RAN-API Synthesis Report 2013

Republic of Indonesia
National Action Plan for

Climate Change Adaptation
(RAN-API)
Synthesis Report

2013
National Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation (RAN-API) - Synthesis Report
Ministry of National Development Planning /

National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas)
Jl. Taman Suropati No.2, Jakarta Pusat, 10310
Telephone : +62 21 319 6207
Facsimile : +62 21 314 5374
Email
: sdalh@bappenas.go.id

lingkungan.hidup@bappenas.go.id
Ministry of Environment (KLH)
Jl. D.I Panjaitan Kav.24, Kebon Nanas, Jakarta Timur, 13410
Telephone : +62 21 858 0067-68

+62 21 851 7184
Email
: edukom@menlh.go.id
National Council on Climate Change (DNPI)
Kementerian BUMN Building 18th Floor
Jl. Medan Merdeka Selatan No.13, Jakarta, 10110
Telephone : +62 21 351 1400
Facsimile : +62 21 351 1403
Email
: info@dnpi.go.id
Meteorological, Climatological, and Geophysical Agency (BMKG)
Jl. Angkasa I No.2 Kemayoran, Jakarta Pusat, 10720
Telephone : +62 21 424 6321
Facsimile : +62 21 424 6703
Email
: info@bmkg.go.id
Foreword
As the largest archipelago nation in the world, Indonesia is one of the countries that are most
vulnerable to the negative impacts of climate change. Generally, the global climate change
model has predicted that Indonesia will experience an increase in temperature, intensity of
rainfall that will increase the risk of floods and droughts, and extended dry seasons. The impact
of climate change will among others take the following forms: extended dry seasons, floods,
increased frequency of extreme climate occurences, that affect community health and sources
of living, degrade biodiversity, and instability of the economy. The largest threats of climate
change in Indonesia are the increase of sea surface temperature, changes in the intensity and
patterns of rainfalls, and the increase of the sea surface level.
For anticipating the negative impacts of climate change, the Government of Indonesia has
implemented various endeavors to adapt to climate change, including the formulation of the
national policy document for overcoming the impact of climate change, such as the Indonesia
Adaptation Strategy (Bappenas, 2011), the National Action Plan for Adaptation to Climate
Change of Indonesia (DNPI, 2011), the Indonesia Climate Change Sectoral Road Map (Bappenas,
2010), the National Action Plan for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation (Ministry of
the Environment, 2007), and the sectoral adaptation plans compiled by Line Ministries/
Government Agencies. For harmonization and operationalization of policy documents, it is
necessary to have a National Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation (RAN-API).
The RAN-API is a national action plan document on adaptation to the impacts of climate change,
which involves integrated coordination among all the stakeholders, from the government, civil
society organizations, international cooperation agencies and other stakeholders. Briefly, RANAPI contains the action plan for adaptation of priority sectors and cross-sectors in the shortterm (2013-2014), mainstreaming of the adaptation action plan into the National MediumTerm Development Plan (RPJMN) of 2015-2019 that will be formulated, and the long-term
adaptation policy direction. The RAN-API strengthens endeavors on mitigation that have been
formulated in the RAN-GRK (National Action Plan for Green House Gas Emission Reduction).
Formulation of the RAN-API was conducted in a participatory manner through intensive

discussions and consultations with the related Technical Ministries/Government Agencies,
Local Government, and stakeholders, supported by the development partners. Collaboration
in the RAN-API formulation is an invaluable asset for the implementation of adaptation
action. This Synthesis Report summarize the key strategies, policies, and actions and has been
updated and simplified from the previous version published in 2012. While the full document
is under process of finalization, this Synthesis Report hopefully can provide the overview on
Indonesias adaptation action plan in general.
Finally, I would like to express my appreciation to all the parties who have contributed to the
formulation of this document and hope that that this document will provide current progress
on national adaptation action plan.
Jakarta, November 2013
Deputy for Natural Resources and Environmental Affairs
Ministry of National Development Planning/
National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS)
Endah Murniningtyas
ii
Table of Contents
Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................... i
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background ..................................................................................................................................................
1.3 RAN-API in the National Development Planning .........................................................................
Chapter 2. CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACT IN INDONESIA ..............................................
1.2 Purpose and Objective .............................................................................................................................
1.4 Approach and Framework .....................................................................................................................
2.1 Analysis of Climate Change in Indonesia Based Observation Data .....................................
2.1.2 Trend in Rainfall Changes .........................................................................................................
2.1.1 Trend in Surface Temperature Changes ..............................................................................

2.1.3 Trend in Sea Level Rise ...............................................................................................................
2.1.4 Trends in Extreme Weather and Climate Events .............................................................
2.2 Climate Change Projection Based on IPCC-AR4 Models ............................................................
2.2.2 Projection on Rainfall Changes ...............................................................................................
2.2.1 Projection on Increase in Surface Temperature ...............................................................
2.2.3 Projection on Sea Level Rise .....................................................................................................
2.3 Potential Impacts of Climate Change .................................................................................................
2.2.4 Projection on Weather and Climate Extreme Events ....................................................
Chapter 3. POLICY DIRECTION AND OBJECTIVE OF NATIONAL ACTION

PLAN FOR CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION ....................................................................................... 9
3.1 RAN-APIs Policy Direction ....................................................................................................................
iii
3.2 RAN-APIs Target, Strategy dan Action Plan ................................................................................... 11
Chapter 4. IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISM ....................................................................................... 15

4.1 Coordination Mechanism ....................................................................................................................... 15
4.2 Adaptation Funding Mechanism ......................................................................................................... 17

4.2.1 Sources of Domestic Funding ................................................................................................. 17
4.2.2 Sources of International Funding ......................................................................................... 17
4.3 Monitoring, Evaluation, Review and Reporting Mechanism ................................................. 18
4.3.1 Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting Mechanism ...................................................... 18

