Intelligent building system

1. 1. Energy Management Systems Mr. Saifullah Memon Intelligent Buildings Technology

2. 2. <ul><li>Introduction-Energy Management </li></ul><ul><li>Energy used in
buildings accounts for almost half of the total amount of energy consumed in the Pakistan
today. </li></ul><ul><li>Almost 85% of the energy used in buildings is for low
temperature applications such as space and water heating. </li></ul><ul><li>Appropriate
building designs involving clean and efficient technologies are already available and
there use may help to reduce future energy consumption as well as to provide a better
quality of life for citizens. </li></ul>Intelligent Buildings Technology
3. 3. <ul><li>Introduction-Energy Management </li></ul><ul><li>With fossil fuels the
primary energy source, the building sector currently produces 22% of total CO 2
emissions in the EC and unknown figure regarding Pakistan. This is more than that
produced by the industrial sector in Europe. </li></ul><ul><li>Intelligently designed
buildings are those that involve environmentally responsive design taking into account
the surroundings and building usage and involving the selection of appropriate building
services and control systems to further enhance building operation with a view to the
reduction of energy consumption and environmental impact over its lifetime.
</li></ul>Intelligent Buildings Technology
4. 4. <ul><li>Energy in Buildings </li></ul><ul><li>Buildings are inherently linked to
their usage and surroundings and hence their indoor environment is the result of a range
of interactions affected by seasonal and daily changes in climate and by the requirements
of occupants varying in time and space. </li></ul><ul><li>The design of buildings in the
mid-late twentieth century has sought to eliminate the effect of outdoor daily and
seasonal changes through the use of extensive heating, cooling, lighting and ventilation
equipment, resulting in spiraling energy consumption and environmental impact.
</li></ul>Intelligent Buildings Technology
5. 5. <ul><li>Energy in Buildings </li></ul><ul><li>A more climate sensitive approach
linked to the use of advanced control systems allows the building occupants to control
their indoor environment whilst maximizing the contribution of ambient energy sources
to the creation of a comfortable indoor environment through the use of a more climate
sensitive design approach. </li></ul><ul><li>Under almost all circumstances it is
necessary at some point in time to provide some form of auxiliary heating, cooling,
lighting or ventilation since natural sources cannot always cover the requirements for
thermal comfort visual comfort and IAQ (Indoor Air Quality) that are the prerequisite for
a well balanced, comfortable and healthy indoor environment. </li></ul>Intelligent
Buildings Technology
6. 6. <ul><li>Energy in Buildings </li></ul><ul><li>The purpose of energy management
in buildings, and hence the role of the building energy manager, is to identify the areas in
building stock where energy is used in excess. </li></ul><ul><li>Energy consumption in

building is required for the following uses: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Heating

</li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Cooling </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Ventilation
</li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Lighting </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Equipment and
machinery </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Domestic hot water </li></ul></ul>Intelligent
Buildings Technology
7. 7. Intelligent Buildings Technology <ul><li>Indoor Comfort </li></ul><ul><li>Thermal
comfort </li></ul><ul><li>Visual Comfort </li></ul><ul><li>Indoor air quality
</li></ul>
8. 8. Thermal Comfort
9. 9. <ul><li>Thermal Comfort </li></ul><ul><li>Comfort is defined as the sensation of
complete physical and mental well being. </li></ul><ul><li>Thermal neutrality, where
an individual desires neither a warmer nor a colder environment, is a necessary condition
for thermal comfort. </li></ul><ul><li>The factors affecting comfort are divided into
personal variables: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>activity </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Clothing
</li></ul></ul><ul><li>and environmental variables, </li></ul><ul><ul><li>air
temperature </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>mean radiant temperature
</li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>air velocity </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>air humidity
</li></ul></ul>Intelligent Buildings Technology
10. 10. Thermal Comfort Energy Balance Intelligent Buildings Technology
11. 11. <ul><li>Thermal Comfort Personal Variables </li></ul><ul><li>Clothing:
describes the occupants thermal insulation against the environment. This thermal
insulation is expressed in clo units. </li></ul>Intelligent Buildings Technology
12. 12. <ul><li>Thermal Comfort Personal Variables </li></ul><ul><li>Activity: The
metabolic rate is the amount of energy produced per unit of time by the conversion of
food. It is influenced by activity level and is expressed in mets (1 met = seated relaxing
person). </li></ul>Intelligent Buildings Technology
13. 13. <ul><li>Thermal Comfort Environmental Variables
</li></ul><ul><li>Temperature </li></ul><ul><li>The average air temperature from the
floor at a height of 1.1 m. </li></ul><ul><li>Mean Radiant Temperature The average
temperature of the surrounding surfaces, which includes the effect of the incident solar
radiation. </li></ul><ul><li>Air Velocity Which affects convective heat loss from the
body, i.e. air at a greater velocity will seem cooler. </li></ul><ul><li>Air Humidity
Which affects the latent heat losses and has a particularly important impact in warm and
humid environments </li></ul>Intelligent Buildings Technology
14. 14. Visual comfort
15. 15. <ul><li>Visual Comfort </li></ul><ul><li>Visual comfort is the main determinant of
lighting requirements. </li></ul><ul><li>Good lighting provide a suitable intensity and

