the American Civil War in
the 1860s greatly reduced the number of horses, there
was a signicant need for large draft horses, especially in
growing cities and in the expanding West.[11] Large numbers of Percherons were imported to the United States
beginning in the early 1870s, and they became popular
with draft horse breeders and owners.[7] In the 1880s,
approximately 7,500 horses were exported to the United
States.[12] This extensive importation lasted until 1893,
when the US experienced a nancial panic, and virtually
no Percheron imports occurred between 1894 and 1898.
In addition, many existing horses were lost as people were
too poor to purchase or care for large draft horses. In
1898, importations began again as abruptly as they had
ceased, with an average of 700 horses a year imported between 1898 and 1905. In 1906 alone, over 13,000 horses
were imported to the United States from France.[11] In A 1904 drawing of a Percheron
the American traveling circuses of the late 19th century
and early 20th century, the Percheron was the most fre- Prior to World War I, a ourishing trade route for
quently seen draft horse. Drivers appreciated the breeds Percherons existed between Nogent-le-Rotrou, Le Havre
and the United States.[21] However, after the war began,
agility, stamina and quick-footed gait.[16]
an embargo was placed on French Percherons, disallowIn 1876, the Norman-Percheron Association was formed ing them from exportation. Other than an exception in
by a group of Percheron breeders in Chicago, Illinois, April 1916 to allow 59 horses to be shipped from France
and at the same time the stud book was begun. The to the US, this embargo remained in place until the end
Norman-Percheron Association was the United States of the war. The war took its toll on the Percheron breed
rst purebred livestock association. In 1877, the word as horses, fodder, and handlers were requisitioned for the
Norman was dropped from the name.[17] Later, in ghting, and even after the embargo was lifted France did
the panic of 1893, the Percheron Association went not have the quality or quantity of stock to fulll the needs
bankrupt and ceased to function.[11] In 1905, also in of American breeders. The embargo created a breeding
Chicago, Percheron breeders met again to reform as the boom in the US, replacing the previous practice of imPercheron Society of America. Since 1934, the group porting the majority of Percherons from France, and late
has been known as the Percheron Horse Association of in the war horses were shipped the other way from the
America.[17] At its height, the organization was the largest US to Europe to supply those needed in the war.[22]
draft horse association in the world, in the early 20th cen- The lack of feathering on the Percherons lower legs made
tury registering over 10,000 horses annually.[11][18]
them easier to care for in the mud that they often worked
In the late 19th century, Percherons also began to be ex- in during wartime. Their quick trot on paved roads made
ported from the United States to Great Britain, where them more versatile than motorized vehicles, and they
they were used to pull horse-drawn buses in large cities. were useful for work with guns and in forward units due

4
to their calm temperaments.[15]
Between 1918 and 1922, over 350 Percherons were imported to Britain from France and, combined with stock
from the US and Canada, were used as breeding stock
to establish the breed in the country.[23] In 1918, the
British Percheron Horse Society was formed. British
breeders and owners continue to import Percherons from
France, and also occasionally from Canada, when not prohibitively expensive.[15]
By the 1930s, Percherons accounted for over 70 percent
of the purebred draft horses in the United States, and all
of the major land grant universities maintained stables
of Percherons.[11] A 1930 census of horses found over
33,000 Percherons in the United States, with the next
most popular breed, the Belgian, having a population of
less than 10,000. One Percheron historian attributes this
popularity to the breeds strength, energy, activity, robustness and endurance.[24] After World War II, increasing mechanization prompted a decline in the Percheron
population.[10] In 1954, only 85 Percherons were registered in the US, a record low.[11] The 1950s, 1960s and
early 1970s were bad years for the US Percheron population, and breeding was reduced to only a few farms. These
breeders kept the American population alive through
these years, however, and the 1980s saw renewed interest
in the breed.[25]

