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ComputerArchitecture:AQuantitativeApproach
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EmbeddedSystems
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JohnL.Hennessy,DavidA.Patterson
Tapablanda
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EmbeddedSystemsinterviewquestionsandanswers
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Embeddedsystemsinterviewquestionsforfreshersbasicquestions
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AdvancedEmbeddedsystemsinterviewquestionsseniorlevelquestions
WhatistheneedforaninfiniteloopinEmbeddedsystems?
C++
Howdoescombinationoffunctionsreducememoryrequirementsinembeddedsystems?
Java
AvastmajorityofHighPerformanceEmbeddedsystemstodayuseRISCarchitecturewhy?
Whydoweneedvirtualdevicedriverswhenwehavephysicaldevicedrivers?
Oops
WhatistheneedforDMACinES?
Datastructure
WhatisEndiannessofasystemandhowdodifferentsystemscommunicatewitheachother?
Howaremacrosdifferentfrominlinefunctions?
Operatingsystem
WhatcouldbethereasonsforaSystemtohavegoneblankandhowwouldyouDebugit?
Databaseconcepts
Explaininterruptlatencyandhowcanwedecreaseit?
Oracle
Howtocreateachildprocessinlinux?
SignificanceofwatchdogtimerinEmbeddedSystems
Sqlserver
IfyoubuysomeRTOS,whatarethefeaturesyoulookforin?
Biztalk
Whyisjavamostlyusedinembeddedsystems?
Sharepoint
Differentiatebetweenmutexesvssemaphores
Notificationservices
WhatarethecommonlyfounderrorsinEmbeddedSystems?
Reportingservices
Whatistheneedforhavingmultibytedatainputandoutputbuffersincaseofdeviceports?
Serviceorientedarchitecture
WhatistheneedforaninfiniteloopinEmbeddedsystems?
InfiniteLoopsarethoseprogramconstructswhereinthereisnobreakstatementsoastogetoutofthe
loop,itjustkeepsloopingoverthestatementswithintheblockdefined.
Datawarehousing
PHP
Example:
MySQL
While(BooleanTrue)ORfor()
Projectmanagement
Linux
//Code
}
Testing
Embeddedsystemsneedinfiniteloopsforrepeatedlyprocessing/monitoringthestateoftheprogram.One
Networking
examplecouldbethecaseofaprogramstatecontinuouslybeingcheckedforanyexceptionalerrorsthat
Softwareengineering
mightjustoccurduringruntimesuchasmemoryoutageordividebyzeroetc.,
Microsoftsolutionframework
Fore.g.CustomercareTelephonesystemswhereinaprerecordedaudiofileisplayedincasethedialer
isputonhold..
UML
XML
HTML
Alsocircuitsbeingresponsibleforindicatingthataparticularcomponentisactive/aliveduringitsoperation
bymeansofLED's.
Howdoescombinationoffunctionsreducememoryrequirementsinembedded
systems?
SOAP
CSS
Webservices
VBScript
JavaScript
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Theamountofcodethathastobedealtwithisreducedthuseasingtheoverheadandredundancyis
eliminatedincaseifthereisanythingcommonamongthefunctions.
Jobinterviews
Memoryallocationisanotheraspectthatisoptimizedanditalsomakessensetogroupasetoffunctions
relatedinsomewayasonesingleunitratherthanhavingthemtobedispersedinthewholeprogram.
Workingfromhome
ArticlesNishantKumar
Incaseofinteractivesystemsdisplayofmenulistandreadinginthechoicesofuser'scouldbe
encapsulatedasasingleunit.
AvastmajorityofHighPerformanceEmbeddedsystemstodayuseRISCarchitecture
why?
Accordingtotheinstructionsetsused,computersarenormallyclassifiedintoRISCandCISC.RISC
standsfor'ReducedInstructionSetComputing'.ThedesignphilosophyofRISCarchitectureissuchthat
onlyoneinstructionisperformedoneachmachinecyclethustakingverylesstimeandspeedingupwhen
comparedtotheirCISCcounterparts.
Heretheuseofregistersisoptimisedasmostofthememoryaccessoperationsarelimitedtostoreand
loadoperations.
Fewerandsimpleaddressingmodes,andsimpleinstructionformatsleadstogreaterefficiency,
optimisationofcompilers,reorganisationofcodeforbetterthroughputintermsofspaceandtime
complexities.AllthesefeaturesmakeitthechoiceofarchitectureinmajorityoftheEmbeddedsystems.
CISCagainhavetheirownadvantagesandtheyarepreferredwhenevertheperformanceandcompiler
simplificationaretheissuestobetakencareof.
Whydoweneedvirtualdevicedriverswhenwehavephysicaldevicedrivers?
Devicedriversarebasicallyasetofmodules/routinessoastohandleadeviceforwhichadirectwayof
communicationisnotpossiblethroughtheuser'sapplicationprogramandthesecanbethoughtofasan
interfacethuskeepingthesystemsmallprovidingforminimalisticofadditionsofcode,ifany.
