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Building Low-Carbon Housing in Mexico

By increasing both the production of low-carbon housing and the supply of mortgages for such housing,
EcoCasa is helping Mexico reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. By providing financing to build more
sustainable houses, they're helping to construct over 27,000 low-carbon or 'passive' houses.
This week, we talk to Klaus Veigel, Senior Project Manager at KfW about EcoCasa's work.
Mexico transport sector favors energy efficient use of vehicles

Mexicos contribution to the fight against climate change aims at reducing national greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions by 30% compared to a business-as-usual scenario by 2020. Its longer-term objective is
to cut its emissions by 50% by 2050 compared to the year 2000.
The challenge of an environment-friendly transportation sector
Among all the sectors, transportation counts for approximately half of the energy consumption and 31% of
global CO2 emissions in Mexico.
In particular, road transport is responsible for 94% of the sectorial GHG emissions. Due to old vehicles,
poor vehicles maintenance and uneconomical driving techniques, road freight operations produce 70 Mt
CO2eq per year.
As such a major contributor of emissions, Mexico has designated the transport sector as a crucial field for
innovation and transformational change.
As part of a bilateral collaboration between the governments of Mexico and Germany, a new nationally
appropriate mitigation action (NAMA) has been recently submitted to the UNFCCC NAMA registry.
Innovative Eco-driving
The projects name is Federal Road Freight Transport NAMA for owner operators and smaller fleet
carriers and mainly targets owner operators with up to five vehicles, as well as smaller fleet carriers with
up to 30 vehicles. These two groups comprise more than 60% of the total number of freight vehicles
circulating in the country.
The NAMA tackles transport emissions in an innovative way with the inclusion of Eco-driving courses for
truck drivers as a part of the mandatory courses taken by road transporters every two years. Besides the
introduction of Eco-driving courses, the NAMA also promotes technological improvements in
aerodynamics and automatic inflating systems (AIS); and the modernization of the vehicle fleet through
the scrapping and renovation of road transport fleet.
The mitigation potential of the NAMA has been estimated as follows for each intervention:
Eco-driving courses: between 2 and 3.5 MtCO2eq per year
Technological improvements: between 0.3 and 1 MtCO 2eq per year
Modernization of the fleet: an average of 2 MtCO2eq per year
Seeking support for the implementation:
For detailed information on the above actions please visit Mexicos page on the NAMA Registry
Complete information on Mexicos national circumstances and efforts to address climate change can be
found in their 5th National Communication to the UNFCCC and their Intended Nationally Determined
Contributions (INDC)
More information on Mexicos climate change initiatives under Mexicos Secretariat of Environment and
Natural Resources, please visit: http://www.semarnat.gob.mx/
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For more detailed information on the calculation of the baseline CO2 emissions and the methodology
adopted for the estimations, please visit the NAMA
submission:https://process.unfccc.int/sites/NAMA/_layouts/un/fccc/nama/NamaSeekingSupportForImple
mentation.aspx?ID=175&viewOnly=1
North American Energy Ministers Establish New Continental Climate

Change and Energy Collaboration
MRIDA, Mexico, May 25, 2015 /PRNewswire/ - The Honourable Greg Rickford, Canada's Minister of
Natural Resources; Ernest J. Moniz, United States Secretary of Energy; and Pedro Joaqun-Coldwell,
Mexico Secretary of Energy, today announced the creation of the North American Energy Ministers'
Working Group on Climate Change and Energy.
Today's announcement took place during the third official meeting of North American energy leaders in
Mrida, Mexico. With today's milestone, Canada, the United States and Mexico will prioritize collaboration
in the following areas:
reliable, resilient and low-carbon electricity grids;
the modelling and deployment of clean energy technologies, including renewables;
energy efficiency for equipment, appliances, industries and buildings, including energy
management systems;
carbon capture, use and storage;
climate change adaptation and resilience; and
emissions from the oil and gas sector, including methane and black carbon.
Today's milestone builds on previous enhanced continental cooperation on energy and the environment
announced inDecember 2014:
developing North American energy public data, statistics and the continental mapping of
commodities and infrastructure;
responsible and sustainable best practices for the development of unconventional oil and natural
gas; and
modern, resilient energy infrastructure for North America in all aspects physical infrastructure
as well as institutional infrastructure such as policies, regulations, workforce, innovation, practices
to promote energy-efficient goods and services, and sustainable technologies.
Work in these areas is now in the advanced stages. In discussions with his counterparts, Minister
Rickford highlighted Canada'sgrowing contribution to global energy security and its commitment to
pursuing a continental approach on energy security and climate change.
North America is seizing every opportunity to harmonize efforts and policies toward common climate
goals while protecting jobs and the economy.
Quick Facts
Last December, during their first meeting in Washington, D.C., the ministers signed a
Memorandum of Understanding formalizing trilateral cooperation for greater cooperation and
integration with the goal of attaining North American energy security.
Canada and the U.S. have already harmonized environmental standards ranging from vehicle
emissions to home energy efficiency.
In 2013, Canada's GHG emissions were 3.1 percent lower than 2005 levels while the economy
grew by 12.9 percent over the same time period.

