JULY 22

12 CRANIAL NERVES

(What are the different cranial nerves?)

I. Olfactory - for smell.

II. Optic nerve - for vision.
III. Oculomotor- it will control the muscles of the eyes; motor (eye movement; pupil
constriction)
IV. Trochlear- motor to one of the extrinsic eye muscle
V. Trigeminal -sensory to the face and teeth; motor to muscles of mastication
(chewing)
VI. Abducens- motor to one extrinsic eye muscle
VII. Facial- sensory to taste; motor to muscles of facial expression parasympathetic
to salivary and tear glands
VIII. Vestibulocochlear- for hearing and balance
IX. Glossopharyngeal- sensory to taste, and taste at the back of tongue; motor to
pharyngeal muscles parasympathetic to salivary glands (motor to the tongue,
pharynx and salivary)
X. Vagus- very important that the parasympathetic goes to the different organs in
the body
XI. Accessory- motor to neck and upper back muscles
XII. Hypoglossal- motor to the tongue muscles

Spinal cord
(Anatomy of the spinal cord - dorsal view picture from slide)
What protects the spinal cord? Spinal column or vertebral column
Spinal cord is divided into several segments:
Cervical (8), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacral (5) = All in all 30 segments.

(Cross section of spinal cord- picture from slide)

Review: We know it is made up of the H form, the grey matter and white matter is
outside.
White matter- is made up of columns of axons that bring whatever messages to
and from the brain. Grey matter- is where you find your interneuron and synapses.
In entering the grey matter are the afferent neurons. They enter at the dorsal horn
of the grey matter.
And exiting from your ventral horn are your efferent or motor neurons.
The spinal column is covered by 3 meninges.
What are the 3 meninges beginning from the outer?

Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater

The space between the Pia mater and the Arachnoid is called the Subarachnoid
space.
What do we find in the subarachnoid space? CSF
The cerebrospinal fluid is the one that circulates around and in between the
subarachnoid space Marj MArj grrrr!!
What secretes the CSF? Choroid plexuses
The CSF after circulating in the spinal cord and the brain are brought back to the
blood.
Both the axons of your afferent and efferent will be contained in a spinal nerve. So
the spinal nerve therefore contains both sensory and motor neurons. The
ganglion is where you usually have your soma.
Ascending tracts of your white matter
The pathways:
Spinothalamic tracts: Anterior and Lateral spinothalamic tracts

What is the function of this spinothalamic tract? Since they are ascending it is
afferent pathway. They carry sensations of Pain, Temperature, light touch, pressure,
tickle and itch from the different parts of the body.
So that is the function of your spinothalamic tract which you have two in the spinal
cord: the Anterior and Lateral Spinothalamic Tract.

Dorsal Columns (2 in each side):

Function: Proprioception (involved in balance and equilibrium), touch, deep
pressure, vibration
Spinocerebellar Posterior and Anterior Spinocerebellar
Function: Propioceptions to the cerebellum ; this carries your para balance and
equilibrium to the cerebellum because we know that cerebellum is the center for
movement and for balance and equilibrium.

(Picture of Dorsal column going up to the brain- slide)

Diba ang dorsal column didto man to sa posterior part duha to kabuok nagtapad. (2
in each side)
From your proprioceptors nga afferent, the afferent nerves will enter the dorsal
column, and then they are brought to the brain via your medulla
pons
midbrain
thalamus
cortex.
This is the pathway of the ascending tract. Just to show you that these tracts all
go up or down from the brain to the spinal cord.
Descending Tract
Two types: Direct and Indirect
Direct descending Tract- descending so efferent or motor sending action potentials
from the brain down to the different parts of the body; more on muscle movement

Lateral Corticospinal Tract: function is on muscle tone and skill movements

especially of the hands; descending-efferent-motor
Anterior Corticospinal: function on muscle tone and movement of the trunk
Rubrospinal : function is for movement coordination
Reticulospinal: for posture, movement and muscle tone ; more of anterior
Vestibulospinal: for posture and balance ; more anterior

Tectospinal : anterior ; movement in response to visual reflexes

Note: In the spinal, Anterior is more of the motor, while posterior is more on sensory.
Example of Direct Tract:
Going down from the brain to the motor cortex padung sa midbrain (and then ang
kani sha di ni kayo klaro because usually you have to decussate pero iya nalang
nang gi trace) upper motor neuron going to the pons then to the _________ , diri na
sha ni decussate sa lower part medulla then goes to your muscle