PhysicaldevicedriverscantperformallthelogicaloperationsneededinasystemincaseslikeIPC,
Signalsandsoon...
Themainreasonforhavingvirtualdevicedriversistomimicthebehaviourofcertainhardwaredevices
withoutitactuallybeingpresentandthesecouldbeattributedtothehighcostofthedevicesorthe
unavailabilityofsuchdevices.
Thesebasicallycreateanillusionfortheusersasiftheyareusingtheactualhardwareandenablethem
tocarryouttheirsimulationresults.
ExamplescouldbetheuseofvirtualdriversincaseofNetworksimulators,alsothesupportofvirtual
devicedriversincaseauserrunsanadditionalOSinavirtualboxkindofasoftware.
WhatistheneedforDMACinES?
Directmemoryaccessismainlyusedtoovercomethedisadvantagesofinterruptandprogamcontrolled
I/O.
DMAmodulesusuallytakethecontroloverfromtheprocessorandperformthememoryoperationsand
thisismainlybecausetocounteractthemismatchintheprocessingspeedsofI/Ounitsandthe
procesor.Thisiscomparativelyfaster.
Itisanimportantpartofanyembeddedsystems,andthereasonfortheiruseisthattheycanbeusedfor
burstydatatransfersinsteadofsinglebyteapproaches.
Ithastowaitforthesystemsresourcessuchasthesystembusincaseitisalreadyincontrolofit.
WhatisEndiannessofasystemandhowdodifferentsystemscommunicatewitheach
other?
Endiannessbasicallyreferstotheorderingofthebyteswithinwordsorlargerbytesofdatatreatedasa
singleentity.
Whenweconsideraseveralbytesofdatasayforinstance4bytesofdata,XYZQthelowerbyteifstored
inaHigheraddressandothersinsuccessivelydecreasingaddresses,thenitreferstotheBigEndianand
theviceversaofthisreferstoLittleEndianarchitecture.
Intel80x86usuallyfollowsLittleEndianandotherslikeIBMsystemsfollowBigEndianformats.
Ifthedataisbeingtransmittedcarehastobetakensoastoknowastowhichbyte,whetherthehigheror
thelowerbyteisbeingtransmitted.
Henceacommonformatpriortocommunicationhastobeagreedupontoavoidwrong
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interpretation/calculations.
UsuallylayermodulesarewrittensoastoautomatetheseconversioninOperatingsystems.
Howaremacrosdifferentfrominlinefunctions?
Macrosarenormallyusedwheneverasetofinstructions/taskshavetoberepeatedlyperformed.Theyare
smallprogramstocarryoutsomepredefinedactions.
Wenormallyusethe#definedirectiveincaseweneedtodefinethevaluesofsomeconstantssoincase
achangeisneededonlythevaluecanbechangedandisreflectedthroughout.
#definemul(a,b)(a*b)
Themajordisadvantageofmacrosisthattheyarenotreallyfunctionsandtheusualerrorcheckingand
steppingthroughofthecodedoesnotoccur.
Inlinefunctionsareexpandedwheneveritisinvokedratherthanthecontrolgoingtotheplacewherethe
functionisdefinedandavoidsalltheactivitiessuchassavingthereturnaddresswhenajumpis
performed.Savestimeincaseofshortcodes.
inlinefloatadd(floata,floatb)
{
returna+b
}
Inlineisjustarequesttothecompileranditisuptotothecompilerwhethertosubstitutethecodeatthe
placeofinvocationorperformajumpbasedonitsperformancealgorithms.
WhatcouldbethereasonsforaSystemtohavegoneblankandhowwouldyou
Debugit?
Possiblereasonscouldbe,
PCbeingoverheated.
Dusthavingbeingaccumulatedallaround.
CPUfansnotworkingproperly.
Faultypowerconnections.
Faultycircuitboardfromwherethepowerisbeingdrawn.
SupportDriversnothavingbeinginstalled.
Debuggingstepswhichcanbetakenare:
Cleaningthesystemthoroughlyandmaintainingitinadustfreeenvironment.
Environmentthatiscoolenoughandfacilitatesforeasypassageofairshouldbeidealenough.
Bylocatingtheappropriatesupportdriversforthesysteminconsiderationandhavingtheminstalled.
Explaininterruptlatencyandhowcanwedecreaseit?
Interruptlatencybasicallyreferstothetimespananinterruptisgeneratedanditbeingservicedbyan
appropriateroutinedefined.,usuallytheinterrupthandler.
Externalsignals,someconditionintheprogramorbytheoccurrenceofsomeevent,thesecouldbethe
reasonsforgenerationofaninterrupt.
Interruptscanalsobemaskedsoastoignorethemevenifaneventoccursforwhicharoutinehastobe
executed.
Followingstepscouldbefollowedtoreducethelatency
isrsbeingsimpleandshort.
Interruptsbeingservicedimmediately
Avoidingthoseinstructionsthatincreasethelatencyperiod.
Alsobyprioritizinginterruptsoverthreads.
AvoidinguseofinappropriateAPIs.
Howtocreateachildprocessinlinux?
