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Airpollution
MortenRyhlSvendsen

About me

Conservator,preventive conservation
NationalMuseumofDenmark,for15years
Associate professor,SchoolofConservation,since 2014

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Airpollution
What is?

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Natural
pollutants

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Naturalpollutants:ozone

Indoor
sources:
Particles

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MarkDion,2000
TheMuseumofPoison(BiocideHall)

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Compounds
Fromoutdoors

Fromindoors

Oxides ofnitrogen(NO2)
Oxides ofsulfur (SO2)
Ozone (O3)
Reduced sulfur (H2S)
Particular matter(fine
andcoarse)

Volatile organic compounds

Biocides
Carbonyls
Reduced sulfur (H2S)
Particular matter(fineand
coarse)
Mold spores

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Effects onobjects

Damage caused byairpollution:

Lead corrosion byorganic acids

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Tinsoldier,acetic acid vapors

Photo:Lieve Halsberghe

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Photo:LieveHalsberghe

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Bynesian decayonagastropodshell,PhotobyDanielCavallari (Wikipedia)

Oxidationofpolymers

Ozoneandrubber

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Shooting gloves, latex

Danish Defence Museum
Right glove very oxidized
Left glove in good condition

Stiff, oxidized
rubber shoe

Photos:YvonneShashoua

Librarymaterial:
SO2:redrot

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Acetic acid emissionfrom

decaying celluloseacetate

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Damage caused byairpollution:

Silvertarnish byreduced sulfur compounds

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Lead white pigmentandreduced sulfur compounds (H2S,COS)

Biocides onetnographic objects

Photo:AnneLisbethSchmidt,Natioalmuseet

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Photo:AnneLisbethSchmidt,Natioalmuseet

Particles

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Monitoring
Dosimetry
(damage rateonmaterials)
Concentration measurements
(gasesandparticles inair)

Objectsas
dosimeters?

NationalMuseumofDenmark

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Dosimetry

ISO11844
Corrosionofmetalsandalloys:
Classificationoflowcorrosivity ofindoor atmospheres

Weightgainon
metalcoupons

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Normal rubber bands are usable as an ozone

dosimeter
- Stretched to double lenght
- Exposed for 3 6 months
- Surface examined by microscopy

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1stphase
<100ppb*d
Nocracks
Edge sharp
Surfacekeep
materials color

2ndphase
<500ppb*d
Edge rough
Surfacewhitish

3rdphase
5001000ppb*d
Edge cracks15um
Whitesurface

4thphase
>1000ppb*d
Edge cracks
10 40um
Largecracks
Faliure

Scale
Onetick=10um

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Commercialdosimeters
Passivesampling
Purafil coupons
(silver &copper)

NILUEWO
(polymer)

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Realtimedosimeters
(corrosion sensors)
Camfil Farr ISACheck
Purafil OnGuard
Aircorr (Musecorr project)

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MUSECORR
http://www.musecorr.eu

Nationalmuseet,Room 125

Outdoor testing
ofMusecorr
sensors
Nationalmuseet
Copenhagen

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Dosimetry
Sensorsmimic themuseumobjects
Environments full impact isrecorded
Techniques varies:fromsimpletovery advanced
equipment
Results can be difficult tointerpret
(which factorsaffect thedamage rate?)

Passivesampling

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Concentration measurements
(gases)bypassivesampling

PROPAINTProject

Pollutionsampling:
Externalspecies:O3,NO2,SO2,H2S
Internal species:Carboxylic acids,aldehydes

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Passivesamplerinadisplaycase

FrslevlejrensMuseum

Passivsamplersinastorage room

VejleFllesmagasin

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OdenseCathedral
Glassdisplaycase
containing
theremains of
KingSt.Knud(II)theHoly
(+AD1086)

Samplersforambient and
internally generated pollutants
Ozone,NO2,VOC,Acetic acid

Outdoor sampling
OdenseCathedral

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Passivesamplers
Cheap
Simple
Commercially available,orcan be prepared and
analyzed inhouse
Mediumtolow detection limit
Takes alongtime(averageconc.only)
Onetube=one pollutant

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Dust sampling
Passivemethod (weeks ormonths)

Dustlifters

BVDA gelatine film

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Skinflakes

Textile
fibers

Sand,etc.

Hair

Imageanalysis:ImageJ
http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/

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Biocide analysis
Directsample,scrabed ofsurface
(e.g.glass indisplaycase)
Vacuum cleaner sampling
Dust ball
GC/MSanalysis

Vacuum cleaner sampling

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Instruments

Samplingpoint

Realtime
instruments
(gases)

NO2analyzer
(chemiluminescence method)
Electrical outlet
O3analyzer (UVabsorptionmethod)

VejleFllesmagasin

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Realtimeinstruments
(particle concentration)
Ultrafine Particle
Monitor(<1um)
Lightscattering
detector
Samplingpoint

Handheld
Datalogger
rholmStorageFacility

Volatile Organic Compounds

(PIDmethod)
Handheldinstrument
GeneralVOCscreening
Dataloggerfunction

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Electronicnose
Acetic acid detector atDanishFilmInstitutes vault for
acetate filmmaterial.
Controlling theventilationrate.

