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INTRODUCCIN:
La ciruga laparoscpica ha ido ganando
terreno en su aceptacin a lo largo de su evolucin.
Desde los primeros pasos en el ao 1929, iniciados
por Heinz Kalk (Alemania) y Kurt Semm, hasta la dcada de 1980, fue muy poco lo que se avanz en
el desarrollo de la laparoscopa. Pero a partir de la
dcada de 1990, mltiples autores comenzaron a publicar acerca de su utilidad en el abdomen agudo, en
especial en la apendicitis aguda1, 2, 3.
Su aplicacin en la urgencia se vio limitada
inicialmente por la escasa experiencia de los cirujanos en el mtodo y la falta de recursos econmicos
para implementarla, pero esta ltima premisa se super al demostrar la reduccin en la morbimortalidad
y la estancia hospitalaria3, 4, 5, 6. A pesar de ello, hoy
INTRODUCTION:
Laparoscopic surgery has gradually gained
ground throughout its evolution. From the first steps
in 1929, taken by Heinz Kalk (Germany) and Kurt
Semm, up to the 1980s, very little was done in the
development of laparoscopy. But as from the 1990s,
several authors started publishing on its usefulness
for acute abdomen, especially in acute appendicitis1,
2, 3
.
Its use in emergencies was initially limited
due to the little experience surgeons had as regards
its method and the lack of economic resources for its
implementation, but the latter was overcome when
morbidity, mortality and hospital stays reduction was
demonstrated3, 4, 5, 6. Nevertheless, there are still today medical facilities in which this method cannot be
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Artculo Original
RESUMEN:
ANTECEDENTES: El abdomen agudo es la causa ms frecuente de consulta en un servicio de ciruga general y sus
diagnsticos diferenciales son numerosos lo que representa un desafo para el cirujano. La ciruga laparoscpica es una
tcnica que ha demostrado ser revolucionaria en todos los mbitos de la ciruga. Es por eso que hoy en da todo cirujano
general debe utilizar la videolaparoscopa en forma cotidiana y su uso en la urgencia aporta importantes beneficios por
permitir la inspeccin de toda la cavidad abdominal y realizar tratamiento adecuado en el mismo procedimiento con un
bajo ndice de complicaciones. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la utilidad de la laparoscopa en el abdomen agudo en un servicio de
ciruga general. DISEO: Estudio observacional, prospectivo descriptivo de una serie de casos. MATERIAL Y MTODOS:
Se incluyeron 164 pacientes que ingresaron con diagnstico de abdomen agudo durante el perodo de febrero 2011 a
marzo 2012, en quienes se realiz una laparoscopa exploradora ms eventual tratamiento laparoscpico. RESULTADOS:
En la serie estudiada, de los 164 pacientes, un 43,9% (72) fueron operados con diagnstico prequirrgico de patologa
apendicular y resultaron ser apendicitis agudas en un 100%. El 52,44% (92) fueron clasificados como abdomen agudo
quirrgico de causa desconocida, y dentro de ellos 56,3% (49) resultaron Apendicitis Agudas, el 19,5% (17) fueron de
causa Ginecolgica, el 10,3% (9) resultaron Laparoscopias en blanco y el 12,6% (11) se clasific como otras causas.
El promedio de estancia hospitalaria fue de 2,9 das con un ndice de conversin del 4,26% y el porcentaje de complicaciones alcanz el 9,14%. CONCLUSIONES: El abordaje laparoscpico resulta un mtodo eficaz en la resolucin del
abdomen agudo, en especial en aquellos de causa inespecfica en los cuales es diagnstico y teraputico. En estos casos
evita ampliar incisiones cuando el diagnstico presuntivo no resulta ser el esperado, permitiendo as el alta precoz con un
aceptable ndice de complicaciones.