HISTORY

lion Silver Shadows Sheik.[29] This stallion and others

were used to create a more elegant, smaller and sleeker
look in the French Percheron, while still retaining the
traditional bone and foot structure. All the imported
stallions were black, reviving the popularity of black
Percherons in France.[26] French breeders continue to
import American-bred Percheron stallions in order to
produce lighter foals, moving away from the heavier
meat-type horses of the late 20th century.[30] Also in
1993, the Socit Hippique Percheronne anticipated the
increasing tourist and exportation markets by prohibiting docking, which was not prohibited for other draft
breeds until 1996.[31] This was partly at the request of the
Germans,[32] and partly due to the inuence of magazines
such as Cheval.[33]
In 1988 there were 1,088 Percherons in the United
States, rising to 2,257 by 1998.[11] As of 2009, the
Percheron Horse Association of America had horses registered in all 50 states, and had nearly 3,000 members, with around 2,500 new horses being registered
annually.[18] The French Socit Hippique Percheronne
de France (Percheron Horse Society of France) registered between 750 and 885 horses in each year between
2007 and 2010.[34] As of 2012, the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy considers the Percheron to be
recovering,[35] meaning that the breed has exceeded the
numbers required to be in one of the watch categories,
but still needs to be monitored.[36]

2.3 Augeron
The Augeron, also known as Caen or Virois, was developed from the Percheron during the 19th century[37] and
was merged back into the Percheron in the 1960s. Bred
mainly in the Pays d'Auge region, it previously had its
own studbook, registered by the Socit hippique du trait
augeron.[38][39] The status of the subtype has been repeatedly debated because of its origin from Percherons bred
in Pays d'Auge, a breeding group that was modied from
the original breed standard due to the inuence of soil
and climate over the years, creating the Augeron type.[40]
A stallion led out for inspection at a French stud
Augerons are light gray in color, tall, strong, well-built,
and energetic.[37][41][42][43] They stand between 158170
In 1966, the French stud book was changed to in- cm (15.216.3 hands) in height, but those horses bred in
clude draft types from other areas of France that were Vire are known to be smaller than the standard.[37]
closely related to the Percheron including the horses
of Berrichon, Nivernais, Marne, Augeron, Bourbonnais, In the 19th century, the existence of the Augeron popdespite its popularity, generally ignored by
Loire and Sane-et-Loire.[7] French Percherons were also ulation was,
[lower-alpha 1]
authors.
In Paris, they were named Caen and
hit hard by the advent of mechanization, and between
Virois,
after
their
region of origin,[37] although special1970 and 1990 focus was placed on breeding horses
the Caen Virois breed with the Augeron in
of greater mass for the meat market. The largest and ists included[44]
In the 19th century, these horses were sold
a
1904
text.
[26][27]
heaviest stallions were selected for breeding.
Beat
fairs
in
Argences
and Bayeux in Lower Normandy.[37]
ginning at the 1989 World Percheron Congress, French
noticed several times for their homogeneity,
breeders realized that they needed a lighter breed for They were
[45]
beauty,
and
high value.[46] In 1858, Augerons were
tourism, export to Japan for draft work, and other
[47]
markets.[26][28] In 1993, a trend of importing Ameri- sold for between 600 and 1200 francs.
can stallions to France was started with the black stal- The Socit hippique du trait augeron, or Augeron Horse

5
in large cities.[10] The largest team of working Percherons
in Europe is found at Disneyland Paris, where the breed
makes up 30 percent of the horses in the park and the
horses work to pull trams on the main park street.[53] One
of the most famous horse teams in the United States is
the Heinz hitch of Percherons, having appeared multiple
times at the Tournament of Roses Parade.[54]
In Great Britain, the Percheron is used for advertising and
publicity, as well as forestry and farm work. They are
crossbred with lighter horses by breeders of heavy hunters
in order to increase size and improve disposition.[15]
Purebred Percherons are also ridden, and some have
proven useful at show jumping.[2] Crossbred Percherons
have been used successfully in dressage.[55] In both the
Falkland Islands and northern Australia, Percherons have
been crossed with local mares, primarily Criollos in the
Falklands, to produce larger stock horses with greater
A four-in-hand team
stamina. These crossbred horses are used extensively in
both the sub-Antarctic climate of the Falklands and the
Society, was formed in 1913 by breeders in Auge to sub-tropical climate of Australia for working stock. In
record these horses in a breed registry. One reason for Australia they are also crossed with Thoroughbreds for
[56]
this lay in the desire to protect the cradle of breeding use as mounted police horses.
Percheron horses: only animals born near the Perche In 1978, the rst World Percheron Congress was held in
were entitled to registration in the studbook, and hence Great Britain, and has been held annually ever since. Alto use the name of Percheron. This limitation excluded though the majority of the shows have been held in North
several nearby populations of horses foaled outside of America, four in 1980, 1989, 2001 and 2011 have
Perche, such as the Maine and the Augeron.[39][48]
been held in France.[26] Each year, in July, the French
national breed show is held in Haras du Pin.[57]

