ENGLISH PAPER

NUMBER

GROUP 1 :
*DIKA JAYANTI
*DEVI APRIYANI
*ELNIDYA MUTIARA
*NURUL RESTU ROSALIND
*RIZKY RAMADHANI
1 MANAGEMENT CONTRUCTION
CIVIL DEPARTMENT
2013-2014

A Number is a mathematical object used to count, label, and measure. In

mathematics, the definition of number has been extended over the years to
include such numbers as 0, negative numbers, rational numbers, irrational
numbers, and complex numbers.
Mathematical Operations are certain procedures that take one or more
numbers as input and produce a number as output.
Unary operation.
Binary operation
Rational Numbers
Can be expressed as the quotient of two integers (ie a fraction) with a
denominator that is not zero. Many people are surprised to know that a repeating
decimal is a rational number.
Ex:
5 . You can express 5 as

which is the quotient of the integer 5 and 1.

.See reason above

.See first reason.
.is rational because you can simplify the square root to 3 which is the quotient
of the integer 3 and 1
.9 is a rational number becuase it canbe expressed as 9/10 (All terminating
decimals are rational numbers)
.73 is a rational number becuase it canbe expressed as 73/100

Rational Numbers
Can be expressed as the quotient of two integers (ie a fraction) with a denominator that is not
zero. Many people are surprised to know that a repeating decimal is a rational number.
Examples of Rational Numbers

5 . You can express 5 as

See reason above

See first reason.

which is the quotient of the integer 5 and 1.

is rational because you can simplify the square root to 3 which is the quotient of
the integer 3 and 1

All repeating decimals are rational. It's a little bit tricker to show why so I will do
that elsewhere.

.9 is a rational number becuase it canbe expressed as 9/10 (All terminating decimals

are rational numbers)

.73 is a rational number becuase it canbe expressed as 73/100

Irrational Numbers
Cannot be expressed as the quotient of two integers (ie a fraction) such that the denominator
is not zero
Examples of Irrational Numbers

You cannot simply this square root (like we did with

irrational. ALL irreducible square roots are irrational

.If a fraction has a denominator of zero, it is irrational

) so this number is

is irrational for the same reasons as the prior example

. Pi is probably the most well known irrational number out there .
Prime Numbers
A prime number can be divided, without a remainder, only by itself and by
1. For example, 17 can be divided only by 17 and by 1.
2

11

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17

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23

29

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409

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941

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971

977

983

991

997

Whole Numbers
Whole Numbers are simply the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, (and so on)
No Fractions!
Whole Number
0 zero
27 twenty seven
398 three hundred and ninety eight
2345 two thousand three hundred forty five

The Real Number System

Each real number is a member of one or more of the following sets.
The sets of numbers described in the following table should look familiar
to you. It is sometimes handy to have names for these sets of numbers,
so knowing their names can simplify, for example, describing domains of
functions or comprehending theorems such as the rational zeros theorem.

The Real Number System

Each real number is a member of one or more of the following sets.
The sets of numbers described in the following table should look familiar to you. It is
sometimes handy to have names for these sets of numbers, so knowing their names can
simplify, for example, describing domains of functions or comprehending theorems such as
the rational zeros theorem.

Set

Description

Natural numbers

{1, 2, 3, 4, . }

Whole numbers

{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, }

Integers

{ , -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . }

Rational numbers

All numbers that can be written as , where a

and b are both integers, and b is not equal to 0.

Irrational numbers

Numbers such as

Real numbers

The union of the sets of rational numbers and

irrational numbers

Real Number
1 One
12.38 Twelve point three eight
-0,8625 Negative zero point eight six two five
3/4 Three-quarers
2 Square root of two
1998 One thousand ninety hundred ninety eight
The Basic Operations
In basic mathematics there are many ways of saying the same thing:
Addition is ...
... bringing two or more numbers (or things)
together to make a new total.
Ex:
0.3875 + 1.14 = 1.5275 (zero point three eight seven five plus one point
one four equal one point five two seven five)
9/8 + 3/4 = 15/8 (nine eighths plus three fourths equal fifteen eighths)
+ = 5/4 (one half plus three quarters equal five quarters)

 3X/5 + 2X/5 = 5X/5 = X (three X over five plus two X over five equal five X
over five equal X)
2/X + 3/X+1 = 5X+2/X(X+1) (two over X plus three over X plus one equal
five X plus two over X times X plus one)

Subtraction is ...
... taking one number away from another.
Ex:
3.431 2.54 = 5.971 (three point four three one minus two point five four
equal five point nine seven one)
1/4 - (-3/4) = 4/4 = 1 (one fourth minus negative three fourth equal four
fourth equal one)
7X/2 2/X = 7X2- 4/2X (seven X over two minus two over X equal seven X
square minus four over two X)

Multiplication is ...
.. (in its simplest form) repeated addition.
Here we see that 6+6+6 (three 6s) make 18
It could also be said that 3+3+3+3+3+3 (six 3s)
make 18
Ex:
2 x 8 = 16 = 4 (square root of two times square root of eight equal
square root of 16 equal four)
6/7 x 1/5 = 6/35 (six sevenths times one fifth equal six thirty fifth)
2 x 4a = 8a (two tmes four a equal eight a)

Division is ...
... splitting into equal parts or groups. It is the result
of "fair sharing".
Division has its own special words to remember.

Let's take the simple problem of dividing 22 by 5.

The answer is 4, with 2 left over. Here we illustrate
the important words:
Ex:
312.5 2 = 156.25 (three hundred twelve point five divided two equal
one hundred fifty six point two five)
(X3-1) (X-1) = X2 +X + 1 (X cube minus one divided X minus one equal X
square plus X plus one)
9/7 3/7 = 1/3 (nine seventh divided three seventh equal one third)

A Fraction is ..
.. part of a whole
A number written with the bottom part (the
denominator) telling you how many parts the whole
is divided into,
and the top part (the numerator) telling
how many you have.
Fraction

/8 Three eight

/6 Five sixth

/3 One third

19

/7 Nineteen seventh

Decimal Fraction
0.5 zero point five
1.27 one point two seven
0.43 zero point four three

 0.051 zero point zero five one

0.75 zero point seven five

Mixed Fraction
1 3/4 one and three-quarters
One is a whole number
Three is a numerator
Four is a denominator
2 1/4 two and one-quarters
Two is a whole number
One is a numerator
Four is a denominator

1 1/2 one and a half

One is a whole number
One is a numerator
Two is denominator

MATH PROPERTIES
*Commutative
Changing the order of the addends does not change the sum.
Ex:
1.3 x a x 2 = 2.6a (one point three times a times two equal two point six a)
2.3a+7a+4c = 10a+4c (three a plus seven a plus four c equal ten a plus 4 c)

*Associative
Changing the grouping of three or more addends does not change the
sum.

 23+5X+7y X y 27 = (23 27) + (5X X) + (7y y) = -4+4X+6y

(negative four plus four X plus six y)
3(X + 2) 4X = (3X 4X) + 6 = -X+6

*Distributive
Multiplying the sum of two numbers by a third number is the same as
multiplying each of the two numbers by that third number and adding
the product.
Ex:
4a(2a+1) = 8a2 + 4a (four a times two a plus one equal eight a square
plus four a)
3(4-2X+5y) = 12-6X+15y (three times four minus two x plus five y equal
twelve minu six x plus fifteen y)

( X 21 )= 3 X 3X + C

(intergral of X square minus one equal a one third X

cube minus
X plus complement)

1 2
=
2
(limit value of a function parentheses x plus a half square
lim

( )

f x+

X0