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND: Acute abdomen is the most frequent cause for consultation in a General Surgery Department; and since
it has several differential diagnoses, it is a challenge for the surgeons. Laparoscopic surgery is a technique that has proven revolutionary in all fields of surgery. That is why nowadays all general surgeons must routinely use videolaparoscopy
and its use in emergencies brings significant benefits since it makes it possible to examine the entire abdominal cavity
and carry out the appropriate treatment during the same procedure, with a low complication rate. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate
laparospcopy usefulness for acute abdomen in a general surgery department. DESIGN: Observational, prospective and
descriptive study of a series of cases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 164 patients were included, who were admitted with an
acute abdomen diagnosis, between February 2011 and March 2012, and who underwent exploratory laparoscopy and the
eventual laparoscopic treatment. RESULTS: In the studied series, 43.9% (72) out of the 164 patients were operated on with
a preoperative diagnosis of appendicular pathology and turned out to be acute appendicitis in 100% cases. 52.44% (92)
of patients were classified as surgical acute abdomen of unknown cause, and within them, 56.3% (49) turned out to be
acute appendicitis, 19.5% (17) were for gynecologic reasons, 10.3% (9) proved to be Blank laparoscopies and the 12.6%
(11) were classified as other causes. Hospital stay was 2.9 days in average with a conversion ratio of 4.26%, and the
rate of complications reached 9.14%. CONCLUSIONS: The laparoscopic approach is an effective method for solving acute
abdomen conditions, especially in those of non-specific causes in which laparoscopy is both diagnostic and therapeutic.
In those cases, it prevents extending the incisions when presumptive diagnosis is not the expected one, thus enabling an
early release with an acceptable complications rate.
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MATERIAL Y MTODOS:
Estudio observacional, prospectivo, descriptivo, no randomizado que incluy a 164 pacientes que ingresaron al Servicio de Ciruga General del
Hospital Escuela Eva Pern de Granadero Baigorria
en el perodo comprendido entre febrero de 2011 y
marzo de 2012 con diagnstico de abdomen agudo.
Los pacientes excluidos fueron aquellos en
los que, por inestabilidad hemodinmica, o segn
criterio del cirujano y anestesista actuante no fue posible realizar una ciruga laparoscpica. Se decidi
excluir adems las causas biliares, para las cuales
ya es reconocida la laparoscopa como primera eleccin, y las causas traumticas, que representan un
grupo poblacional con criterios de indicacin para videolaparoscopa muy especficos, debiendo ser muy
rigurosamente seleccionados de acuerdo al estado
hemodinmico y la sospecha de lesin orgnica que
se tenga.
En cuanto a los criterios de inclusin, se
tomaron todos los pacientes que consultaron a la
guardia con diagnstico de abdomen agudo quirrgico sin limitaciones por sexo ni edad. Se utilizaron
OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the usefulness of laparoscopy
in acute abdomen conditions at a General Service
Department.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
Observational, prospective, descriptive and
non-randomized study including 164 patients who
were admitted to the General Surgery Department of
the Eva Pern Teaching Hospital, Granadero Baigorria, between February 2011 and March 2012 with an
acute abdomen diagnosis.
Patients excluded were those on whom it
was impossible to perform laparoscopic surgery due
to hemodynamic instability or at to the intervening
surgeons and anesthesiologists discretion. A decision was also made to exclude biliary causes, for
which laparoscopy is already the first method of choice; and traumatic causes, which represent a population group with very specific laparoscopy indication
criteria, who must be rigorously selected according
to their organic lesion suspicion and hemodynamic
condition.
As far as inclusion criteria are concerned,
all patients consulting the emergency room with a
diagnosis of surgical acute abdomen were considered with no limitations as to sex or age. The following complementary studies were used to direct
the presumptive diagnosis: lab tests (complete blood
count, glycemia, uremia, ionogram, PCR, erythrocyte
sedimentation rate and coagulation profile) and erect
plain abdominal X-ray. Faced with a doubtful etiologic
diagnosis the following was added: hepatogram, beta
subunit, urine test, chest X-ray, abdominal and gynecologic ultrasounds, and eventually, CT scan with
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Artculo Original
OBJETIVO:
Evaluar la utilidad de la laparoscopa en el
abdomen agudo en un servicio de ciruga general.