Between 2005 and 2014, Canadian crude exports increased by 81 percent, and Canada has
begun supplying oil to eight new markets including Italy, the United Kingdom, Norway, France,
Spain and Ireland.
Canada is the fifth-largest natural gas producer in the world, with marketable resources of up to
44 trillion cubic metres. Canadahas the third-largest reserves of crude oil in the world, including
167 billion barrels in Canada's oil sands alone, and is the fifth-largest producer.
Quotes
"Canada is a secure, reliable and responsible producer and supplier of energy to the world and is firmly
committed to a continental approach on energy and the environment. North America has deeply
integrated economies, abundant reserves, shared critical infrastructure and common values that underpin
our long, productive history of collaboration. The North American Free Trade Agreement is a good
example of the integrated nature of our economy. By cooperating with our North American partners, we
are enhancing energy security and the environment while strengthening jobs and the economy."
The Honourable Greg Rickford
Canada's Minister of Natural Resources
Mexico Submits its Climate Action Plan ahead of 2015 Paris

Agreement
Mexico has submitted its new climate action plan to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC), the first developing country to do so.
Mexico's Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) comes well in advance of a new universal
climate change agreement which will be reached at the UN climate conference in Paris in December this
year.
Its INDC also includes plans in respect to adaptation and a target to cut black carbon or soot. Mexico is a
founding member of the Climate and Clean Air Coalition which was among the many inspiring
international cooperative initiatives taken forward at the UN Secretary-General's Climate Summit in 2014.
All submitted INDCs are available on the UNFCCC website here. Including the Mexico submission, 32
parties to the UNFCCC have formally submitted their INDCs.
This also includes all the countries under the European Union plus the European Commission, Norway
and Switzerland.
The Paris agreement will come into effect in 2020, empowering all countries to act to prevent average
global temperatures rising above 2 degrees Celsius and to reap the many opportunities that arise from a
necessary global transformation to clean and sustainable development.
Christiana Figueres, Executive Secretary of the UNFCCC is encouraging countries to come forward with
their INDCs as soon as they are able, underlining their commitment and support towards this successful
outcome in Paris. Governments agreed to submit their INDCs in advance of Paris.
Developed countries are expected to do so as soon as possible and more bigger developing countries
are also likely to submit their INDCs well in advance.
Countries have agreed that there will be no back-tracking in these national climate plans, meaning that
the level of ambition to reduce emissions will increase over time. Countries under the UNFCCC have
already finalized the negotiating text for the Paris agreement.
The next round of formal negotiations will take place at UNFCCC headquarters in Bonn, Germany, in
June.
All information such as documentation on designing and preparing INDCs as well as on sources of
support for INDC preparation, is available here.

For more information, please contact: Nick Nuttall, UNFCCC Spokesperson: +49 228 815 1400
(phone), +49 152 0168 4831 (mobile) nnuttall(at)unfccc.int
UNFCCC Press Office: press(at)unfccc.int
About the UNFCCC
With 196 Parties, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has near
universal membership and is the parent treaty of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol.
The Kyoto Protocol has been ratified by 192 of the UNFCCC Parties. For the first commitment period
of the Kyoto Protocol, 37 States, consisting of highly industrialized countries and countries undergoing
the process of transition to a market economy, have legally binding emission limitation and reduction
commitments. In Doha in 2012, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to
the Kyoto Protocol adopted an amendment to the Kyoto Protocol, which establishes the second
commitment period under the Protocol.
The ultimate objective of both treaties is to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere
at a level that will prevent dangerous human interference with the climate system.
The Paris Declaration Regions Commit to Climate Action

