AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY- BANGLADESH (AIUB)

Faculty of Engineering
Analog Electronics 2
Title: a) Use of LM 311 as precision comparator and window detector.
b) Triangular wave generator using 741 IC and LM 301
Abstract:
The 311 comparator is an IC that has been designed and optimized for superior performance in
voltage-level detector applications. A comparator should be fast. The 311 is much faster than the
741. The 311 is an excellent choice for a comparator because of its versatility. Its output is
designed not to bounce between V sat , but can be changed quite easily. Here voltage may vary
between levels of +15 V and 15V, but VO is restrained between +5V and 0V, which are typical
digital signal levels. Thus, 311 can be used for converting analog voltage levels to digital voltage
levels.
Introduction:
The laboratory experiments are designed in such a way as to reinforce the concepts that are
taught in the theory classes. Before performing the experiments, the students must be aware of
the basic laboratory safety rules for minimizing any potential dangers. The students must finish
the pre-lab part before performing the experiment. The objective of the experiment must be kept
in mind throughout the lab experiment.
a) Use of LM 311 as precision comparator and window detector
Theory:
Voltage comparator is a circuit which compares two voltages and switches output to either high
or low state depending upon which voltage is higher. Voltage Comparators are used in numerous
applications in practice, including wave-shaping, waveform generation, interfacing between
analog and digital circuits, controllers etc. There are three types of voltage comparators: Single
threshold comparator (open loop comparator), Schmitt trigger (positive feedback comparator)
and window comparator. In this experiment we will study the last two types.
Pre-lab Homework:
Get the basic idea about the pin configuration of LM 311 Op Amp and the basic working
principle of precision comparator and window detector.

Apparatus:

Power Supply
Signal Generator
Oscilloscope
Resistors 100k, 1k, 500k
LM 311 (2)

Precautions:

Be careful of connecting elements to the correct pin number of the op-amp

Precision Comparator
Circuit Diagram:

Figure 1

Experimental (Demonstration) Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit according to the figure 1.
2. Apply an input voltage of 5 V (p-p) sinusoidal waves at Ei and observe the output.
3. Apply an input voltage of 5 V (p-p) square waves at Ei and observe the output.
Report:
1. Draw the input and output waveforms.
2. Discuss strobe terminal operation.

Discussion & Conclusion:

We will apply input at the inverting terminal of the op-amp and the reference voltage (as zerocrossing so grounded) to the non-inverting terminal of the op amp. Therefore, when the input is
below threshold (zero), output will be high and vice versa.
Simulation:
Simulation work is to be done with the help of Multisim Software.

Output

Window Comparator
Circuit Diagram:

Figure 2

Experimental (Demonstration) Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit according to the figure 2.
2. Apply an input voltage of 5 V (p-p) sinusoidal waves at Ei and observe the output.
3. Apply an input voltage of 5 V (p-p) square waves at Ei and observe the output.
Report:
1. Draw the input and output waveforms.
2. Discuss the circuit operation.
Discussion & Conclusion:
The circuit is designed to monitor an input voltage and indicate when this voltage goes above or
below the prescribed limit. The output will be high when the input will fall between the window
ranges.

Simulation:
Simulation work is to be done with the help of Multisim Software.

Output

b) Designing of Triangular wave generator with 741 IC

Theory:
Operational amplifier based triangular wave generator is a simple circuit which is widely
used in function generators. A triangular wave generator can be formed by simply cascading
an integrator and a square wave generator. So first op-amp functions as a comparator and
next op amp as an integrator. The square wave will be applied as the input to the integrator
circuit.
Pre-lab Homework:
Get the basic idea about the pin configuration of 741 Op Amp and the basic working
principle of Integrator.
Apparatus:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Signal generator
Resistors
14 K, 10 K, 28 K
Capacitance 0.5 F
Oscilloscope
Op Amp 741 (2)

Precautions:

Be careful of connecting elements to the correct pin number of the op-amp

Circuit Diagram:

0.5

74

Figure 3

Experimental (Demonstration) Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit according to the figure 3.
2. Observe the wave shapes at the points A and B.
Report:
1. Draw the input and output waveforms at points A and B.
2. Find the frequency.
3. Connect a Diode in series with the resistor pR and observe the output wave shapes. What
is the difference between the two wave shapes?
Discussion & Conclusion:
We can generate a basic bipolar triangular wave from the 741 integrator circuit, and a 741 op
amp. An additional square wave signal is available at the output of the 741 op amp.
Simulation:
Simulation work is to be done with the help of Multisim Software.

Output

Reference:
1. http://www.circuitstoday.com/voltage-comparator
2. http://people.cecs.ucf.edu/kasparis/revisedlabmanuals/eel4309/EEL4309.pdf

3. http://www.circuitsgallery.com/2012/04/triangular-wave-generator-using-opamp.html

4. Analog Electronics 2 previous lab sheet