4.3.2 RAN-API Review Mechanism .................................................................................................. 18
Chapter 5. RAN-API PILOT SITES SELECTION ................................................................................... 19
Reference .............................................................................................................................................................. 24
iv
Chapter
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Many scientific evidence have shown that climate change is happening and is felt by the entire
global community.Development of adaptation action to climate change is aimed to ensure or
secure the achievement of key development goals and increase physical, economical, social,
and environmental resilience of community towards the impacts of climate change. National
development with climate change adaptation agenda has a goal to create a development
system which is adaptive or resilient to climate change.
Currently, most sectoral Line Ministries have developed climate change adaptation action
plans.However, there are still many adaptation activities in these sectors that can, should, and
must be synergized in its implementation with other sectors, so that the target of adaptation
can be achieved and resilience to climate change impacts can be improved.This issue should
be an integral part in the formulation of national and sectoral development plans, which is
further used to develop an integrated and continuous adaptation actions plan.
The formulation of the National Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation (RAN-API) is
expected to make the implementation of adaptation actions in Indonesia more effectively
and in an integrated manner. In addition, it is also expected to provide a greater impact in
supporting the achievement of sustainable and adaptative/resilient development to climate
change.
1.2 Purpose and Objective
The purpose of the development of RAN-API is to produce a national action plan to adapt to the
impacts of climate change, which is coordinated in an integrated manner with all stakeholders
involved, including from the government, community organizations, public, private, and so
forth.
The main objective of adaptation to climate change in the RAN-API is the implementation of a
sustainable development system which has a high resilence to climate change impacts.
RAN-API document is developed with the following specific objectives:

To provide direction for mainstreaming climate change adaptation issues in the national
development planning process.
To provide guidance for sectoral and cross-sectoral climate change adaptation action in
the short-term (2013-2014), medium-term (2015-2019), and long-term (2020-2025)
planning.
To provide direction for short-term priority adaptation actions to be proposedso that it
can get special attention and support from international funding.
As a direction for the sector and local government in developing synergized adaptation
actions and efforts to build more effective communication and coordination systems.
1.3 RAN-API in the National Development Planning

RAN-API is part of Indonesias national development framework. In terms of national
development planning, RAN-API is a cross-cutting thematic plan that is specific in preparing
a more climate change resilient development plan (climate proof/ resilient development)at
the national level.RAN-API is expected to provide input to the future Government Work Plan
(RKP) and the National Medium Term Development Plan (RPJMN), so that the RKP and RPJMN
become more responsive to the impacts of climate change.
RAN-API is not a separate document which has formal legal power of its own, but it becomes
the main input and an integral part of national development planning documents and Line
Ministries planning. RAN-API is also a reference for local governments in developing local
strategy/action plan for climate change adaptation.
Note:
RPJPN: Long Term National Development Planning; RPJPD: Long Term Regional National Development Planning;
RTRWN: National Spatial Planning; RTRW Kab: District Spatial Planning; RDTR: Detailed Spatial Planning; Renstra
K/L: Line Ministriess Strategic Plan; RPJMN: Mid Term National Development Planning; RPJMD: Mid Term Regional
Development Planning; Renstra SKPD: Local Government Agencys Strategic Planning; Renja K/L: Line Ministry Work
Plan; RKP: Government Work Plan; RKPD: Local Government Work Plan; Renja SKPD: Local Government Agencys
Work Plan
Position of RAN-API in the national development framework
1.4 Approach and Framework

RAN-RAN-API is developed by referring to the existing study documents and govenrment work
plans.The development began with a review of the existing documents, identify the risks of
climate change on various areas of life, and set goals, objectives, strategies, as well as action
plans to anticipate the risks of climate change in the future which are synchronized with the
Line Ministries work programs.
RAN-API document consists of national adaptation actions that will be implemented within the
next 1-2 years (2013 2014) and actions that will be mainstreamed to the next RPJMN (20152019 and 2020-2025). RAN-API document that has been developed will then be reviewed
periodically to continue to be improved with a more specific scientific studies.
Chapter
CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS

IMPACT IN INDONESIA
Development of RAN-API is based on a scientific belief on climate change itself. One of the
important scientific basis is the fourth assessment report (AR4), published by the IPCC in
2007.By using a variety of observational data and the output of global climate models (GCM),
the report confirms the role of contribution of human activities (anthropogenic factors) in
increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere is accelerating the
rate of global average surface temperature increase up to 0.74 C or approximately 0.18
over the period of 1906-2005 (IPCC, 2007).Trend of increasing global temperatures(global
warming)is believed to have caused climate change in various places in the world today.
2.1 Analysis of Climate Change in Indonesia Based Observation Data
2.1.1 Trend in Surface Temperature Changes
Effect of global warming to the increase in surface temperature in Indonesia is estimated

to not be greater than 1.0 C during the 20th century. An accurate estimation is difficult to
obtain due to the lack of consistent data recording in Indonesia territory.
Trends in annual average

temperature for land areas
in Indonesia, based on data
from the CRU TS3.1. (CRU
data is one of the global
climate database of the
University of East Anglia,
often used as an alternative
to local observational data)
2.1.2 Trend in Rainfall Changes

According to several studies that compare January rainfall on the period of 1980-2010 to
the 1961-1990 (baseline data),the change in the average rainfall value is not uniform for
Indonesia.The average rainfall for the period of 1980 2010 for most of Sumatra Island is
increasing about 10-50 mm compared to 1961 - 1990.As for other areas, there are areas which
average rainfall value is increasing, but some are decreasing.
Examples of the results of rainfall trends analysis in January from GPCC data: (a) the average
baseline value of 1961-1990 (baseline) and (b) the difference in the average value of the period
1980-2010 (data until 2007) compared with the baseline (Bappenas, 2010c).
2.1.3 Trend in Sea Level Rise
Data from Simple Ocean Data Assimilation/SODA shows the characteristic of Indonesias sea
level rise (SLR) with the 30-50 years pattern (1860-1910, 1910-1950, 1950-1990) or multidecade variations(decadal). This data also shows that Indonesias SLR is about 0.8 mm/year
and increasing to 1.6 mm/year since 1960 and then jumped to 7 mm/year in 1993.
Average SLR anomalous variations in

