STRUKTUR DAN

FUNGSI KROMOSOM
Dr. Budi Setiadi Daryono, M.Agr.Sc.

Laboratorium Genetika
Fakultas Biologi UGM

CONCEPT OF GENETICS
1. What is a chromosome?
2. When and how can chromosomes be visualized?
3. How many chromosomes does an organism have?
4. What is accomplished during the process of
mitosis and meiosis?
5. What are the sources of genetic variation?

Kromosom Eukaryotik dan

Prokaryotik

The bacterial genome is composed of

one circular chromosome
4-5 Mb long
Condenses by
supercoiling and looping
into a densely packed
nucleoid body
Chromosomes replicate
inside cell and cell divides
by binary fission
Fig. 14.4 b

Cell Division in Prokaryotes

The process of asexual reproduction in
prokaryotes is called binary fission
The two daughter cells are identical to the
original parent cell, each with a single
chromosome
Following DNA replication, the two resulting
chromosomes separate as the cell elongates

Chromosome

Each chromosome has a constriction point called the centromere,

which divides the chromosome into two sections, or arms.
The short arm of the chromosome is labeled the p arm. The long
arm of the chromosome is labeled the q arm.

NUKLEOPROTEIN

Chromosome structure
HISTONES are proteins with a high proportion of
positively charged amino acids (lysine and arginin),
which enable them to bind firmly to the negatively
charged DNA double helix.
There are 5 types of histone molecules: H1, H2A,
H2B, H3, and H4.
Except for H1, they occur in exactly equal numbers.
in less condensed chromatin fibers, it becomes apparent
that DNA between nucleosomes is bound to H1 histones.

DNA in metaphase chromosomes must be shortened

10,000-fold by very efficient packing.
This occurs in discrete units, the NUCLEOSOMES,
Consisting of DNA and histones.

NUKLEOSOM

The nucleosome
the fundamental unit of chromosomal packaging
arises from DNAs association with histones
X-ray diffraction analysis
DNA does not coil
smoothly
Base sequences dictate
preferred nucleosome
positions along DNA
Spacing and structure
affect genetic function

Packaging DNA
Histone
octomer
Histone proteins

2 nm
B DNA Helix

Packaging DNA

Histone
octomer
Histone proteins
B DNA Helix

2 nm

Packaging DNA

11 nm

Histone
octomer

Histone proteins

Nucleosome
B DNA Helix

2 nm

Packaging DNA

Packaging DNA

Packaging DNA

Beads on
a string

11 nm

30 nm

Tight helical
fiber

Looped
200 nm Domains

Protein scaffold

Packaging DNA
Nucleosomes

11 nm

30 nm
Tight helical fiber

Metaphase
Chromosome
700 nm
200 nm Looped Domains

2 nm
B DNA Helix

Protein scaffold

Models of higher level compaction seek to

explain extreme compaction of chromosomes at
mitosis

Formation of 300 A fiber through supercoiling

Centromere structure and

function

Fig. 12.11 a

Chromosomes, Chromatids
and Centromeres
A packaged
chromosome

Chromatid

Identical
chromatid

Chromosome
arm

Centromere

Chromosome
arm

Two identical
chromosomes

Replication

Anaphase

Chromosome Morphology
Chromosomes can be distinguished on the basis of size and the relative
location of centromeres.

Metacentric
Chromosome
arm

Centromere

Chromosome
arm

Submetacentric

Acrocentric

p arm
petite

q arm

Telocentric

Characteristic shapes of
chromosomes
Short arm

Long arm

The location of the centromere on each chromosome gives the

chromosome its characteristic shape, and can be used to help
describe the location of specific genes.

BENTUK KROMOSOM
Ada empat bentuk kromosom berdasarkan letak sentromer:
1.

2.

TELOSENTRIS : sentromer
terletak di terminal (bagian ujung
kromosom)
AKROSENTRIS/SUB
TELOSENTRIS : sentromer
terletak di sub terminal (mendekati
ujung kromosom)

3.

4.

SUB METASENTRIS : sentromer

terletak di sub median (mendekati
bagian tengah)
METASENTRIS : sentromer
terletak di median (bagian tengah)

1
1

2
2

3
3

4
4

Nilai Indeks Sentromer

Bentuk kromosom

Nilai Indeks Sentromer (NIS)

p
x 100
p+q

p = panjang lengan pendek kromosom

q = panjang lengan panjang kromosom
p+q = panjang absolut kromosom

Nilai Indeks Sentromer

Posisi
Sentromer

Bentuk Kromosom

Simbol
Kromosom

Rata-rata
NIS

Median

Metasentris

38 -50

Sub Median

Sub Metasentris

sm

26 - 37

Sub Terminal

Akrosentris /
Sub Telosentris

st

13 - 25

Terminal

Telosentris

0 - 12

TIPE KROMOSOM
1. AUTOSOM : kromosom yang tidak ada
hubungannya dengan penentuan jenis
kelamin

2. KROMOSOM KELAMIN (sex chromosome) :

kromosom yang ada hubungannya dengan
penentuan jenis kelamin

Karyotype
A display of the paired homologues
chromosomes from a cell
Allows determination of:
sex of an individual,
abnormal chromosome number,
other chromosome abnormalities,
etc.

A closer look at karyotypes:

fully compacted metaphase chromosomes have
unique, reproducible banding patterns.

Banding
patterns help
locate genes

How many chromosomes do people have?

Banding
pattern
during
metaphase

Banding
pattern
during
prophase

In humans, each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes,

for a total of 46.
The 22 autosomes are numbered by size. The other two
chromosomes, X and Y, are the sex chromosomes.

KARYOTYPE
m

sm

Bawang Putih (Allium sativum L.) Kultivar Sangga

Formula Karyotype = 2n = 2x = 16 = 14m + 2 sm
m = metasentris ; sm = submetasentris

Karyotype manusia dengan jenis kelamin laki-laki.

Pasangan kromosom 1-22 adalah autosom.
Kromosom X dan Y adalah kromosom kelamin.

Karyotype sapi (Bos taurus taurus).

Ada berapa dan bagaimana formula
karyotipenya?