The first World Summit of Regions for Climate, held in Paris, France, on October 10 and 11, ended with
the adoption of the Paris Declaration, a series of concrete commitments for sustainable development and
climate action. The Summit was organized by R20 Regions of Climate Action.
Arnold Schwarzenegger, Founding Chair of R20 and former Governor of California and Michele Sabban,
President of R20 gathered over 1,000 representatives of cities, regions, provinces and states from across
the globe to address climate change. Together and in the presence of Laurent Fabius, Minister of Foreign
Affairs and International Development they demonstrated their determination to act by signing the Paris
Declaration a road map for the United Nations Conference on Climate Change (COP21) that will be
held in Paris in 2015. The World Summit of Regions closed with a signing ceremony involving six
networks of cities and regions who commit to the Paris Declaration:
Oru/Fogar, chaired by Paul Carrasco
Assembly of European Regions, presided by Hande Ozsan Bozatli
ICLEI, lead by Gino Van Begin
The Mexico City Pact, presided by Martha Delgado
The Association of North East Asia Regional Governments (NEAR), lead by Kim Jae-Hyo
Fonds Mondial pour le Dveloppement des Villes (FMDV), presided by Michle Sabban
Collectively these networks represent over 3,000 local governments.
Christiana Figueres, UNFCCC Executive Secretary, participated in the Summit with a video message in
which she stressed the important role regions have ahead of Paris 2015 and, in a longer term, in
contributing to a climate neutral
20 Major Economies to Double Clean Energy R&D

Bill Gates Brings in Private Sector to Back Initiative
Twenty countries, all of them major economies, have launched Mission Innovation, a landmark
commitment to dramatically accelerate public and private global clean energy innovation, including
doubling their current investments in the sector.

The announcement was made at the opening of the UN climate change conference in Paris where
nations will reach a new climate change agreement which will require faster, higher global ambition to
transition economies and societies toward a clean energy future.
Doubling Investment in R&D Over Five Years
The group of countries, representing 80 percent of global clean energy research and development (R&D)
budgets, have committed to double their R&D investments over five years. Their current collective
spending on clean energy is estimated at about $10 billion, which would mean $20 billion when it is
doubled.
These national commitments are coupled with a major, independent private sector initiative spearheaded
by Bill Gates in which entrepreneurs, investors, and businesses will deploy billions more dollars to drive
innovation from the laboratory to the marketplace.
Private Sector an Essential Part of the Initiative
So far, 28 investors from 10 countries have joined the Breakthrough Energy Coalition to make an
unprecedented commitment to invest patient capital in early-stage technology development coming out of
the Mission Innovation countries.
These investments, which are guided by a set of Principles, will catalyze broad business participation in
the commercialization and deployment of clean energy technologies worldwide. The coalition is a global
group of private investors that will take the risks that allow early stage energy companies that emerge
from the research programs of Mission Innovation countries to come out of the lab and into the
marketplace.
The Mission Innovation countries have released a joint statement detailing their initiative. The group
includes Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Denmark, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy,
Japan, Mexico, Norway, Republic of Korea, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland, the United Arab Emirates, and the United States of America.
Winners of UN Climate Awards Feted in Lima

Delegates at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Lima, Peru, were treated to an evening of
hope and optimism as the winners of the 2014 Momentum for Change Awards were feted at a gala event.
These Lighthouse Activities are a beacon of hope for the world, said UN Secretary-General Ban Kimoon. Their bold ideas show the world how to help realize the promise of low-carbon, sustainable
development. It is my hope that these creative minds will inspire leaders to be more ambitious in their
own policies and actions, so that together the world can secure a meaningful, universal climate change
agreement in Paris next year. Let us take inspiration from these shining examples and build a brighter
future for all.
Momentum for Change is spearheaded by the UN Climate Change secretariat to shine a light on some of
the best examples of climate solutions to inspire increased climate action around the world.
This years winners, or Lighthouse Activities, range from a Latin American microfinance initiative that is
unlocking resources for climate action across the region to a billion-dollar company that is leading a solar
energy boom in Thailand to an African program that is building a market of climate friendly homes that
improve lives. With the addition of a new focus area on information and communications technology
(ICT), this years Lighthouse Activities encompass a wider and more diverse range of solutions than ever
before.