Indonesian waters in 1860-2010, which
is calculated from SODA data (full green
line), ROMS-SODA (red dashed line),
and altimeter (blue dotted line).It also
shown the linear trend lines calculated
for each data.
2.1.4 Trend in Extreme Weather and Climate Events

Extreme weather and climate events are an intrinsic part of the climate system that are
irregular(chaotic).On the other hand, climate change is allegedly has the potential to increase
the frequency of extreme events in various regions of the world.
The trend of change in the odds of daily extreme rainfall based on CDF analysis of TRMM
satellite data indicates an increased chance of daily extreme rainfall in most parts of Indonesia,
except for some areas in Maluku (colored blue), within a period of approximately 10 years
ranging from 1998 to 2008 .
(a) CDF curve with a threshold value for highest 1% daily rainfall chances based on TRMM
satellite data for the period of 1998-2008.(b) The distribution of value changes in extreme daily
rainfall chances in the TRMM data for the 2003-2008 period relative to the value of opportunities
in 1998-2002 period.
2.2 Climate Change Projection Based on IPCC-AR4 Models

Climate projection result is highly dependent on the scenarios of increase in greenhouse
gases (GHGs) concentration in the atmosphere which is based on the assumption of global
socio-economic development and the main technologies that support it.In the IPCC-AR4, the
scenarios used are based onthe Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES).
2.2.1 Projection on Increase in Surface Temperature
IPCC-AR4 models assume that the temperature rise is caused predominantly by the effects
of GHGs spread evenly in the atmosphere, therefore the projected average increase in
temperature for the region of Malang in East Java can represent all regions in Indonesia.As
shown in the figure, it can be said the projected increase in average surface temperature
throughout Indonesia due to GHGs until the period of 2020-2050 is approximately 0.8 - 1C
relative to recent climatic period in the 20th century (Bappenas, 2010c).
Average
surface
temperature
projections for the area of Malang,
East Java based on IPCC-AR4 model
after going through downscaling
process.Showing also historical data
from 1951 to 2010 and the results
of GCM model simulations for the
20th century and projections for the
three SRES scenarios B1, A1B, and
A2. Monthly time series data was
first smoothed to show the long-term
trend (KLH, 2012a)
2.2.2 Projection on Rainfall Changes

IPCC-AR4 models generally show changes in rainfall patterns are more varied in Indonesia,
both temporally and spatially.Projection analysis based on the output of seven GCM on average
showed no significant change for the period of 2020 to 2050(Bappenas, 2010c).This indicates
that, up to 2020-2050 period,natural climate variability is more involved than the effects of
GHGs in determining changes in rainfall.However, the changes leading up to and after 2050
needs more attention.
SNC report (KLH, 2010) shows the trend of fourteen GCM models to the changes in seasonal
rainfall in Indonesia based on two emission scenarios (SRES A2 and B1) for 2025 and 2050.The
models that are part of the two scenarios agree that there is a trend towards reduced rainfall
in June-July-August (JJA) and the transition to the September-October-November (SON) in Java
and Nusa Tenggara Islands.In addition, the models also agree that Java and Nusa Tenggara
Islands have increased rainfall in December-January-February (DJF). This trend is likely to
contrast with the projection for most areas in the other islands.
2.2.3 Projection on Sea Level Rise
The increase in sea level (sea level rise/SLR) provides a huge potential threat to Indonesia
which is an archipelagic country consisting many islands and small islands. In 2050, SLR
due to global warming is projected to reach 35-40 cm relative to year 2000.Based on these
projections, the maximum SLR (including the dynamics of melting ice) in Indonesia can reach
up to 175 cm in 2100 (Bappenas, 2010b).
Estimates of the rate of increase in sea level in Indonesia based on the model that takes into
account the dynamics of melting ice (Bappenas, 2010b)
2.2.4 Projection on Weather and Climate Extreme Events
Analysis on extreme events projection is not easy to do because it requires plenty of time for
analysis and more detailed data. Therefore, it can be understood that a comprehensive study
related to extreme events in Indonesia is still very limited.
Studies on changes in the odds of extreme events in the Indonesian territory are more focused
on extreme rainfall events. As for the extreme events related to the temperature change such
as heat waves,do not show a significant trend at least up to 2050, either according to the study
of historical data (such as that written by Manton et al, 2001), as well as GCM studies.
2.3 Potential Impacts of Climate Change

Theoretically, the change in climate indicators such as surface temperature, precipitation, sea
surface temperature, sea level, extreme climate events (ENSO, IOD, DMI, IPO), and extreme
weather events (heavy rain, strong storm winds, and storm surge) which have been projected
above will give rise to a variety of potential impacts on areas related to national development
system whether in terms of economic, livelihood,ecosystem, as well as special regions.
Climate change impacts in Indonesia have been studies quite a lot eventhough the scope of
the studies are generally still in national scale.The two main references which can be used are
the Indonesia Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap (ICCSR) developed by Bappenas and Second
National Communication (SNC) developed by KLH, both in 2010.
In ICCSR, it was mentioned that the potential impacts of climate hazards can affect the key
sectors such as water, marine and fisheries, health, agriculture, and forestry. In the water
sector, climate change may lead to the four major hazard, i.e., decrease in water availability,
floods, landslides, and droughts which are generally caused by the parameters of rainfall and
extreme weather and climate events.
ICCSR and SNC documents have identified the distribution of major climate change hazard
risks level in Indonesia.Java, Bali and Sumatra islands are mentioned as three areas that have
high and very high risk compared to other regions.The risk is associated with a high degree of
vulnerability caused by population, residential areas, and infrastructure in the three regions.
The level of climate change risks in Indonesia by region (modified from the data of ICCSR and
SNC documents)
Risks
Sumatra
Java-Bali
Kalimantan
Sulawesi
Nusa
Tenggara
Maluku
Papua
Decrease in
water availability
M, H, VH
H, VH
L, M
H, VH
H, VH
L, M
Flood
H, VH
H, VH
L, M, H
L, M, H
L, M
Drought
H, VH
H, VH
L, M
L, M, VH
Coastal
inundation
M, H
M, H, VH
M, H, VH
M, H
M, H
M, H
M, H
The spread of
dengue fever
L, M, H
L, M, H
L, M
L, M
L, M
L, M
L, M, H
The spread of
Malaria
L, M
L, M, H
L, M
L, M, H
L, M, H, VH
M, H
M, H, VH
The spread of
Diarrhea
L, M, H
L, M, H
L, M, H
L, M, H
L, M, H
L, M, H
L, M, H, VH
H, VH
H, VH
H, VH
M, H, VH
M, H
Decrease in rice
production
Forest fires
Note: L: Low; M: Moderate; H: High; VH: Very High
Chapter
POLICY DIRECTION AND