Uses

4 Notes
[1] Original quote in French: gnralement passe sous silence par les auteurs

5 References
[1] Rglement du stud-book du cheval Percheron (PDF) (in
French). Les Haras Nationaux. 2010. Retrieved 201109-06.
[2] Disposition and Characteristics. Percheron Horse Association of America. Retrieved 2009-10-07.
The breed is sometimes used under saddle

The Percheron is the most famous and populous of all

French draft breeds in the world today.[4][49] They were
used to improve both the Ardennes and Vladimir Heavy
Draft horses,[50] and to create the Spanish-Norman breed,
a cross between the Andalusian and the Percheron.[51]
By the end of the 19th century, Percherons made up the
majority of driving horses in Paris.[52] The Percheron is
still used extensively for draft work and, like other draft
breeds, it is also used in France for meat production.[7]
Around the world, Percherons are used for parades, sleigh
rides and hayrides, as well as being used to pull carriages

[3] Characteristics of the British Percheron.

British
Percheron Horse Society. Retrieved 2012-05-01.
[4] Dal'Secco, Les chevaux de trait, p. 28
[5] La marque (in French). Socit Hippique Percheronne
de France. Retrieved 2011-09-13.
[6] Dugast, Sur les traces du cheval percheron, cover copy
[7] Hendricks, International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds,
pp. 335337
[8] Mavr, Attelages et atteles, p. 40

[9] Terry and Durling, The Romance of the Rose or Guillaume

de Dole, pp. 32, 96
[10] Percheron. Breeds of Livestock. Oklahoma State University. Archived from the original on 2012-01-04. Retrieved 2012-01-26.
[11] The Origin and History of the Percheron Horse.
Percheron Horse Association of America. Retrieved
2009-10-07.
[12] Edwards, The Encyclopedia of the Horse, pp. 9495
[13] Mischka, The Percheron Horse in America, pp. 3031
[14] Mischka, The Percheron Horse in America, pp. 3435
[15] McDermott, The Working Horse Manual, pp. 2223
[16] Fox, Circus Baggage Stock, pp. 34
[17] About Us. Percheron Horse Association of America.
Retrieved 2009-10-07.
[18] Percheron. Breeds of the World. International Museum
of the Horse. Retrieved 2012-01-29.
[19] Bongianni, Simon & Schusters Guide to Horses and Ponies,
Entry 87
[20] Mavr, Attelages et atteles, p. 80
[21] Dal'Secco, Les chevaux de trait, p. 42
[22] Mischka, The Percheron Horse in America, pp. 46
[23] History of the British Percheron Horse Society. British
Percheron Horse Society. Retrieved 2012-05-03.
[24] Mischka, The Percheron Horse in America, pp. 1416
[25] Mischka, The Percheron Horse in America, p. 21
[26] Kouyoumdjian, Virginia (May 27, 2011). France Hosts
the 2011 World Percheron Congress. The Draft Horse
Journal. Retrieved 2011-09-07. (subscription required
(help)).
[27] Mavr, Attelages et atteles, p. 31

REFERENCES

[35] Breed Information ALBC Conservation Priority List.