The Lighthouse Activities highlight the transformative power of entrepreneurial citizens and communities
across the globe, said UNFCCC Executive Secretary Christiana Figueres. Here in Lima, governments
are working toward a long-term vision of climate neutrality in the pursuit of development that is truly
sustainable for all. This years Lighthouse Activities are living proof that climate action is happening in the
North and South, East and West.
To help celebrate and recognize the achievements of the 2014 Lighthouse Activities, attendees at the
gala event were treated to powerful photos, inspirational videos and a lively musical performance by
Novalima, a Latin Grammy-nominated band. Charly Alberti, Founder and Director of the Latin American
sustainability organization R21, served as the evenings Master of Ceremonies.
Latin America can develop in a more sustainable way with more of these kinds of activities, said Mr.
Alberti. The projects from this region are leading by example, and showing that Latin Americas growth
can go hand-in-hand with the protection of its natural resources.
The 2014 Lighthouse Activity winners honored are:
Bhungroo | India: Building agricultural resilience by harvesting rainwater.
Building Storm-Resistant Houses | Vietnam: Increasing peoples resilience to climate change.
Community-Based Flood Early-Warning System | India: Protecting people from floods using ICT
solutions.
Earth Roofs in the Sahel Program | Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mali, Senegal: Improving lives
by building climate friendly homes.
EcoMicro | Bolivia, Colombia, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua,
Paraguay, Peru: Unlocking resources for climate action.
Ibu Inspirasi | Indonesia: Empowering women with green jobs and clean technologies.
Lighten the Energy Bill | Africa, Asia-Pacific, Western Europe:Saving energy through innovative
financing.
National Resettlement Plan | Uruguay: Resettling families to adapt to climate change.
Resolve: Trash2Cash | India: Empowering communities to address climate change.
SmartSense | India, Malaysia: Reducing energy consumption in real time.
Solar Power Company Group | Thailand: Leading a women-empowered solar energy
transformation.
Zurich Flood Resilience Program | Indonesia, Mexico, Nepal, Peru: Enhancing flood resilience
through insurance expertise.
The 2014 Momentum for Change Lighthouse Activities were selected by a 25-member international
advisory panel as part of the secretariats Momentum for Change initiative, which is implemented with the
support of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and The Rockefeller Foundation, and operates in
partnership with the World Economic Forum and the Global e-Sustainability Initiative.
It was not an easy task to narrow down the field to 12 winners, said Teresa Ribera Rodriguez, Chair of
the Momentum for Change Advisory Panel. All of the applicants are making a real difference and leading
change in their communities.
Leaders Day at COP21 UN Climate Change Conference

Over 150 heads of state and government gathered in Paris at the UN climate change conference on
Monday, 30 November, the largest group of leaders ever to attend a UN event in a single day.

In speech after speech, they provided political leadership and support to reach an ambitious and effective
climate change agreement by December 11 that will set nations on the path to a low-carbon, climateresilient future that keeps the average global temperature below two degrees Celsius.
In his opening speech, French President Franois Hollande stressed that never before had the stakes of
an international conference been so high because the future of the planet itself was at stake.
UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon praised the unprecedented global response ahead of the conference
in the shape of over 180 national climate actions plans submitted towards the Paris agreement. The
countries together represent almost 95 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions.
The UN chief said that this was a good start but that it was necessary to go much farther and much faster,
if the global temperature rise was to be limited to below 2 degrees, beyond which climate impacts
become more and more unmanageable.
French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius, who also holds the Presidency of COP 21, stressed the human
face of climate change, recalling his encounters with people around the world directly affected by climate
impacts. Hundreds of millions of people depended directly on the solutions to climate change that
delegates will reach at this conference, he said.
For full statements made by the French President, the UN Secretary General and the French Foreign
Minister please see here.
For full statements made at the Leaders Event, please see here.
High-Level Events Drive Climate Action Forward
Many heads of state and government also took part in a series of high-level events during the day to
announce strong commitments and launch new initiatives to drive climarte action forward further and
faster. The initiatives gather coalitions and parternships from all levels of government, internaiotnal
organisations business, finance and civil society, reflecting the fact that dealing with climate change is a
global challenge that crosses not only borders but involves every part of society and economy.
An Energy Transformation
In renewable energy, India and France have launched the International Solar Energy Alliance to boost
solar in developing countries. The initiative includes 120 countries with joint efforts to mobilize over one
trillion dollars by 2030 for the massive deployment of affordable solar energy.
Twenty countries, all major economies, and a private sector initiative spearheaded by Bill Gates put
innovation under the radar. They launched Mission Innovation to double their current investments in the
sector to US$20 billion over five years. They want to dramatically accelerate public and private global
clean energy innovation.
France said it will invest a total of 2 billion euros in renewable energy in Africa in 2016-20, a 50% increase
in comparison with the last five years.
Six heads of State and Government, plus the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund called on
companies and countries to put a price on carbon. Countries involved in making the call are Canada,
Chile, Ethiopia, France, Germany and Mexico.
The World Bank has announced a US$500 million initiative backed by Germany, Norway, Sweden and
Switzerland. The Transformative Carbon Asset Facility initiative will help developing countries to
implement their greenhouse gas emissions reductions plans.
The Friends of Fossil Fuel Subsidy reform and The Prince of Waless Corporate Leaders Group also put
subsidies under the spotlight. Having gathered a coalition of almost 40 governments as well as hundreds
of companies and international organizations, they have called for their phasing out.