OBJECTIVE OF NATIONAL
ACTION PLAN FOR CLIMATE
CHANGE ADAPTATION
Adaptation to climate change is adjustment in ecological, social and economic systems in

response to impacts of climate change that have occurred or are expected to occur.This refers
to the processes, practices, and structures to reduce potential losses and take advantage of
the changes caused by climate change.More specifically, adaptation to climate change means
reducing vulnerability by increasing the resilience of a system.
3.1 RAN-API: Policy Direction

Systematic and integrated efforts with a reliable strategy, as well as joint commitment and
responsibility of various stakeholders are needed in mainstreaming climate change in national
or local development agenda.RAN-API is a reflection of the sector and cross-sector readiness
in responding to and anticipating the threat of climate change through programs and actions
which are based on the projections in the future.
By considering the definition of adaptation as an effort to improve system resilience to
the impacts of climate change, adaptation to climate change in Indonesia is directed as the
following:
1. Efforts to adjust the strategy, policy, management, technology and attitude aimed at
reducing the negative impacts of climate change and, if possible, to maximize its positive
benefits.
2. Efforts to reduce the nature (direct, indirect, continuous, discontinuous, and permanent)
and rate of climate change impacts.
By paying attention to sectors and aspects of development, despite being affected by the
effects of climate change, national development goals can still be achieved as long as there are
resilience in the economic, social and environment. In addition, resilence is also needed in
special regions such as small islands, coastal and urban areas.
Therefore,the strategic objectives of RAN-API are directed to (a) build economic resilence, (b)
establish the livelihood (social) resilience to climate change impacts (livelihood resilience),
(c) maintaining the sustainability of environmental services (ecosystem resilience) and (d)
strengthen the resilience in special regions such as urban areas, as well as coastal and small
islands. In addition, to reinforce the above objectives, it requires support system which are
reflected in the management of knowledge, planning and budgeting, capacity building, as well
as monitoring and evaluation.
Strategic goals and objectives of RAN-API
10
3.2 RAN-API: Target, Strategy dan Action Plan

By paying attention to the sectors and aspects of development which are affected by climate
change as previously described; the RAN-API targets, strategies and cluster of action plans are
presented by 5 (five) areas as follows:
RAN-API Target, Strategy and Action Plan
Target
Strategy
Decreased rate of agricultural and

fisheries food production loss due to
climate change
Adjustment and development

of farming systems to climate
change
New growth areas of food production

in areas with low climate risk and
minimum environmental impact are
developed
Development and
implementation of adaptive
technology to climate stress
Cluster of Action Plan
1.1. Sub-Sector of Food Security
1. Economic Resilience
Food security system for farmers,

fishermen and community (micro)
with a healthy, nutritious and
balanced food pattern, and diversified
to the optimum level is developed
Development and optimization

of land, water and genetic
resources
1. Adjustment of Food Production

Systems
2. Expansion of farming and aquaculture
areas
3. Repairment and development of
agriculture and fisheries infrastructure
4. Acceleration of food diversification
5. Development of innovative and
adaptive technology
6. Development of information and
communication systems (climate and
technology)
7. Supporting programs
1.2. Sub-Sector of Energy Security

Hidropower and geothermal energy
sources at low climate risk areas are
esteblished
High productivity and climate stress
resistance crops for bioenergy
(biomass and biofuels) is developed
Organic waste utilization for energy
and gas production, especially for
high density populated areas to
reduce the environmental pollution is
optimized and the tolerance interval
(vulnerability) of the area to the
extreme rainfall impacts is improved
Restoration and conservation

of rainfall catchment areas in
river vasin areas that become
the sources of hydropower and
geothermal energy stations
2. Expansion of renewable energy

sources utilization
Optimization of organic waste

and biomass utilization for the
development of energy sources
from biofuels
3. Development of innovative and

adaptive technology for the cultivation
of biofuel source crops and energy
source plantations
1. Restoration and conservation of rainfall

catchment areas
Increased use of renewable energy

sources in remote villages
11
Target
Strategy
2.1. Sub-Sector of Health

Factors of vulnerability and risk to
public health that can be caused
by climate change is identified and
controlled
Strengthening and updating

of information on vulnerability
and risk to public health due to
climate change
The awareness and utilization of early

warning system for infectious and
non-infectious diseases outbreak
caused by climate change
Development of policy,
planning, network, and interagency cooperation at the
local, regional and national
level related to public health
risk due to climate change
Regulations, legislation, and

institutional capacity at central and
local levels on the risks to public
health that can be posed by climate
change is stengthened
Increased knowledge, technological
innovation, and community
participation on health related climate
change adaptation
Capacity building and early

warning system development
on climate change-related
threats to public health in the
community and government
level
1. Identification and control of factors of

vulnerability and risk to public health
caused by climate change
2. Strengthening the awareness and
utilization of early warning system for
infectious and non-infectious diseases
outbreak caused by climate change
3. Strengthening the regulations,
legislation, and institutional capacity
at central and local levels on the risks
to public health that can be posed by
climate change
4. Increased knowledge, technological
innovation, and community
participation on health related climate
change adaptation
2.2. Sub-Sector of Settlement
2. Livelihood Resilience
Study and research on improving the

resilience of settlements adaptive to
climate change is implemented
Development and management
of settlements with integration of
climate change adaptation and
sustainable development concept is
implemented
Increased understanding of
stakeholders and the public
regarding the climate change resilient
settlements
Provision of facilities for study