Realtimesampling
Lowdetection limit
Fastresponse
Candetect shorttimevariations
Expensive
Advancedinstallation
Noisy
Mostoften:
Oneinstrument=one pollutant

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Airpollution
MortenRyhlSvendsen

Controlmethods

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Controlling factors:Sourcetype
Outdoor factors:urban/rural,
proximity toindustry,etc.
Urban

Rural

HighNOx
Moderatelow ozone
Particles fromdieselengines

LowNOx
Highozone
Particles fromwoodburning

Controlling factors:
Sourcestrenght andloading
High

Surface/Volume

Low

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Controlling factors:
Ventilationrate

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Internal pollutioninshowcases

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Monastery Church,
Sor

Showcasewith
objects from
thegraveof
Bishop Absalon
(+AD1202)

Showcasemadeofmetal
wood board andglass,
withatextile lining.
Almost airtight,but
no separateclimate
control

Contains textile fragments,

wooden objects,silver,
andaninscribed lead plate

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Lead plate is
corroded

Thepro andcons ofshowcases

Protection fromtheft andvandalism
Dust barrier
Climate barrier;allows for
microclimate control

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Theproandcons ofshowcases
Acts asagreenhouse
Internal pollutants may
accumulate inside

Confined microenvironments instorage

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Buildingmaterial
tests
Oddy
Test

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Rules ofthumb
Use nonemissive materials (e.g.:avoid sulphur
compounds when displaying silver)
Woodcorrodes lead
Careful with wet productssuch aspaints and
sealants
Italldepends oftheexhibited objects!

Climate andreaction rates

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Concentration inair (g/m3)

600
500

Aceticacid
Formicacid

400

Librarystorageroom
300
200
100
0
Winter
12C

Season

Summer
25C

SigneSmedemark:Thecontribution toindoor airpollutionfrompaper instorage (MSc thesis),2014

Filtration

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Dust and
partikelfilters

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Filterclass
Gross (G1G4)
Fine(F5F9)
HEPA(H10H14)
Ultra (U15U17)

Carbon filterforgases
(charcoal granulates)

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Combinationfilter
Particle +gasfilter

Mobile
Filter
Unit
(recirculation)

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PhotosbyJeanTetreault

Passivecontrol materials
Passivesorption ofpollutants bysheets ofmaterial
impregnated withactivated carbon orzeolites

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Testsofpassiveremovalmaterials in
museums
RyhlSvendsenandClausen,2009.
Theeffectofventilation,filtrationand
passivesorptiononindoorairqualityin
museumstoragerooms.
StudiesinConservation54,3548.
Nonwovenclothwithactivatedcarbon

Unfired clay
Clay hastheability toremove organic compounds
fromair,especially organic acids
Inarchives we often havevery low airexchange
rates (approx 1perday);inthat casepassive
removal competes well with ventilation
Combined with its humidity buffering capacity clay
isapromising passiveIAQcontrol material for
museumenvironments

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Moisture buffering andsorption of

pollutants:Passivecontrol materials
PREVIOUSTESTSFORMUSEUM
APPLICATIONS

Pollutionsorption on clay:
RyhlSvendsen(2011):
INDOORAIR2011,12thInternat.
Conference,Austin

Humidity buffering byunfired

clay bricks:
Padfield &Jensen(2011):
9thNordicSymposium
on BuildingPhysics,Tampere

Fullscale experiment (ongoing)

Then application inrealarchive (2017?)

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Mould

Mould
Depends of:
Nutrient
Moisture (Relativehumidity)
Temperature
pH,aircirculation,ligth level

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Prevention
Maintain RHbelow 60%
Avoid cold micro climates (cold corners etc.)
Remove dust onaregular basis
Guard against water damage
Monitoring ofclimate
Beprepared: develop emergency plans,have
recovery materials ready

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Mould outbreak
Protect staff (personal protective equipment)
Eliminate causative agent(e.g.leaky water pipe)
Deactivate themould (airdrying,freezing)
Cleaning (vacuum cleaning,brushes)
Killingspores(70%alcohol,heating,gammarays)

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Healthissues

Biocides used inmuseums

Group

Product /compound

Metalsalts

Mercury,lead,arsen

Natural
Highvapor pressure

Nicotine,Pyrethrum

Syntetic
Lowvapor pressure

DDT, lindan,
methoxychlor,dieldrin,
aldrin,permethrin
PDB,naftalin,dichlorvos

Syntetic
High vapor pressure

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Foto Nationalmuseet

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Use correct work clothes

(gloves,disposable coverall,
mask..)
Disposegloves after use
Use disposable wipes
Highcleaning standard
Wash hands andfaceafter
work,change clothes
before eating
photo Nationalmuseet
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Cleaning objects forbiocides:

Compressed air
Vacuum cleaner
Noteverything isremoved!

Foto Nationalmuseet
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Foto Roberto Fortuna

Nationalmuseet

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Foto Nationalmuseet
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Foto Nationalmuseet

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