direction of illumination on the task area, appropriate colour rendering, the absence of
discomfort and, in addition, a satisfying variety in lighting quality and intensity from
place to place and over time. </li></ul><ul><li>Peoples lighting preferences vary with
age, gender, time and season. The activity to be performed is critically important.
</li></ul><ul><li>Various agencies (ASHRAE, CIBSE, etc.) and text books list optimal
illuminances for different activities. These are generally based on uniform and constant
levels of artificial light falling on the working plane. </li></ul>Intelligent Buildings
Technology
16. 16. <ul><li>Visual Comfort Illuminance levels </li></ul>Intelligent Buildings
Technology
17. 17. <ul><li>Visual Comfort </li></ul><ul><li>Natural light is a fluctuating source of
light. It depends on the hour of the day, the season, the climate and the latitude of the
location. </li></ul><ul><li>The objective of a daylight technique consists of providing
the best possible indoor luminous environment as often as possible. </li></ul><ul><li>A
luminous environment should be appropriate to the function of the room: there should be
enough light for reading, writing, or filing documents. </li></ul><ul><li>Illuminance of
300 to 400 lux on a desk are often considered as minimum required levels for most of
office tasks. Hallways might require lower levels, 100 lux, and commercial centres higher
levels, 700 lux. These requirements are defined by CIE. </li></ul><ul><li>Performance
does not depend only on these illuminance levels. The location of the source of light with
respect to the direction of observation may require higher illuminance, for instant when
the observer faces a window. </li></ul>Intelligent Buildings Technology
18. 18. <ul><li>Visual Comfort </li></ul><ul><li>The luminous environment should be
comfortable, which means that sources of glare should be avoided.
</li></ul><ul><li>Oversized glazed windows with clear glazing are sources of glare, and
this can be fought in using multiple apertures, if possible on different walls.
</li></ul><ul><li>Glossy materials and inappropriate shading devices might bring
excessive amount of light in the field of vision. </li></ul><ul><li>Also, psychological
aspects such as the quality of the vision to the outside, the beauty of the design and the
attractiveness of the space are very important. </li></ul>Intelligent Buildings Technology
19. 19. <ul><li>Visual Comfort </li></ul><ul><li>Natural light comes from three
directions: </li></ul><ul><li>Direct Sunlight </li></ul><ul><li>Diffuse light from the
sky, and </li></ul><ul><li>Light Reflections from the Environment </li></ul>Intelligent
Buildings Technology
20. 20. <ul><li>Visual Comfort </li></ul><ul><li>The daylight factor is a measure of the
daylight level at any position indoors as a percentage of the luminance levels outdoors.
The daylight factor at any point on a working plane is calculated in terms of light coming
directly from the sky (the sky component), light reflected from outdoor surfaces (the
externally reflected component) and light reflected form surfaces within the room (the
internally reflected component). The average daylight factor in a space can be calculated
from: </li></ul>Intelligent Buildings Technology