and research activities on the
settlement resilience which
adaptive to climate change
Development of residential
structures resilient to climate
change impacts and affordable
Dissemination of information
to the government at various
levels on the settlements which
resilient to the impacts of
climate change
Increased access to decent and

affordable housing
Development of the climate

change adaptation program of
sub-sector of settlement that
refers to the the needs arising
from climate change issues
Development of infrastructure
resilience that adaptive to climate
change
Adjustment of the structure,

components, design and
location of infrastructure so
that it will be resilient to climate
change
1. Studies and researches on increasing

the resilience of settlements adaptive
to climate change
2. Development and management of
Settlement
3. Efforts for community empowerment
4. Access to decent and affordable
housing
2.3. Sub-Sector of Infrastructure
Infrastructure adaptive to climate

change is developed
Infrastructure that has a direct
impact on public health and resilient
to climate change is provided and
adjusted
Infrastructure layout management
that is integrated with spatial planning
in sustainable development concept
12
Infrastructure improvements
that are vulnerable to climate
change both in terms of
structure, function and location
Providing support to study
and research activities on
the concept development of
infrastructure resilience to
climate change
1. Research and development of concept

on infrastructure resilience
2. Development of infrastructure adaptive
to climate change
3. Risk reduction on distruption to the
transport accessibility functions on
road, bridges, railways, ports and
airports due to climate change impacts
4. Enhancement, provision, and
adjustment of infrastructure that has
a direct impact on public health and
resilient to climate change
5. Integration to sustainable development
6. Improvement on infrastructure support
system for climate change adaptation
7. Design, supply and management of
energy infrastructure so that it will be
adaptive to climate change
Strategy
3. Ecosystem Resilience
Target
Decreased area of damaged natural
terrestrial and marine ecosystems
due to climate change
Securing the availability of

water and protection against
extreme climate events
Increased quantity and quality of

coral reefs and forest cover in the
priority river basin areas
Prevention of loss of
ecosystems and biodiversity
Decreased threat level of key species

System for ecosystem resilience is
developed
Maintenance of water supply

sustainability, conservation of
ecosystems and biodiversity
conservation

1. Improvement of spatial planning and
land use
2. Management and utilization of
sustainable productive areas
3. Improvement of conservation and
essential ecosystem area governance
4. Rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems
5. Reduction of threats to ecosystems
6. Development of information and
communication system
4.1 Sub-Sector of Urban Area

Climate change adaptation is
integrated into urban spatial planning
plans
Adjustment of spatial plan

for urban area to the threat of
climate change
Urban infrastructure and facilities are

adjusted to anticipate the threat of
climate change
Sustainable environmental
management for urban area
2. Adjustment of urban infrastructure

and facilities to anticipate the threat of
climate change
Improvement on quality of
infrastructure and facilities in
urban area
3. Capacity building for urban

communities on climate change issues
4. Sepcial Areas Resilience
Increased capacity of urban

communities related to climate
change issues
1. Integration of adaptation into urban

spatial planning plans
Capacity building for urban

area community in facing the
threat of climate change
Development and optimization
of research and information
sytem on climate in urban area
4.2 Sub-Sector of Coastal and Small Islands area

Improved capacity of coastal and
samll islands community on climate
change issues
Environment and ecosystem is
managed and utilized for climate
change adaptation
Structural and non-structural
adaptation measures is applied
to anticipate the threat of climate
change
Achievement of livelihood
stability for coastal and small
islands community to the threat
of climate change
Improvement of environmental
quality in coastal and small
islands area
Implementation of adaptation
structure development in
coastal and small islands area
Climate change adaptation is

integrated into management plan of
Adjustment of coastal and

small islands spatial plan to the
threat of climate change
Improved climate change adaptation

supporting system in coastal and
small islands area
Development and Optimization

of research and information
system on climate in coastal
and small islands area
1. Capacity building for costal and small

islands community on climate change
issues
2. Management and utilization of
environment and ecosystem for
climate change adaptation
3. Application of structural and nonstructural adaptation measures to
anticipate the threat of climate change
4. Integration of adaptation efforts to
management plan of coastal and small
islands area
5. Improvement on climate change
adaptation supporting system in
13
Target
Improved capacity for stakeholders
on climate change adaptation
Accurate and updated climate
information system is developed
5. Supporting System
Increased research and development

on knowledge and technology related
to climate change adaptation
Planning and budgeting responsive to
climate change is developed
Climate change adaptation activities
are monitored and evaluated
Strategy
Improvement of capacity
of highly vulnerable to low
vulnerable
1. Capacity building for stakeholders on

Information development that

could increase knowledge and
skill on how to reduce climate
change vulnerability factors
3. Increasing research and develoment on

knowledge and technology related to
Research and development of

technology to identify various
cause of climate change and
climate change disasater
adaptation strategy
Integration of adaptation efforts
into development planning and
budgeting on local, regional,
and national level
2. Development of accurate and updated

climate information system
4. Development of planning and

budgeting as well as regulation
formulation that are responsive to
climate change
5. Monitoring and evaluation of climate
change adaptation activities
Monitoring and evaluation

to obtain information on the
progress and achievement
of programs, issues to be
anticipated, good lesson to
be learned, and information to
formulate future strategy
14
Chapter
IMPLEMENTATION
MECHANISM
4.1 Coordination Mechanism

The development of RAN-API document is expected to improve the coordination between
related Line Ministries and other stakeholders, including private, non-governmental
organizations, international cooperation agencies, universities and research institutes. In
order to facilitate better coordination of climate change mitigation and adaptation as well as to
improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the achievement of climate change mitigation and
adaptation action plan, the Minister of National Development Planning / Head of Bappenas
has issued a ministerial decree No. Kep.38/M.PPN/HK/ 03/2012 on the establishment of the
Climate Change Coordination Team.Based on the mandate and composition of its membership,
the coordination team has an important role in coordinating cross Line Ministries at the central
level.
The Climate Change Coordination Team consists of the Steering Committee team and 6 (six)
Working Groups (WG), namely:
1. Agriculture WG
2. Forestry and Peatlands WG
3. Energy, Transport and Industry WG
4. Waste Management WG
5. Other Supporting and Cross-Sectoral issues WG
6. Adaptation WG
Adaptation Working Group (WG VI) is one of the working groups set up with the following
tasks:
15
1.
2.
3.
4.
To coordinate the implementation of climate change adaptation program