Helping the Most Vulnerable
Helping populations that are most vulnerable to climate change was the focus of two announcements.
A new initiative to build resilience - Anticipate, Absorb, Reshape was launched by UN SecretaryGeneral Ban Ki-moon. It will help address the needs of 634 million people who live in coastal areas at risk
from climate change as well as those living in areas at risk of droughts and floods. The initiative will bring
together governments, the UN, the private sector and other stakeholders for a five-year period.
The Global Environment Facility (GEF) has, for its part, announced that 11 donors have pledged close to
US$250 million in new money to the Least Developed Countries Fund. It will support adaptation in the
most vulnerable countries.
Forests as a Solution
Heads of Government in major forest countries and their partners issued a statement endorsing forests
as a key climate solution. They pledged to act urgently and promote equitable rural economic
development while slowing, halting and reversing deforestation and massively increasing forest
restoration.
Huge Positive Policy Potential to Increase Greenhouse Gas Emission

Cuts
A new report packed with best practice climate policies from across the world reveals a wealth of existing
opportunities to immediately scale up reductions in greenhouse gas emissions while powering up
ambition to keep the global average temperature rise below 2 degrees Celsius.
Climate Action Now A Summary for Policymakers 2015 underlines how nations can deploy a wide
range of proven policies and utilize existing initiatives to meet the common challenge of climate change
and sustainable development. The report also sits on a new microsite highlighting the potential for greater
climate action and ambition before 2020, when the new Paris Agreement comes into effect.
It also highlights both national and international cooperative actions while underling the vital role of nonState actors such as companies, cities, regions and provinces in realizing bigger reductions in current and
future emissions.
The report, released by the secretariat of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
at the request of governments, provides a straightforward, inspiring go-to-reference to assist ministers,
advisors and policymakers pursuing climate actions now and over the years and decades to come.
The findings spotlight how effective policies across six key thematic areas not only reduce emissions
rapidly but also advance goals in 15 other critical economic, social and environmental areas.
The report underlines that the intended national climate action plans which almost 170 countries have
already submitted towards the new climate change agreement in Paris, in December, have an inordinate
potential to go further and faster, assisting nations to over-achieve on their pledges.
Under the UNFCCC, governments have over the past few years led a significant effort during a series of
technical expert meetings to identify and scope out the policies that lead to effective climate action this
report is the fruit of that effort, said Christiana Figueres, Executive Secretary of the UNFCCC.
It underlines the myriad of remarkable transitions that are already occurring nationally and internationally
in areas ranging from renewable energy to transportation and land use. In doing so it provides
governments and their partners with the blueprints and tool-kits to cost-effectively catalyze action now
and take the Paris agreement to the next level of long term ambition, she added.