21. 21. <ul><li>Visual Comfort </li></ul><ul><li>If a predominately daylit appearance is

required, then the daylight factor should be 5% or more if there is to be no supplementary
artificial lighting, or 2% if supplementary lighting is provided.
</li></ul><ul><li>Discomfort is caused when the eye has to cope with, simultaneously,
great differences in light levels, the phenomenon we know as glare. Maximum
recommended values for the ratio between different parts of a visual field, the luminance
ratio, as shown in the following table. </li></ul>Intelligent Buildings Technology
22. 22. Indoor air quality
23. 23. <ul><li>Indoor air Quality </li></ul><ul><li>A conflict has always existed between
adequate ventilation and energy costs has long existed. </li></ul><ul><li>During the last
three decades, decreased ventilation rates for energy conservation, along with increased
use of synthetic (i.e. man-made) materials in buildings have resulted in increased health
complaints from building occupants. However, energy efficiency and good indoor air
quality in buildings need not be mutually exclusive. </li></ul><ul><li>Good indoor air
quality is a function of a number of parameters including: the initial design and
continuous maintenance of HVAC systems; use of low toxic emittance building materials;
and consideration of all sources of indoor air pollution such as occupant activities,
operation of equipment and use of cleaning products. </li></ul><ul><li>In fact, in 1986
the WHO (World Health Organization) reported that &quot;energy-efficient but sick
buildings often cost society far more than it gains by energy savings&quot;.
</li></ul><ul><li>The result of the reductions in ventilation rates in buildings have led
to the so called &quot;Sick Building Syndrome&quot; (SBS) and &quot;Building
Related Illness&quot; (BRI). </li></ul>Intelligent Buildings Technology
24. 24. <ul><li>Indoor air Quality Indoor pollutants </li></ul><ul><li>Every building has
a number of potential sources of indoor air contaminants. </li></ul><ul><li>Some
sources, such as building materials and furnishings, release contaminants more or less
continuously. Other sources are related to occupant activities and therefore release
contaminants intermittently. </li></ul><ul><li>Such activities include cooking, smoking,
use of solvents, pesticides, paint, and cleaning products, and operation of office machines
and equipment. </li></ul><ul><li>High concentrations of pollutants can remain in the
indoor air for long periods after they are emitted. Although some sources may be
common in all building types, office and commercial buildings vary greatly from
residential buildings in terms of design, air handling systems and occupant activities and
therefore certain indoor air pollutant sources may be more prevalent in some types of
buildings. </li></ul>Intelligent Buildings Technology
25. 25. <ul><li>Indoor air Quality Ventilation </li></ul><ul><li>There are two types of
ventilation: natural and mechanical. </li></ul><ul><li>Natural ventilation includes the
movement of outdoor air through intentional openings such as doors and windows and
through unintentional openings in the building shell scuch as cracks which result in
infiltration and exfiltration. </li></ul><ul><li>Mechanical or forced ventilation is
intentional ventilation supplied by fans or blowers. These fans are usually part of the