American Livestock Breeds Conservancy. Retrieved
2009-10-07.
[36] Parameters of Livestock Breeds on the ALBC Conservation Priority List (2007)". American Livestock Breeds
Conservancy. Retrieved 2009-10-07.
[37] Magne, Jean Henri (1857). Hygine vtrinaire applique :
tude de nos races d'animaux domestiques et des moyens de
les amliorer [Applied Animal Health: Study of our breeds
of domestic animals and ways to improve them (in French)
1. Labe. pp. 260261.
[38] Jacoulet, J.; Chomel, Claude (1895). Trait d'Hippologie
(in French) II. S. Milon ls. p. 491.
[39] Faucher, Daniel (1951). La France, gographie-tourisme
[France, geography, tourism] (in French) 2. Librairie
Larousse. p. 120.
[40] Mavr, Attelages et atteles, p. 223
[41] Gossin, Louis (1858). French agriculture (in French).
Lacroix and Baudry. pp. 316317.
[42] Dechambre, Paul (1928). Trait de zootechnie: Les
quids [Study of Animal Husbandry: Equidae] (in
French). Trait de zootechnie, II. Librairie agricole de
la maison rustique. p. 114.
[43] Levasseur, Emile (1890). La France et ses colonies (gographie et statistique) (in French) II. C. Delagrave. p. 124.
[44] Dioth, Paul (1904). Zootechnie gnrale : production
et alimentation du btail. Zootechnie spciale; cheval, ne,
mulet [General husbandry : production and feeding of livestock. Special husbandry: horse, donkey, mule (in French).
Encyclopdie agricole, J.-B. Baillire et ls. p. 352.
[45] Proceedings of the Acadmie d'agriculture de France: Volume 39 (in French). Acadmie d'agriculture de France.
1953. p. 342.
[46] H. Vall de Loncey (1888). Les races de chevaux de trait
(in French). France, Belgique, Angleterre: Bureaux de
l'Acclimatation. p. 368.

[29] , p. 2

[47] Cegarra, Marie (1999). L'animal invent: ethnographie

d'un bestiaire familier (The invented animal: ethnography
of a familiar bestiary) (in French). Paris: L'Harmattan.
p. 317.

[30] Mavr, Attelages et atteles, p. 36

[48] Mavr, Attelages et atteles, p. 44

[31] Pilley-Mirande, Nathalie (October 2002). Les traits

franais dans le monde. Cheval magazine (in French)
(371): 6265.

[49] Edwards, Les chevaux, p. 192

[28] Audiot, Races d'hier pour l'levage de demain, p. 26

[32] Leboucq, Christophe (2002). Origine et avenir du cheval

de trait Percheron (Thse d'exercice) (in French). cole
Nationale Vtrinaire de Toulouse. p. 19.
[33] Roger & Beaune, Matres et protecteurs de la nature, p.
292
[34] Rglement Stud Book (in French). Socit Hippique
Percheronne de France. Retrieved 2011-09-08.

[50] Edwards, The Encyclopedia of the Horse, pp. 262, 276

[51] Spanish-Norman. International Museum of the Horse.
Retrieved 2012-04-04.
[52] Dal'Secco, Les chevaux de trait, p. 59
[53] Dal'Secco, Les chevaux de trait, p. 9
[54] Heinz Hitch Percheron Horses Appear In Rose Parade.
The Horse. February 1, 1999. Retrieved 2009-12-27.
(registration required (help)).

[55] Use of the British Percheron. British Percheron Horse

Society. Retrieved 2009-10-07.
[56] History of the Breed. Percheron Horse Breeders Association of Australia. Retrieved 2012-04-27.
[57] Dal'Secco, Les chevaux de trait, p. 108

7 External links
Socit hippique Percheronne de France
Percheron Horse Association of America
British Percheron Horse Society
Percheron Horse Breeders Association of Australia

Sources
Audiot, Annick (1995). Races d'hier pour l'levage
de demain: Espaces ruraux (in French). ditions
Quae. ISBN 978-2-7380-0581-6.
Bongianni, Maurizio (editor) (1988). Simon &
Schusters Guide to Horses and Ponies. Simon &
Schuster, Inc. ISBN 0-671-66068-3.
Dal'Secco, Emmanuelle (2006). Les chevaux de
trait (in French). Artemis ditions. ISBN 978-284416-459-9.
Dugast, Jean-Lo (2007). Sur les traces du cheval
percheron. L'trave. ISBN 2-909599-80-9.
Edwards, Elwyn Hartley (2006). Les chevaux (in
French). De Bore. ISBN 978-2-84494-449-8.
Edwards, Elwyn Hartley (1994). The Encyclopedia
of the Horse (1st American ed.). Dorling Kindersley.
ISBN 1-56458-614-6.
Fox, Charles Philip (1983). Circus Baggage Stock: A
Tribute to the Percheron. Heart Prairie Press. ISBN
0962266302.
Hendricks, Bonnie (2007). International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds. University of Oklahoma Press.
ISBN 978-0-8061-3884-8.
Mavr, Marcel (2004). Attelages et atteles : un sicle d'utilisation du cheval de trait [Hitches and harness: a century of using the workhorse] (in French).
France Agricole ditions. ISBN 978-2-85557-1157.
McDermott, Rowena (1998).
The British
Percheron. The Working Horse Manual. Farming
Press. ISBN 0-85236-401-6.
Mischka, Joseph (1991). The Percheron Horse in
America. Heart Prairie Press. ISBN 0-9622663-53.
Roger, Alain and Beaune, Jean-Claude (1991).
Matres et protecteurs de la nature. ditions Champ
Vallon. ISBN 2-87673-099-5.
Terry, Patricia; Nancy Vine Durling (1993). The
Romance of the Rose or Guillaume De Dole. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1388-2.