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Grfico 1/ Graphic 1
The study included 164 patients, 87 women
and 77 men, who spontaneously consulted the Eva
Pern Teaching Hospital Surgery Department, in
Granadero Baigorria, with an acute abdomen condi-
Diagnstico Prequirrgico:
En la Tabla 1 observamos los diagnsticos
presuntivos prequirrgicos y la frecuencia con la que
fueron hallados.(Grfico 2)
DIAGNSTICO PRE QUIRRGICO
FRECUENCIA
86
72
3
1
2
52,44
43,90
1,83
0,61
1,22
TOTAL
164
100,00
Tabla 1/ Table 1
Se observa que la causa ms frecuente de
abdomen agudo fue apendicitis aguda y abdomen
agudo inespecfico. Entre los 86 casos de abdomen
agudo de causa desconocida, el 62% de ellos (54
pacientes), presentaban el dolor predominantemente
en fosa ilaca derecha a pesar de que su causa no
fuera claramente apendicitis aguda al ingreso.
Comparacin de diagnstico pre y post-operatorio:
Luego de operados, se clasificaron los diagnsticos hallados y se compararon con los diagnsticos preoperatorios encontrando lo reflejado en la
tabla 2 y grfico 3.
De los 87 pacientes que tuvieron como
diagnstico pre quirrgico Abdomen agudo qui-
Grfico 2/ Graphic 2
Tabla 2/Table 2
iliac fossa despite the fact that their cause was not
acute appendicitis clearly when admitted.
Comparison Between Preoperative And Postoperative Diagnosis:
After surgery, the diagnoses found were
classified and compared with preoperative diagnoses
and the outcomes are shown in Table 2 and Graphic
3.
Out of the 87 patients whose pre-surgical
diagnosis was Surgical acute abdomen of unknown
cause, 56.3% (49 patients) presented the post-surgical diagnosis of Acute appendicitis, 19.5% (17 patients) fell into gynecologic causes, 12.6% (11) were
classified as other causes, 1 case matched a complex diverticulitis which was solved by lavage and
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Grfico 3/Grphic 3
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Al dividir los diagsticos por edad, observamos que de las 17 pacientes con diagnstico ginecolgico se encontr que la edad promedio fue de
24,7 9,6; con una edad mnima de 11 aos y una
mxima de 41. Es decir, mujeres en edad frtil.
En base a la evidencia muestral se concluye que existe relacin estadsticamente significativa entre el diagnstico post quirrgico, el sexo de
los pacientes (p< 0,0001) y las edades promedios
(p=0,009).
Conversin y complicaciones:
Se decidi evaluar si exista asociacin entre las laparoscopas convertidas y el aumento en la
estancia hospitalaria y complicaciones. Los resultados se reflejan en la siguiente tabla (tabla 4):
*Comparacin entre conversin y tiempo de internacin.
Al evaluar la tasa de conversin y los das
de internacin, encontramos que en los pacientes
operados totalmente por va laparoscpica, el tiempo
promedio de internacin fue de 2,6 2,3 das, con un
mnimo de 1 y un mximo de 21 das. La mayor parte
cumplieron entre 1 y 7 das de internacin. Un solo
paciente estuvo 12 das por su patologa de base
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Artculo Original
Tabla 3/ Table 3
Tabla 5/ Table 5
version (p=0.001).
Grfico 4/Graphic 4
Tabla 6/Table 6
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Tabla7 / Table 7
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Artculo Original
in cases of right iliac fossa syndrome with no peritoneal compromise9, we observed cases in our series
in which the patient remained in pain despite presenting normal imaging studies. In our Department, if
symptoms lasted more than 24 hours, an exploratory
laparoscopy was performed since we consider there
is no other more specific diagnostic method than that
nowadays5.
In all patients with an established pre-surgical diagnosis, the role of laparoscopy is only fulfilled if
the cause can be solved using the same approach, or
if it is used to indicate in a more accurate fashion the
place where laparotomic incision should be made5, 11.
It was also observed that the most prevalent pathology is acute appendicitis13, 16 which, in our series, accounted for 74%, with just one conversion case.