The remarkable reality revealed in this report is that the very policies that deal most effectively with
climate change also offer a ready-made portfolio of actions that can equally assist the Sustainable
Development Goals and a
Barriers to Greater Ambition
The report pinpoints broadly four areas that are holding back taking climate action to scale.
Carbon Pricing putting an adequate price on carbon will encourage investment in and use of
low-carbon technologies and fuels
An estimated 40 national and more than 20 subnational jurisdictions have or are planning to introduce a
price on carbon. The report urges more to follow suit.
Inefficient Subsidies close to $550 billion was spent on direct fossil fuel subsidies in 2013 which
in turn works against investments in low carbon fuels and clean energy
The report notes that the G20 and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum have all pledged to
reduce such subsides with several developing countries like Angola, Egypt, Indonesia and Morocco
taking advantage of low oil prices to cut fossil fuel subsidies.
Finance and Capacity-Building Developing countries need enhanced support to access
technologies and finance up-front costs.
The report notes that additional investment averaging $1 trillion a year will be needed in the energy sector
until 2050 in order to stay below the 2 degrees C threshold.
Institutional, Regulatory and Legal Frameworks the institutions charged with implementing or
overseeing climate action need to be equipped with appropriate resources and mandates says
the report
It calls for governments to ramp up the strategies, regulations and laws including the engagement of civil
society and private sector actors in order to catalyze further national and non-State actor action.
The potential for non-state actors to play a significant collaborative role with governments is being
showcased via the Non-State Actor Zone for Climate Action (NAZCA) portal
The UNFCCC secretariat has just recorded the biggest wave yet of new climate actions by cities, states,
regions and businesses. A total 2,245 fresh commitments were recently entered into the NAZCA
portalhttp://climateaction.unfccc.int/ , which has collected well over 6,600 separate pledges worldwide
and counting.
Larger cooperative initiatives between governments, the UN, agencies, non-State actors and civil
society will also be brought forward at the UN climate conference in Paris under the Lima-Paris
Action Agendahttp://climateaction.unfccc.int/
Climate Policies at Work World-Wide
The report is full of good practice climate policies across six thematic areas: renewable energy, energy
efficiency, transport, land use, carbon capture, use and storage and controlling non-CO2 greenhouse
gases. Immediate action by all nations has the potential to reduce emissions by 2020 by between 10
Gigatons and 19 Gigatons of carbon dioxide equivalent.
Renewable Energy
Excluding hydropower, renewables accounted for just over nine per cent of global electricity generation in
2014, up from 1.8 per cent in 2004. This momentum has led to approximately 58 per cent of net additions
to global power capacity in 2014 coming from renewables, which is more than from coal and gas
combined.

The Republic of Korea smart grid initiative Smart grids that use digital technology to manage
flows of power more efficiently are vital for integrating a large volume of distributed, intermittent,
low-carbon generation while improving energy efficiency
African Group Renewable Energy Partnership to establish a global partnership to accelerate

energy transformation in Africa to wider use of renewables via the deployment of, for example,
feed-in tariffs and other incentives. By 2020 the partnership could enable the installation of at
least 10 GW of renewable energy capacity in Africa
Energy Efficiency
Scaling up investment in energy efficiency could generate a net increase in global economic output of $18
trillion by 2035, says the International Energy Agency (IEA).
Denmark The National Energy Efficiency Obligation Scheme offers cost-neutrality for
participants by allowing them to pass costs on to end users and flexibility to trade credits received
UNWorld Bank Sustainable Energy for All its Global Energy Efficiency Accelerator Platform
could double the rate of energy efficiency improvement by 2030 by driving action and
commitments by national and subnational leaders at all levels, using integrated policy and
investment road maps to guide project implementation
Transport
The UN Environment Programme (UNEP) estimates reductions of emissions from land transport, aviation
and shipping of 1.72.5 Gt CO2 equivalent - from one quarter to more than one third of current emissions
from the sector - are possible by 2020.
Mexico Mexico City has consistently expanded its bus rapid transport system since 2005. One
tenth of its users have shifted from private cars
The SLoCaT Partnership on Sustainable Transport brings together over 90 organizations

working on freight and passenger land transport to mobilize global support to promote sustainable
low-carbon transport in developing countries and maximize the role of transport in poverty
eradication and sustainable development
Carbon Capture, Use and Storage
Globally, there are 12 operational carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) projects, with a further 10
under construction. The IEA estimates that if sufficient support is provided and financing is secured, CCS
projects could capture 50 Mt CO2/year by 2020.
Within the power sector, it is estimated the emission reduction potential for CCS is 0.20.4 Gt CO2
equivalent in 2020.
Norway A carbon tax, established in 1991, has increased over time, creating an incentive to
store CO2 and resulting in sequestration of 0.9 Mt of CO2 each year
Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum a ministerial-level initiative to facilitate development
and deployment of cost-effective CCS technologies. Membership is open to national government
entities that are significant producers or users of fossil fuels and committed to investing in CCS
research, development and demonstration
Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases
The US Environmental Protection Agency estimates 2.7 Gt CO2 equivalent of global non-CO2 GHG
emissions could be mitigated by 2020 at a cost below $50/t CO2 equivalent.
Almost one-quarter of these reductions could be made at or below a breakeven cost with a substantial
portion generating an immediate financial return.
European Union - The EU Emissions Trading System helped reduce N2O emissions from nitric
acid plants. N2O emissions in 2013 were 85 per cent lower than in 1990

Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer- an international treaty to phase
out the production of numerous substances responsible for ozone depletion. Over 98 per cent of
consumption of all ozone-depleting substances has now been phased out since its entry into
force in 1989
Meeting in Dubai in early November this year, nations agreed on a pathway to control the growth of
hydroflurocarbons (HFCs) chemicals that are harmless to the ozone layer but which have significant
climate impacts.
Land Use
The UN estimates that at marginal costs of less than $50100 per tonne of CO2 equivalent, the direct
emission reduction potential of agriculture lies in the range of 1.14.3 Gt CO2 equivalent and of forestry in
the range of 1.34.2 Gt CO2 equivalent in 2020, or as much as two thirds of current emissions from these
sectors.
China In order to increase net forest area by 40 million hectares by the end of 2020 compared
with 2005, China is combining afforestation, forest protection and sustainable forest management
policies and practices and is also integrating forest carbon into its national carbon emissions
trading system pilot programme
The Tropical Forest Alliance 2020 - a public-private partnership to create zero deforestation
supply chain models in South-East Asia, Central and West Africa and regions of South America.
It engages with governments, civil society groups active in both producer and consumer nations,
smallholder farmers and indigenous representatives and multinational corporations
Policies Also Boost Resilience
The report also underlines the critical connection between reducing emissions fast enough in order to
avoid the worst climate change impacts and therefore reduce the scale of future adaptation required but
also to enable many immediate adaptation co-benefits.
Energy efficiency, for example, can improve the ability of communities to adapt to climate change by
reducing the peak demand they put on power systems during high
temperatures or unexpected weather while improving the comfort level of buildings in uncertain weather.
This report underlines that many of the specific and cooperative actions needed to reduce emissions
also have multiple co-benefits including in the area of adaptation and building more resilient countries and
communities, said Ms Figueres.
These include improved agricultural practices, efficient land-use management, forest management food
security, environmental sustainability, and socio-economic development. she added.
For more information, please contact:
Nick Nuttall, UNFCCC Spokesperson: +49 228 815 1400 (phone), +49 152 0168 4831 (mobile)
nnuttall(at)unfccc.int
UNFCCC Press Office: press(at)unfccc.int
About the UNFCCC
With 196 Parties, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has near
universal membership and is the parent treaty of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol has been
ratified by 192 of the UNFCCC Parties. For the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, 37 States,
consisting of highly industrialized countries and countries undergoing the process of transition to a market
economy, have legally binding emission limitation and reduction commitments. In Doha in 2012, the
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol adopted an
amendment to the Kyoto Protocol, which establishes the second commitment period under the Protocol.
The ultimate objective of both treaties is to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at
a level that will prevent dangerous human interference with the climate system.

UNEP Urges Increase in Adaptation Funding

Even if global greenhouse gas emissions are cut to the level required to keep global temperature rise
below 2C this century, the cost of adapting to climate change in developing countries is likely to reach
two to three times the previous estimates of $70-100 billion per year by 2050, according to a new United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) report.
Released during a crucial round of climate talks in Lima, Peru, the first UNEPAdaptation Gap Report
serves as a preliminary assessment of global adaptation gaps in finance, technology and knowledge, and
lays out a framework for future work on better defining and bridging these gaps.
The report finds that, despite adaptation funding by public sources reaching $23-26 billion in 2012-2013,
there will be a significant funding gap after 2020 unless new and additional finance for adaptation is made
available.
Without further action on cutting greenhouse gas emissions, as outlined in UNEPs Emissions Gap
Report 2014, the cost of adaptation will soar even further as wider and more-expensive action is needed
to protect communities from the intensifying impacts of climate change such as drought, floods and rising
sea levels.
As world leaders meet in Lima to take the critical next step in realizing a global agreement on climate
change, this report underlines the importance of including comprehensive adaptation plans in the
agreement, said Achim Steiner, Executive Director of UNEP and Under-Secretary-General of the United
Nations.
The impacts of climate change are already beginning to be factored into the budgets of national and local
authorities. The escalating cost implications on communities, cities, business, taxpayers and national
budgets merit closer attention as they translate into real economic consequences, he added.
National authorities and the international community should take the necessary steps to ensure the
funding, technology and knowledge gaps are addressed in future planning and budgeting, he said. Of
particular concern are the implications on least developed countries, whose financial resources for
investing in development will need to be redeployed to financing adaptation measures".
The report provides a powerful reminder that the potential cost of inaction carries a real price tag.
Debating the economics of our response to climate change must become more honest, he added. We
owe it to ourselves but also to the next generation, as it is they who will have to foot the bill.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Changes Fifth Assessment Report included estimates on the
cost of adapting to climate change in developing countries of $70-100 billion per year by 2050based
largely on World Bank figures from 2010.
The Adaptation Gap Report, produced in collaboration with 19 leading institutions and research centres,
expands upon these earlier estimates by including new national and sector studies in its analyses and
modelling. The report finds that the earlier figures are likely to be a significant underestimate. For
example, one newer study found that the annual average adaptation costs for South Asia alone were
estimated at up to $40 billion.
While the Adaptation Gap Report finds that the likely increase in adaptation costs with emissions
reductions in place is two to three times higher, it points to the possibility of even greater expense.
Extending the analysis to all developing countries indicates a chance that adaptation costs could climb as
high as $150 billion by 2025/2030 and $250-500 billion per year by 2050.
These costs are based on the assumption that further wide-ranging action is taken to cut emissions to the
level required to meet the target of limiting global temperature rise this century to 2C compared to preindustrial levels.