To synchronize the work plans of each ministry/institution
To develop RAN-API
Compiled quarterly and yearly report of the Working Group, and report the implementation
of programs and activities to the Chairman of the Steering Committee Team
5. Carry out other relevant duties as directed by the Chairman of the Steering Committee
Team
In implementing RAN-API, role of institutions outside the Adaptation Working Group and
Climate Change Coordination Team is still need to be set up, especially for the implementation
of adaptation actions in local level. Meanwhile, the division of tasks of RAN-API at the
ministerial level is divided into:
1. Coordinating Minister for Peoples Welfare will coordinate the implementation and
monitoring of RAN-API with the involvement of the Ministers and Governors related to
climate change adaptation efforts, and report the integrated implementation of RAN-API
to the President at least once a year.
2. Minister of National Development Planning / Head of Bappenas is responsible for
coordinating the evaluation and review of RAN-API, and to develop guideline for the
development of local climate change adaptation strategy/plan.
3. Minister of Home Affairs is in charge of facilitating the development of local climate change
adaptationstrategy/ plan together with the Minister of National Development Planning/
Head of Bappenas and the Ministry of Environment.
4. Other Ministries/Institutions according to their own duties are in charge of RAN-API
implementation, both with their own funding and cooperation with the international
community, as well as monitor the implementation and report the monitoring result
periodically to the Minister for National Development Planning/Head of Bappenas.
5. The provincial governments are expected to develop local climate change adaptation
strategy/plan which refers to the RAN-API and in accordance with regional development
priorities and reflects the ability of the public budget.
6. The Governors convey the local climate change adaptation strategy/plan to the Minister
of Home Affairs and Minister of National Development Planning/Head of Bappenas to
facilitate the integration of local climate change adaptation strategy/plan into national
adaptation efforts.
Local governments have an important role in the implementation of adaptation in accordance

with the conditions of local area and the level of vulnerability of their respective regions.
The local climate change adaptation strategy/plan (provincial and district/city) should be
integrated with local development planning, in this case the Local Medium Development Plan
(RPJMD) and the provincial/district/city spatial planning (RTRW) documents.In addition, the
local climate change strategy/plan document contains the priority programs and activities by
sector and closely linked to each Strategic Plan (Renstra) of relevant local government agencies
(SKPD).
16
4.2 Adaptation Funding Mechanism

To date there is no climate change adaptation funding policy specifically developed to support
the implementation of adaptation action plans in Indonesia. However, the funding for the
climate change adaptation is part of the funding for overall development that are based on the
annual development plan at the central, province and district/city.
In the medium-term development planning, the climate change issue has received priority
for funding through the state budget (APBN) mechanism.In addition, climate change funding
policy is not only from domestic funding sources, but developed from various other sources of
funding, including from the private sector and international cooperation.Various programs for
adaptation to climate change is widely supported by funding from international cooperation,
both in the form of capacity building and financing of pilot projects.
4.2.1 Sources of Domestic Funding
Domestic funding by the state budget, in accordance with the RPJMN 2010 2014 and the
current year annual work plan, is the top priority for RAN-API funding.Other domestic funding
resources include local budget (APBD), government debt, private investment (banking and
non-banking), and corporate social responsibility program (CSR).
Funds from the state budget in general will be channeled through the central government
ministries/institutions as well as the State-Owned Enterprise (BUMN) with a mechanism
that has been established.Nevertheless, funds from the state budget can be piped back to the
private sector with a particular mechanism in accordance with the type of source of funds.
Mainsource of funding in local level is the local budget, in accordance with the capabilities and
priorities of the local government.
Some domestic private funding sources for climate change adaptation activities include
banking, non-banking, CSR, public private partnerships(PPP), and insurance.Domestic private
funding can be identified to support the funding coming from the government.
4.2.2 Sources of International Funding
Source of fund from several international institutions are widely available and can be used by
both the government and private sectors. The use of this funding source is highly dependent on
the existing proposal mechanism in each fund providing institution. Related to climate change,
the UNFCCC mechanism opens access for developing countries to receive fund from developed
countries. GEF is appointed as the institution which manages and transfers the funds through
a multilateral institution such as World Bank and UNDP which act as a representative.
New funding mechanism through UNFCCC has not yet been decided. Although, in the
Copenhagen Agreement there has been plans to establish a Copenhagen Green Climate Fund,
to date there has not been any agreement about the form it will take, the transfer mechanism,
and the criteria required to receive such funds.
Other international funding mechanisms which requires more attention are as follows: the
Adaptation Fund, Least Developed Countries fund, Special Climate Change Fund, Climate
and Development Knowledge Network, Global Climate Change Aliance, Global Facility for
Disaster Reduction and Recovery, and the International Climate Initiative. Several bilateral and
multilateral cooperation could also be used to support adaptation activities.
To be able to access these international funds, the capacity of Indonesia Climate Change Trust
Fund (ICCTF) as an institution which is aimed to accommodate national and international
grants for climate change needs to be increased. The increase of capacity will allow ICCTF to
get accreditation as National Implementing Entity (NIE).
17
4.3 Monitoring, Evaluation, Review and Reporting Mechanism