8 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

8.1

Text

Percheron Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percheron?oldid=708177040 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Heron, Olivier, Skitlhigh,

Flyhighplato, Mike Rosoft, Mijobe, YUL89YYZ, Brian0918, Nk, A2Kar, Grutness, TheParanoidOne, Anthony Appleyard, Sherurcij,
Hohum, Niora, FlaBot, GnniX, YurikBot, Gaius Cornelius, Nicke L, Apokryltaros, Zwobot, Gadget850, Crisco 1492, Emijrp, Spondoolicks, Malcolm Morley, SmackBot, Espresso Addict, Hmains, Yanksox, Bullytr, Waggers, Sasata, CmdrObot, Legaia, Montanabw,
Lindsay658, Casliber, Wrerick, Magioladitis, Preyed upon, Rocksh1987, Cwd575, Catxx, DrKay, Gemini1980, VolkovBot, Armetrek,
GimmeBot, Una Smith, Kgrange, SieBot, Caltas, Miniapolis, Ealdgyth, Merrymount, ClueBot, Drmies, DragonBot, Sun Creator, Brianboulton, SchreiberBike, BOTarate, Another Believer, Dank, Dana boomer, SoxBot III, Expertwork1984, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Queenmomcat, Numbo3-bot, Tide rolls, Luckas Blade, Luckas-bot, Santryl, AnomieBOT, Ryttar, Citation bot, Pitke, Xqbot, Alliona, Rikric,
Moonraker, Trappist the monk, RjwilmsiBot, Beyond My Ken, H3llBot, Ready, ClueBot NG, Justlettersandnumbers, Jfantoine, RakiSykes, Helpful Pixie Bot, BG19bot, David.moreno72, Pratyya Ghosh, Tashale, Dexbot, Hippocamp, Apurveanand, ArmbrustBot, TFA
Protector Bot, Theveravee, Monkbot, SSTyer, Snowman727, Master Dark Lord, Bossnassecessitybossnass and Anonymous: 88

8.2

Images

File:Cheval-percheron-gris_SDA2014.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Cheval-percheron-gris_

SDA2014.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Eponimm
File:Cheval-percheron-noir_SDA2014.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Cheval-percheron-noir_
SDA2014.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Eponimm
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Finnhorse_stallion.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Finnhorse_stallion.jpg License: CC-BYSA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Johanna Rautio
File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-bysa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Haras_in_Saint-L_,_Normandi,_France.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Haras_in_
Saint-L%C3%B4_%2C_Normandi%C3%AB%2C_France.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: originally posted to Flickr as Haras in
Saint-L , Normandi, France Original artist: Marjon Kruik
File:Mare_and_foal_(Kvetina-Marie).jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Mare_and_foal_
%28Kvetina-Marie%29.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: ickr.com Original artist: (a friend of) Kvetina-Marie
File:People_icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/People_icon.svg License: CC0 Contributors: OpenClipart Original artist: OpenClipart
File:Percheron,_draw2.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Percheron%2C_draw2.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: scan from original print Original artist: Thomas von Nathusius ( 18. August 1904)
File:Percheron_cluny102.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Percheron_cluny102.jpg License: CC
BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Eponimm
File:Percherons_APD_Mounted_officers.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Percherons_APD_
Mounted_officers.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/9575673@N08/2519231769/sizes/o/in/
photostream/ Original artist: Jim Legans, Jr
File:Rosa_Bonheur_-_La_foire_du_cheval.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Rosa_Bonheur_-_
La_foire_du_cheval.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Metropolitan Museum of Art, online collection Original artist: Rosa Bonheur

8.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0