As regards obstruction treatment, the laparoscopic approach has shown good results adding
the benefits of micro-surgery but said results are
linked to the surgical teams experience and the
patients characteristics8. In our series, it was necessary to convert to conventional approach 100% of
the cases due to difficulty in handling intestinal loops
and, in one case, due to their necrosis and intestinal
resection requirement.
The approach of patients with diverticulitis
enabled, in one case to perform lavage and place
drainage after verifying Hinchey grade II17, and in
another case, fecaloid peritonitis was verified and incision was oriented to perform Hartmann procedure.
Comparisons between hospitalization times, conversion and complication ratios with other
series show that the group studied does not differ in
those parameters from the series mentioned.(Table
8)
Finally, we observe that the complications
presented by our patients were linked to other severe
pathologies on which the disease cause and associated co-morbidities had a significant impact16. On the
other hand, complications ascribed to the method,
Tabla 8 /Table 8
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ga pero dichos resultados estn en relacin a la experiencia del equipo quirrgico y las caractersticas
del paciente8. En nuestra serie fue necesario convertir a va convencional el 100% de los casos por
dificultad en el manejo de las asas intestinales y en
un caso por necrosis de las mismas y requerimiento
de reseccin intestinal.
El abordaje de los pacientes con diverticulitis permiti en un caso realizar lavado y colocacin
de drenaje al constatarse un grado II de Hinchey17,
y en otro caso se constat una peritonitis fecal y se
orient la incisin para realizar ciruga de Hartmann.
La comparacin de tiempos de internacin,
ndices de complicaciones y conversiones con otras
series refleja que el grupo estudiado, no difiere en
dichos parmetros con las series citadas.(Tabla 8)
Finalmente observamos que las complicaciones presentadas por nuestros pacientes se vieron
asociadas a patologas severas en las que la causa
de la enfermedad y las comorbilidades asociadas tuvieron un impacto significativo16. Por otro lado, las
complicaciones atribuibles al mtodo, como infecciones de pared y colecciones, alcanzaron un bajo
porcentaje comparado con lo que habitualmente se
presenta en pacientes laparotomizados10, 14, 15.
CONCLUSIONS:
The laparoscopic approach of the abdomen
has proven an effective method to solve acute abdomen causal pathologies and it has been demonstrated that it is more comfortable for the patient and
makes their recovery and reintegration into the workplace easier.
In our study, we were able to show the
method diagnostic effectiveness in those cases of
uncertain origin, thus avoiding broad or unnecessary laparotomies. Finally, when assessing hospitalization periods and complications, we observed that
the numbers obtained in our series are comparable
to the reference in national and international literature and that the cases in which hospitalization was
longer due to complications, the latter were mostly
inherent to the underlying pathology and not linked to
the method.
Therefore, we conclude that in our center,
considering we have 24-hour access to laparoscopy, this method should be implemented in all surgical
acute abdomen cases, and no diagnostic laparoscopy procedure should be denied when its cause is not
clear.
Artculo Original
CONCLUSIONES:
El abordaje laparoscpico del abdomen ha
demostrado ser un mtodo eficaz en la resolucin de
las patologas causales de abdomen agudo y est
demostrado que brinda mayor confort al paciente y
facilita su recuperacin y reinsercin laboral.
En nuestro estudio hemos podido demostrar la eficacia diagnstica del mtodo en aquellos
casos de origen incierto, evitando as laparotomas
amplias o innecesarias. Finalmente, a la hora de
evaluar la estancia hospitalaria y complicaciones,
observamos que los nmeros obtenidos en nuestra
serie son comparables a las referencias de publicaciones nacionales e internacionales y que los casos
en que se prolong la estada por complicaciones,
las mismas fueron en su mayora inherentes a la patologa de base y no al mtodo.
Por dicho motivo concluimos que en nuestra institucin, al tener acceso a la laparoscopa las
24 horas, este mtodo debe ser implementado en
todos los casos de abdomen agudo quirrgico, y no
debe negarse la posibilidad de realizar una laparoscopa diagnstica cuando la causa del mismo no es
clara.
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