In the implementation of RAN-API, a monitoring, evaluation, reporting and review mechanism
will be developed. This mechanism will be a part of RAN-API development and update cycle
which is based on the development of current climate change in the national and global level.
4.3.1 Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting Mechanism
RAN-API monitoring and evaluation process is required to make sure the achievement of
its targets and objectives. The process of RAN-API monitoring is done by the related Line
Ministries and is reported periodically to the Minister of National Development Planning/Head
of Bappenas. The monitoring and evaluation mechanism has to be in line with the monitoring
and evaluation activities which has been done for development activities.
4.3.2 RAN-API Review Mechanism
Climate change adaptation requires a comprehensive study as the basis, taking into account
the dynamic developments occurring globally and nationally.In addition to the development
of existing science and technology, various new breakthroughs may be found in the future.
Ministry of National Development Planning /Bappenas together with related Ministries/
Institutions will conduct the evaluation process and review of integrated RAN-API periodically
in accordance with national requirements and the latest global developments.
18
Chapter
RAN-API
PILOT SITES SELECTION
The formulation of local climate change adaptation strategy/plan based on a complete

vulnerability assessment is important for the implementation of adaptation. However, given the
limited resources and capacity of local governments, the central government has the initative
to conduct climate change adaptation pilot activities for the RAN-API in the vulnerable regions.
These pilot activities location is selected based on the available vulnerability assessment
documents which have been developed by various ministries/institutions, development
partners and civil society organization (CSO) in collaboration with the local governments.
The implementation of the pilot activities is expected to give a good and full overview on climate
change adaptation implementation at local level, these including the activities initiatied by
or in cooperation between central government, local government, development partners and
community.
It is also expected that the pilot activities can encourage local governments in putting climate
change impacts as one of important factors to the development and to conduct adequate
assessment, as well as planning and integrating it into the local climate change adaptation
strategy/plan. The local climate change adaptation strategy/plan needs to be synchronized
with the local government development planning and budgeting. To ensure that the adaptation
activities are implemented appropriately, a monitoring and evaluation system is required. The
result of monitoring and evaluation can be used as feedback to the next adaptation planning.
To support the implementation of the pilot activities, coordination between central

government (line ministries) and local government (SKPD or local government agencies)
related to adaptation actions is needed. Therefore, based on adaptation actions listed in RANAPI document, appropriate Quick Win activities are need to be selected as the pilot projects at
the vulnerable areas that need special attention for adaptation.
19
The selection of pilot activities location is conducted based on several criterias, as follow:
1. Availability of complete vulnerability assessment, consist of climate assessment, potential
impact, affected sector, and cluster of adaptation activities recommendation.
2. Local governments commitment to climate change adaptation, shown by the existing
adaptation strategy and plan, mainstreaming to local development plan and budget,
3. Previous or existing adaptation related activities, funded by local budget or other
funding resources (private, development partners, etc.)
4. Establishment of local climate change working group/task force
5. Linkage with RAN-API
Based on above criterias, there are 15 regions with high scoring result (score 4 and 5 out of 5),
which are recommended as priority pilot location for the RAN-API, namely:
Priority Regions for RAN-API Pilot Activities
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
20
Province/Regency/City
Bali Province
Semarang City
Pekalongan City
West Java Province
Blitar City
Bandar Lampung City
East Java Province
Malang District
Batu City
Malang City
West Nusa Tenggara Province
Lombok Island
Tarakan District
South Sumatra Province
North Sumatra Province
Score
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
21
South
Sumatra
Province
Tarakan
District
East Java
Province
Malang
District
Batu City
No
Province/
District/City
Availability
Agriculture
(Apple)
Agriculture
(corn, apple),
fresh water,
landslide
hazard, and
health
Health, water
Health
Agriculture,
Coastal, Health
Sector
Sertified seed,
organic fertilizer,
replanting and
expansion of apple
plantation, agriculture
infrastructure and
facilities
Ponds establishment,
sertified seed,
agriculture
insfratructure,
irrigation and drinking
water network,
reforestration
Irrigation and drinking

water network
development,
provision and
management of
raw water, healthy
environment
development
Cluster of Action
Vulnerability Assessment
Integration into
Local Development
Plan and Budget
Adaptation
Strategy /
Action Plan
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Other
Funding
Resources
Local Government Commitment
Climate
Change
Working
Group
Summary of VA scoring for RAN-API Pilot Project Priority Area (pleriminary result)
Economi resilience,
sub-sector of food
security
Economic resilience,
sub-sector of
food security, and
Livelihood resilience,
sub-sector of
infrasturcture and
health
sub-sector of food
security
Livelihood resilence,
sub-sector of
infrastructure and
health
sub-sector of
infrastructure and
health
Linkage with
RAN-API
Score
22
Province/
District/City
Malang City
Blitar City
Semarang
City
Pekalongan
CIty
No
Availability
Food production
system, climate
change adaptive
infrastructure,
increasing awareness
to climate-induced
diseases
Irrigation and drinking

water network
development,
provision and
management of
raw water, healthy
environment
development,
reforestation
Cluster of Action
Settlement,
Public Work,
Economy
Tidal flood, frest water

and sanitation
Infrastructure, Flood Control

e c o n o m y,
settlement
Agriculture,
Fresh water,
Health
Health,
fresh water,
landslide
hazardr
Sector
V
(construction
of sea
dikes and
flood canal;
industrial
relocation)
V
(Climate
Change
Integrated
Strategy of
Blitar City)
Integration into
Local Development
Plan and Budget
GIZ
V
Mercycorp
ACCCRN
V
Local budget
NA
Other
Funding
Resources

Adaptation
Strategy /
Action Plan
Climate
Change
Working
Group
special
area
resilience, sub-sector
of coastal and small
islands
Livelihood resilience,
sub-sector of
settlement; special
area resilience, subsector of coastal and
small islands
sub-sector of
infrastructure and
health
sub-sector of
infrastructure and
health
Linkage with
RAN-API
Score
23
Provinsi NTB
Lombok
island
West Java
Province
Bali Province
North
Sumatra
Province
12
13
14
15
Bandar
Lampung City
11
10
No
Province/
District/City
Agriculture,
water, urban
area, coastal
area
Agriculture
Agriculture,
estate crops,
forestry,
fisheries and
coastal, health,
and fresh
water
Infrastructure
(fresh water,
drainage,
settlement
waste, coastal,
fisheries,
health,
education
Sector
Availability
NA
Training for farmers,

establishment of
farmer cooperatives,
provision of quality
seeds
Anticipation on
shortages of clean
water, tidal flood and
abrasion
Fresh water provision,

groundwater
conservation, waste
management,
coastal community
empowerment,
education and health
quality
Cluster of Action
V
(Agriculture)
NA
Local Budget
ADB
NA
NA
ACCCRN,
APBD dan
APBN
V
(strategy
for urban
resilience
to climate
change)
Other
Funding
Resources
Integration into
Local Development
Plan and Budget