Prototypeofthefunctionusedtocreateachildprocessispid_tfork(void)
Forkisthesystemcallthatisusedtocreateachildprocess.Ittakesnoargumentsandreturnsavalue
oftypepid_t.
Ifthefunctionsucceedsitreturnsthepidofthechildprocesscreatedtoitsparentandchildreceivesa
zerovalueindicatingitssuccessfulcreation.
Onfailure,a1willbereturnedintheparent'scontext,nochildprocesswillbecreated,anderrnowillbe
set
Thechildprocessnormallyperformsallitsoperationsinitsparentscontextbuteachprocess
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independentlyofoneanotherandalsoinheritssomeoftheimportantattributesfromitsuchasUID,
currentdirectory,rootdirectoryandsoon.
SignificanceofwatchdogtimerinEmbeddedSystems
Watchdogtimerisbasicallyatimingdevicethatissetforpredefinedtimeintervalandsomeeventshould
occurduringthattimeintervalelsethedevicegeneratesatimeoutsignal.
Oneapplicationwhereitismostwidelyusediswhenthemobilephonehangsandnoactivitytakes
place,inthosecaseswatchdogtimerperformsarestartofthesystemandcomestotherescueofthe
users.
Itisusedtoresettotheoriginalstatewheneversomeinappropriateeventstakeplacesuchastoomany
commandsbeinggivenatthesametimeorotheractivitiesthatresultinmalfunctioningoftheGUI.Itis
usuallyoperatedbycounterdevices.
IfyoubuysomeRTOS,whatarethefeaturesyoulookforin?
Deterministicoperatingsystemhavingguaranteedworstcaseinterruptlatencyandcontextswitchtimes.
Documentationprovidingfortheminimum,average,andmaximumnumberofclockcyclesrequiredby
eachsystemcall
Interruptresponsetimesshouldbeveryminute.
Contextswitchtimeshouldbeverylow.
Compatibilitywithseveralplugindevices.
Overallitshouldbeveryreliable.
Whyisjavamostlyusedinembeddedsystems?
Javawasmainlydesignedandconceputalisedforcodethatcanworkondifferentplatformswithoutany
hasslesandalsoforbeingsecureenoughsoastonotharmorcorruptothermodulesofcode.
Featureslikeexceptionhandling,simplesyntaxandAutomaticGarbagecollectionallworkinitsfavouras
thelanguageforuseinES's.
AlsothatitiswidelyusedintheformofJavaappletsmakesitverypopularconfiningittothelimitsof
JVM.ItisDynamicinnature.
ItsuseisalsobeingexploitedinenterprisesystemsintheformofJ2EE,J2SE
J2MEincaseofmobileapplications.
Differentiatebetweenmutexesvssemaphores
Semaphoresisasynchronisationtooltoovercomethecriticalsectionproblem.
AsemaphoreSisbasicallyanintegervariablethatapartfrominitialisationisaccessesonlythrough
atomicoperationssuchaswait()andsignal().
Semaphoreobjectbasicallyactsasacountertomonitorthenumberofthreadsaccessingaresource.
Mutexisalsoatoolthatisusedtoprovidedeadlockfreemutualexclusion.Itprotectsaccesstoevery
criticaldataitem.ifthedataislockedandisinuse,iteitherwaitsforthethreadtofinishorawakenedto
releasethelockfromitsinactivestate.
WhatarethecommonlyfounderrorsinEmbeddedSystems?
Damageofmemorydevicesduetotransientcurrentandstaticdischarges.
Malfunctioningofaddresslinesduetoashortinthecircuit
MalfunctioningofDatalines.
Somememorylocationsbeinginaccessibleinstorageduetogarbageorerrors.
ImproperinsertionofMemorydevicesintothememoryslots
Faultycontrolsignals.
Whatistheneedforhavingmultibytedatainputandoutputbuffersincaseofdevice
ports?
Itsnormallythecasethatsomedevicestransfertheoutputeitherinaburstyorasequentialmannerand
alsoduringinputentry.Ifwetaketheexampleofkeyboards,allthedataenteredisstoredinabufferand
givenatatimeoronecharacteratatime.
Incaseofnetworkingtheremaybeseveralrequeststoaccessthesameresourceandalltheseare
queuedinabufferandservicedintheordertheyarereceived
Hencetoavoidtheinput/outputunitsfromgettingoverloadedwithrequests,weusemultibytebuffers.
LatestC++interviewquestions
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Whataretheadvantagesofthrow.....catchinC++?
ExplainthedifferencebetweenStackandQueue
WhatisthedifferencebetweenMutexandBinarysemaphore?
Whatistheimportanceofmutablekeyword?
Whatdoyoumeanbybinding?Staticvs.dynamicbinding
DefineaccessprivilegesinC++.
C++COMandActiveX:InterviewQuestions
LatestDataStructureinterviewquestions
ExplainthedifferencebetweenStackandQueue
WhatisStack?Explainitsuses.
Vectorvs.deques
WhatisNULLpointerandvoidpointerandwhatistheiruse?
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