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LABORATORY MANUAL
COURSE
COURSE CODE
ECS 256
LEVEL OF OPENNESS
CATEGORY
TRADITIONAL
PERIOD OF ACTIVITY
1 WEEK (WEEK 1)
TITLE
1.1 Introduction
The traditional methods of conducting laboratory activities will not be able to provide the
avenue for students to enhance independent learning activities and inculcate creativity and
innovation. Level 0 is fully prescriptive where problem, ways & means and answers are
provided to the students. However it is still necessary especially to first and second year
students.
1.0
PREAMBLE
In this laboratory activity students will be exposed to the types of non-destructive test that
can be applied to the concrete in order to identifying deficiencies in concrete.
1.2 Objective
The objective of the test is:
- To identify deficiencies in concrete where to investigate the strength of the structural
concrete member
1.3 Learning Outcomes
At the end of the laboratory activity, students would be able to:
1. Organize and conduct non-destructive laboratory experiment.
2. Classify the strength according to standard.
3. Analyse data correctly and present in typical format.
4. Work in a group to produce technical report.
1.4 Theoretical Background
Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials for a wide variety of
structural and architectural elements. But concrete can suffer from several forms of inservice deterioration. The most common deterioration modes are corrosion-induced
delamination and spilling. The corrosion process is driven by moisture and oxygen that
can permeate the concrete. Freeze-thaw damage can also deteriorate in-service
concrete. This is a progressive deterioration of the concrete material caused by the
entrance of water (into the concrete pores) that subsequently expands when it freezes,
introducing tensile stresses that can cause concrete to crack. Freeze-thaw damage leads
to a generalized deterioration of the concrete strength properties, widespread cracking,
spilling, and eventually loss of section.
In addition to in-service deterioration, construction related factors can undermine concrete
durability. These include low cover, honeycombing, and voids. Discontinuities introduced
during construction can lead to poor durability, reduced load carrying capacity, and poor
aesthetic quality of the finished concrete.
Non-Destructive (NDT) measurement provides cost-effective and reliable methods for
identifying deficiencies in concrete. NDT test methods are used to determine hardened
LABORATORY MANUAL
The group is required to carry out non-destructive test following the procedures outline and
subsequently analyse the data and present it in a proper technical format.
3.1 Apparatus
3.1.1 UPV/ PUNDIT Test
Pundit test equipment, pencil, ruler and concrete elements specimen (cracking line).
3.0
WAYS &
MEANS
LABORATORY MANUAL
Procedures (PUNDIT)
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
LABORATORY MANUAL
2. Firmly hold the instrument in a position that allows the plunger to strike vertically
downward against the test anvil and verify that the rebound hammer provides the
rebound number specified. Be sure to follow the same procedure as for testing the
subsequent concrete test surface. Note that the test anvil shall be placed on a solid
surface, e.g., concrete floor.
3. Grind and clean the concrete surface using the abrasive stone.
4. Firmly hold the instrument in a position that allows the plunger to strike
perpendicularly to the concrete test surface.
5. Gradually increase the pressure on the plunger until the hammer impacts.
6. Examine the impression; if the impact crushes or breaks through a near surface void,
discard the reading.
7. After impact, record the rebound number to the nearest whole number. The mean of
each set of reading shall be calculated using all the readings.
3.3 Data Acquisition
Table 3.1: Comparative Hardness for Rebound Hammer
Average Rebound
> 40
30 40
20 30
< 20
0
Quality of Concrete
Very good
Good
Fair
Poor and / or delaminated
Very poor and / or delaminated
Report
1) Report the test date, type of concrete, and estimated unconfined compressive strength.
2) Hammer orientation, i.e., downward, upward, horizontal, or at a specific angle.
3) Average rebound number to the nearest whole number.
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
E1
E2
E3
E4
E5
LABORATORY MANUAL
a. The results of rebound hammer on the elements were analysed by determine the
average value of each point.
Structure
element
Wall
Grid
No.
A1
B2
C3
D3
E4
Reading
(Rb)
Compressive load
(N/mm2)
Remark /
comment
Average
Classification
Table 4.1: Rebound Hammer Data Table
b. The results of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV)/ PUNDIT Test on the elements were
analysed by determine the average value of each point.
Structure
element
Grid
No.
Wall
A1
B2
C3
D3
E4
Specimen
Defects
(visual inspection)
Specimen
Dimension
Time, t
(s)
Pulse
Velocity
V=L/t
(m/s)
Remark/
comment
Average
Classification
Table 4.2: UPV/PUNDIT Test Data Table
*The format of the report is left to the creativity and discretion of the group.
The report must be submitted 7 days after the completion of the test.