buildings HVAC system which heats, cools, mixes and filters the air being supplied to the
building. </li></ul>Intelligent Buildings Technology
26. 26. Intelligent Buildings Technology Climate
27. 27. <ul><li>Climate </li></ul><ul><li>Climate responsive design in buildings takes into
account the following climatic parameters which have direct influence on indoor thermal
comfort and energy consumption in buildings: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>The air
temperature, </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>The humidity,
</li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>The prevailing wind direction and speed,
</li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>The amount of solar radiation and the solar path.
</li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Long wave radiation between other buildings and the
surrounding environment and sky also plays a major role in building performance.
</li></ul></ul>Intelligent Buildings Technology
28. 28. <ul><li>Climate </li></ul><ul><li>The outdoor air temperature has a significant
effect on building thermal losses due to conduction through the walls and roof of the
building, as well as affecting ventilation and infiltration losses due to either desirable or
undesirable air changes. </li></ul><ul><li>In warm climates the relative humidity plays
an important role in determining thermal comfort levels, since during warm weather the
high pressure of water vapour prevents the evaporation of perspiration from the body
thereby inhibiting the body from being maintained at a comfortable temperature .
</li></ul>Intelligent Buildings Technology
29. 29. <ul><li>Climate </li></ul><ul><li>Prevailing wind speed and direction affect
significantly the building thermal losses during the heating season, increasing both
convection at exposed surfaces and hence encouraging envelope losses and also by
increasing the air change rate due to natural ventilation and infiltration. During the
cooling season, the knowledge of both the direction and wind speed permits the design of
the building to facilitate passive cooling. </li></ul><ul><li>The sun-path and the cloud
cover determine the amount of solar radiation impinging on differently inclined surfaces
and since the sun-path changes from season to season, so does the amount of direct solar
radiation impinging on these different surfaces. </li></ul>Intelligent Buildings
Technology
30. 30. Building Climate interaction Intelligent Buildings Technology
31. 31. <ul><li>Building Envelope </li></ul><ul><li>The building envelope responds
dynamically to the impact of the outdoor climate on the envelope exterior and the effect
of the occupancy pattern and building usage on the interior. </li></ul><ul><li>However,
the performance of the heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems, artificial
lighting, fenestration opening and shading can be harmonized and optimized in response
to occupancy needs and climatic conditions through a building energy management
system which allows direct control of the necessary actuators either manually or
automatically. </li></ul><ul><li>In this manner the individual components of the

building can be controlled to produce the best possible indoor environment with
minimum energy consumption. </li></ul>Intelligent Buildings Technology
32. 32. Heat Movement <ul><li>3 ways heat can move: </li></ul><ul><li>Conduction
</li></ul><ul><li>Convection </li></ul><ul><li>Radiation </li></ul>
33. 33. Heat Conduction Heat transfer through a material, from one molecule to the next is
called conduction. The heat entering this metal rod is flowing to the ends.
34. 34. Convection When we move heat by circulating a medium like air or water, we call the
process: convection. The coolant circulating in the cooling system transfers heat from the
engine to the radiator and the warm or cool air circulating through the vehicle are both
examples of convection.
35. 35. Radiation The heat transfer from the Sun to the Earth is an example of radiation. Heat
is transferred, but it does not warm the medium (space) through which it passes. Radiant
heat will warm the interior and exterior of a vehicle that is parked in the sun.
36. 36. <ul><li>Heat transfer </li></ul><ul><li>Conduction - C
</li></ul><ul><li>Radiation - R </li></ul><ul><li>Convection - C </li></ul>Intelligent
Buildings Technology
37. 37. <ul><li>Intelligent B uilding-Definitions </li></ul><ul><li>An Intelligent Building
is one that: </li></ul><ul><li>Provides a productive and cost-effective built environment
through optimization of its four basic components - structure, systems, services and
management - and the interrelationships between them. (focused on the benefit of the
Owners)Creating Desired indoor environment) </li></ul><ul><li>So as to maximize the
efficiency of its occupants (focused on the benefit of the Users) (Influence of creating
desired indoor environment on occupants) </li></ul><ul><li>And to allow effective
management of resource with minimum life costs (focused on the benefit of the
Managers) (Environmental and economic impact of creating desired indoor environment)
</li></ul>Intelligent Buildings Technology
38. 38. <ul><li>B uilding E nergy M anagement S ystems-Definitions </li></ul><ul><li>B
uilding E nergy M anagement S ystems aim to optimise the use of energy in buildings by
maintaining at the same time the indoor environment under comfort conditions
</li></ul><ul><li>Practically, a BEMS is a computerised system that attempts to
control all or some of the energy consuming operations in a building:
</li></ul><ul><ul><li>HVAC systems (Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning)
</li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Lighting systems (natural and artificial)
</li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Indoor climate </li></ul></ul>Intelligent Buildings
Technology
39. 39. <ul><li>B uilding E nergy M anagement S ystems-Definitions
</li></ul><ul><li>BEMS are now available with a wide range of building automation
facilities and i n many installations BEMS have replaced hardwired controls, with control