UNEPs Emissions Gap Report 2014, released in early November, found that in order to limit global
temperature rise to 2C and head off the worst impacts of climate change, global carbon neutrality should
be attained by mid-to-late century.
However, in a business-as-usual scenario, global greenhouse gas emissions could rise to up to 87 Gt
CO2e by 2050, far beyond the safe limits, and bring an increased need for spending to adapt to the
consequences of a rapidly warming world. Under this scenario, adaptation costs could hit double the
worst-case figures.
UNEPs Africa Adaptation Gap Report, released prior to the Warsaw climate conference in 2013, found
that adaptation costs for Africa alone could reach approximately $350 billion annually by 2070 should the
2C target be significantly exceeded, compared to $150 billion lower per year if the target were met.
The Adaptation Gap Report also highlights that Least Developed Countries and Small Island Developing
States are likely to have far greater adaptation needs; without early efforts to implement adaptation in
these countries, the existing adaptation gap will widen as greater financial resources will need to be
committed later on.
Financial commitment rising, but more needed
There is evidence that financial commitments to adaptation objectives have increased in recent years,
and that adaptation is being increasingly integrated into development policies, but scaling up financial
flows to adaptation remains a priority, the report finds.
Public adaptation-related financing reached $23-26 billion in 2012-2013, 90 per cent of which was
invested in non-Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, plus Chile
and Mexico.
This represents a large increase over recent years, although it is not clear how much of the funding is
actually new as opposed to the result of shifting definitions of adaptation funding.
Private sector funding, which is believed to account for a significant share of adaptation funding, is not
systematically tracked. For this reason, the estimates of adaptation finance flows are underestimated.
The report looks at the additional revenue that could be raised between 20152050 from a selected set of
sources, such as: the international auctioning of emissions allowances and the auctioning of allowances
in domestic emissions trading schemes, a carbon levy, revenues from international transportation, a wires
charge, and financial transaction taxes.
The estimates show that $26-115 billion could be raised by 2020, while $70-220 billion could be raised by
2050, depending on the level of ambitious climate change mitigation efforts put in place.
Technology gaps
The report also highlights that there is a need to accelerate the propagation and international transfer of
technologies for adaptation, many of which already exist. This, the report notes, requires governments to
remove barriers to technology uptake, for example through incentives, regulations and the strengthening
of institutions.
Critical to the successful uptake of technologies for adaptation is their applicability beyond increasing
resilience to climate change. Experience shows that it is easier to scale up the deployment of adaptation
technologies when they meet a number of other human needs in addition to providing climate benefits.
As an example of successful technologies, the report looks at scientifically developed seeds, which can
be used to sustain agriculture within the context of a changing climatecritical for most African countries
given the dependence of large proportions of the population on farming.
In Madagascar, for example, rice varieties that mature in four months (as opposed to five or six) have
been introduced. These rice varieties stand a greater chance of reaching maturity before the height of the
cyclone season, increasing the probability of a sufficient harvest and ensuring seed will be available to
plant the following season.
Knowledge gaps

Finally, the report points to considerable scope for using existing knowledge on climate change and
adaptation more effectively.
For many regions and countries, there is a lack of systematic identification and analysis of adaptation
knowledge gaps. Integrating and interpreting scientific evidence from different sources, and making it
available to decision makers at all levels, is one of the most important knowledge needs today.
The report recommends that consideration of knowledge gaps be integrated more explicitly in project and
programme framing and design, to ensure that the knowledge produced responds better to user needs
and identified knowledge gaps.
The report also suggests that a repository of adaptation options, which can be integrated in development
decisions, could play a pivotal role in informing development decisions.

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