Adaptation
Strategy /
Action Plan
Climate
Change
Working
Group
sub-sector of food
security
sub-sector of food
security
sub-sector of
infrastructure and
health
Bidang Ketahanan
Wilayah Khusus
special area
of coastal and small
islands
special area
of urban area, and
sub-sector of coastal
and small islands
Linkage with
RAN-API
Score
Reference
Bappenas, 2010a. Indonesian Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap - ICCSR: Synthesis Report,
edited by Bappenas, Republik Indonesia, ISBN 978-979-3764-49-8.
Bappenas, 2010b. Indonesian Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap - ICCSR: Basis Saintifik:
Analisis dan Proyeksi Kenaikan Muka Air Laut dan Cuaca Ekstrim, edited by Bappenas,
Republik Indonesia.
Bappenas, 2010c. Indonesian Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap - ICCSR: Basis Saintifik:
Analisis dan Proyeksi Temperatur dan Curah Hujan, edited by Bappenas, Republik Indonesia.
Bappenas, 2010d. Indonesian Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap - ICCSR: Sektor Kelautan dan
Perikanan, edited by Bappenas, Republik Indonesia.
Bappenas, 2010e. Indonesian Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap - ICCSR: Sektor Kesehatan,
edited by Bappenas, Republik Indonesia.
Bappenas, 2010f. Indonesian Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap - ICCSR: Sektor Pertanian,
edited by Bappenas, Republik Indonesia.
Bappenas, 2010g. Indonesian Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap - ICCSR: Sektor Sumber Daya
Air, edited by Bappenas, Republik Indonesia.
IPCC, 2007. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group
I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeRep., 996
pp pp, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2010. Indonesia Second National Communication Under The
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Jakarta, November 2010
Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012. Climate Change Risk and Adaptation Assessment Greater
Malang, Jakarta, June 2012
Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012. Climate Change Risk and Adaptation Assessment
Tarakan, Jakarta, June 2012
Manton, M.J., Della-Marta, P.M., Haylock, M.R., Hennessy, K.J., Nicholls, N., Chambers, L.E.,
Collins, D.A., Daw, G., Finet, A., Gunawan, D., Inape, K., Isobe, H., Kestin, T.S., Lefale, P., Leyu, C.H.
Lwin, T., Maitrepierre, L., Ouprasitwong, N., Page, C.M., Pahalad, J., Plummer, N., Salinger, M.J.,
Suppiah, R., Tran, V.L., Trewin, B., Tibig, I. and Yee, D. 2001. Trends in extreme daily rainfall
and temperature in southeast Asia and the South Pacific: 19161998. International Journal of
Climatology, 21, 269284
24

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Republic of Indonesia

National Action Plan for

Ministry of National Development Planning /

Formulation of the RAN-API was conducted in a participatory manner through intensive

1.1 Background ..................................................................................................................................................

1.3 RAN-API in the National Development Planning .........................................................................

Chapter 2. CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACT IN INDONESIA ..............................................

1.2 Purpose and Objective .............................................................................................................................

1.4 Approach and Framework .....................................................................................................................

2.1 Analysis of Climate Change in Indonesia Based Observation Data .....................................

2.1.2 Trend in Rainfall Changes .........................................................................................................

2.1.1 Trend in Surface Temperature Changes ..............................................................................

2.1.4 Trends in Extreme Weather and Climate Events .............................................................

2.2 Climate Change Projection Based on IPCC-AR4 Models ............................................................

2.2.2 Projection on Rainfall Changes ...............................................................................................

2.2.1 Projection on Increase in Surface Temperature ...............................................................

2.2.3 Projection on Sea Level Rise .....................................................................................................

2.3 Potential Impacts of Climate Change .................................................................................................

2.2.4 Projection on Weather and Climate Extreme Events ....................................................

Chapter 3. POLICY DIRECTION AND OBJECTIVE OF NATIONAL ACTION

3.2 RAN-APIs Target, Strategy dan Action Plan ................................................................................... 11

Chapter 4. IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISM ....................................................................................... 15

4.2 Adaptation Funding Mechanism ......................................................................................................... 17

4.2.2 Sources of International Funding ......................................................................................... 17

4.3 Monitoring, Evaluation, Review and Reporting Mechanism ................................................. 18

4.3.1 Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting Mechanism ...................................................... 18

1.2 Purpose and Objective

RAN-API document is developed with the following specific objectives:

1.3 RAN-API in the National Development Planning

Position of RAN-API in the national development framework

1.4 Approach and Framework

CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS

2.1 Analysis of Climate Change in Indonesia Based Observation Data

2.1.1 Trend in Surface Temperature Changes

Effect of global warming to the increase in surface temperature in Indonesia is estimated

Trends in annual average

2.1.2 Trend in Rainfall Changes

Average SLR anomalous variations in

2.1.4 Trend in Extreme Weather and Climate Events

2.2 Climate Change Projection Based on IPCC-AR4 Models

2.2.2 Projection on Rainfall Changes

2.3 Potential Impacts of Climate Change

Note: L: Low; M: Moderate; H: High; VH: Very High

POLICY DIRECTION AND

Adaptation to climate change is adjustment in ecological, social and economic systems in

3.1 RAN-API: Policy Direction

Strategic goals and objectives of RAN-API

3.2 RAN-API: Target, Strategy dan Action Plan

Decreased rate of agricultural and

Adjustment and development

New growth areas of food production

Cluster of Action Plan

1.1. Sub-Sector of Food Security

Food security system for farmers,

Development and optimization

1. Adjustment of Food Production

1.2. Sub-Sector of Energy Security

Restoration and conservation

2. Expansion of renewable energy

Optimization of organic waste

3. Development of innovative and

1. Restoration and conservation of rainfall

Increased use of renewable energy

Cluster of Action Plan