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SYSTEM
Dra. Mara Elena Torres Zazueta
Universidad Autnoma de Guadalajara A.C. 2015
OBJECTIVES
Compare the Somatic nervous system and the
Autonomic Nervous System.
Contrast the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches
of the autonomic nervous system based on: spinal cord
division of origin, length of preganglionic and
postganglionic neurons, neurotransmitters and receptors
at the ganglionic and target organ synapse.
List the major central nervous system control centers of
the ANS.
SOMATIC
PROPERTY
AUTONOMIC
2 neuron system:
Synapse occurs in a
peripheral ganglion before
innervation of target organ
Skeletal muscle
Target organs
Function
Causes excitation of
skeletal muscle
ANATOMICAL COMPARISON
FUNCTION
Outflow from
CNS
SYMPATHETIC PARASYMPATHETIC
Thoracolumbar
Craniosacral
Close to target
Divergence of
impulses prepost
Great divergence
1-20
Little divergence 1 to
few
Distribution to
effectors
Mass discharge
Throughout body
More limited
Yes
No
DIVISION OF ANS
SYMPATHETIC
Thoracolumbar
PARASYMPATHETIC
Cranio-sacral
Autonomic input
modulates intrinsic
activity of enteric NS
Universidad Autnoma de Guadalajara A.C. 2015
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
SYMPATHETIC
Mostly Norepinephrine
Fibers secreting NE
ADRENERGIC
PARASYMPATHETIC
Acetylcholine
Fibers secreting Ach
CHOLINERGIC
TRANSMITTERS
In both systems ALL preganglionic fibers
are Cholinergic
All postganlionic Neurons of the PS are
Cholinergic
Postganglionic neurons of S are
Adrenergic
Exception: Sweat glands, piloerector muscles
Cholinergic
1.
2.
3.
NE is removed from
secretory sites and
regulated by :
Re uptake into nerve
ending by active transport
(about 50 80% of secreted)
Diffused from nerve ending
to body
Destruction of small amounts
by tissue enzymes (MAO)
Diffused
RECEPTORS
ADRENERGIC
RECEPTORS
-2
-1
-2
CHOLINERGICIC
RECEPTORS
Receptors
specific for Ach
Two types
Muscarinic
Nicotinic
CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS
MUSCARINIC
Located on target organ of PS fibers
Stimulation of muscarinic receptors will result in
activation or inactivation of many organs:
HEART
HR: stimulation of muscarinic
receptors on atrial pacemaker
cells
Increase in K+
permeability
prolongation of
phase 4.
Berne & Levy, Physiology. 2004
CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS
MUSCARINIC
VASCULAR
SMOOTH MUSCLE
Produces vasodilation
decrease in BP
EYE
Pupillary constriction
(myosis)
Stuart., Ira., Fox. Human Physiology. 2001
Guanylyl
cyclase
Relaxation of vascular
smooth muscle by PS
Universidad Autnoma de Guadalajara A.C. 2015
MUSCARINIC
SECRETORY GLANDS
Sweat glands (innervated by sympathetic)
develop sweating
Salivary, lachrymal and intestinal glands all
possess muscarinic receptors that increase
secretion.
CNS
Undetermined
Universidad Autnoma de Guadalajara A.C. 2015
NICOTINIC RECEPTORS
Found in all synapses between pre and
postganglionic neurons of both, Sympathetic
and Parasympathetic
Johnson.
Essential
Medical
Physiology.
1998
RECEPTORS
Main function:
Pupil dilation
Intestinal relaxation
Intestinal sphincter contraction
-1 RECEPTORS
Located postsynaptically at most sympathetic
neuroeffector synapses (except Heart &
Juxtaglomerual apparatus of kidney)
Function: Activation of these receptors is mostly
excitatory
1 RECEPTORS
BLOOD VESSELS
Increase blood
pressure
EYE
Pupil dilation by
contraction of radial
muscle
GLANDS
Viscous salivation
1 RECEPTORS
SPHINCTERS
Contraction of GI sphincters
Contraction of urinary sphincter
INHIBITION OF
GI
Urinary smooth muscle
2 RECEPTORS
Found in postsynaptically as well as presynaptically
(autoreceptors) membranes of many autonomic end
organs
Same function as 1 receptors on:
Coronary, skin & mucosa vessels = constriction
Salivary glands & renal arterioles = constriction
Systemic veins = increase in tone
Gastric & intestinal motility & tone = decrease
1 RECEPTORS
HEART
JG APPARATUS
2 RECEPTORS
Not innervated
No affinity for NE
High affinity for Epinephrine
- RECEPTORS
-1
-2
Lipolysis
Vasodilation
Intestinal relaxation
Increase myocardial
strength
Renin secretion by
stimulation of granular cells
of juxtaglomerular
apparatus
Uterus relaxation
Bronchodilation
Glycogenolysis
Agonist
Antagonist
Nicotinic
Ach, nicotine
Curare,
hexamethonium
Muscarinic
Ach, muscarine
Atropine
Alpha-adrenergic Epinephrinenorepinephrine
Phentolamine,
Beta-adrenergic
Propanolol
Epinephrinenorepinephrine
phenoxybenzamine
DUAL INNERVATION
Parasympathetic
Pupil constriction
Sphincter pupillae
muscle, cilliary
muscle
Sympathetic
Pupil dilation
Radial muscle
Dilator Iris
HEART
Parasympathetic
Decreases HR
Decreases cardiac
output
Sympathetic
Increases HR
Increases contractility
Increases CO
GI TRACT
Sympathetic:
Postganglionic neurons (celiac
ganglion)
Inhibition of gastric motility
Regulate blood flow
Control secretions
Parasympathetic:
Postganglionic neurons
(Myenteric plexus, submucosal
plexus)
Contraction of smooth muscle
Increased peristalsis
Increased glandular secretion
TONE
Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Tone
Allows a single stimulus to increase or
decrease activity of a stimulated organ
Ex: Blood pressure
Sympathetic
stimulation
Sympathetic
tone
Sympathetic
inhibition
Autonomic reflexes
Gastrointestinal reflexes
Cardiovascular reflex
BARORECEPTOR REFLEX
Aortic arch &
carotid sinus
Nucleus of the
solitary tract
Vasomotor Center
Inhibit the tonic
vasomotor
neurons and
Excite vagal
cardiomotor
neurons
Result= fall in BP
Universidad Autnoma de Guadalajara A.C. 2015
Receptor
Effect
Heart
Increased contractility,
increased heart rate
Blood vessels
1
2
Vasoconstriction
Vasodilation
Bronchioles
Dilation
Kidney
Increased renin
secretion
Liver
1
2
Increased glycogenolyis
Increased
gluconeogenesis
Pancreatic islet
cells
2
2
Decreased insulin
release, increased
insulin release
Adipose tissue
1, 2
Increased lipolysis
Skin
Increased sweating
Summary
Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System
Comparison of somatic and autonomic nervous
system
The noradrenergic neuron
Receptors
Target organs
Reflexes
Images References
Evolve learning system. Koeppen, S., Stanton, S. (2008). Berne Levy.
Bibliography
Boron, W., Boulpaep, E. (2009). Medical Physiology. (2nd
Ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby-Elsevier.
Guyton, A., Hall, J. (2006). Textbook of Medical Physiology.
(11th Ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier-Saunders.
Koeppen, S., Stanton, S. (2008). Berne & Levy Physiology.
(6th Ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby-Elsevier.