strategies implemented in software </li></ul><ul><li>BEMS can combine many

technologies: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Passive heating and cooling
</li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Efficient daylight penetration by using suitable shading
devices </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Efficient appliances that reduce the electricity
consumption </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>High efficiency windows (e.g. electrochromic)
</li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Natural ventilation for indoor air quality and passive
cooling </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Improvements in building services for HVAC
</li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Building Energy Management and Control
</li></ul></ul>Intelligent Buildings Technology
40. 40. <ul><li>B uilding E nergy M anagement S ystems- How much energy can be saved
</li></ul>Intelligent Buildings Technology
41. 41. B uilding E nergy M anagement S ystems- Hardware <ul><li>The basic architecture
consists of : </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Multiple programmable control panels, called N
etwork C ontrol U nits (NCUs) [each NCU manages an area of the building facility]
</li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>O perator W ork S tations (OWSs) that communicate with
each other over a high speed communication network [normally a standard PC]
</li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>This communication network is called L ocal A rea N
etwork (LAN) </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>NCU capacity can be increased with remote
panels called N etwork E xpansion U nits (NEUs) </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>The
NCUs and NEUs directly control central plant equipment, while the management of
smaller air handlers, heat pumps, lighting circuits and other building services systems is
delegated to a family of A pplication S pecific C ontrollers (ASCs)
</li></ul></ul>Intelligent Buildings Technology
42. 42. BEM Systems Software [1] <ul><li>D irect D igital C ontrol (DDC) is the major
concept of B uilding A utomation S ystem (BAS) in nowadays
</li></ul><ul><ul><li>DDC control e.g. loops for damper operation are available to
provide ventilation requirements or to utilize outdoor air for cooling
</li></ul></ul><ul><li>Building energy management features are available inside a
modem BAS </li></ul><ul><ul><li>e.g. the duty cycle program reduces electrical
energy consumed by the fan by cycling it on and off </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>The
unoccupied period program, e.g night cycle program, is a function that can reduce the
indoor temperature of a space by applying night ventilation </li></ul></ul>Intelligent
Buildings Technology
43. 43. BEM Systems Software [2] <ul><ul><li>The enthalpy program monitors the
temperature and relative humidity or dew-point of the outdoor and return air and then
positions the outdoor air and return air dampers to use the air source with the lowest total
heat or least enthalpy </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>The load reset program controls
heating and/or cooling to maintain comfort conditions in the building while consuming a
minimum amount of energy </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>The zero- energy band program
saves energy by avoiding simultaneous heating and cooling of air delivered to spaces
</li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>The occupied-unoccupied lighting control is a time-based

program that schedules the on/off time of lights for a building or zone to coincide with
the occupancy schedules </li></ul></ul>Intelligent Buildings Technology
44. 44. BEM Systems Architecture [1] <ul><li>General Architecture </li></ul>Intelligent
Buildings Technology Central Unit Sensors Actuators
45. 45. BEM Systems Architecture [2] <ul><li>General Architecture </li></ul>Intelligent
Buildings Technology Central Unit Local Controller Local Controller Local Controller
Actuators Sensors Actuators Sensors Actuators Sensors
46. 46. <ul><li>BEM Systems Architecture [3] </li></ul><ul><li>The structures of BEMS
change with evolution of technologies and products. </li></ul><ul><li>Early BEMS
were centralized energy management systems and first appeared in the 1970s, having
been developed in the USA. The central station was based on a minicomputer, which
contained the only computing power or &quot;intelligence&quot; in the system, with
&quot;dumb&quot; or unintelligent outstations which were boxes or cabinets for relays
and connections to sensors and actuators. </li></ul><ul><li>Since about 1980, with the
rapid development of technologies, the outstations became as powerful as the previous
minicomputer, if not more so. </li></ul><ul><li>Also, the outstations have gained
considerably in processing power giving them &quot;intelligence&quot;.
</li></ul>Intelligent Buildings Technology