Congestion Management in Deregulated Power Systems Using Series FACTS Controller

International Journal of Research in Advanced Technology - IJORAT
Vol. 2, Issue 2, FEBRUARY 2016
Congestion Management in Deregulated Power

Systems using Series FACTS Controller
K.Ganesan1, K.Pandiarajan2, R.Sathishkumar3
PG Scholar, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Regional Office, Anna University, Madurai, India 1.
The HOD, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sasurie College of Engineering., Vijayamangalam, India 2.
Faculty, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Regional Office, Anna University, Madurai, India 3.
Abstract: The extensive restructuring process in the electric power industry has led to more demanding and different
usage of transmission grids irrespective of the designed limits. This has resulted in unanticipated congestion interfaces in
the regional transmission network. The system is however is not capable of withstanding the rapidly changing demands of
the competitive markets. Thus an efficient and sensible way of dealing with the congestion has become vital to maintain
the system reliability. This paper investigates the prediction of the optimal location and size of the Thyristor-Controlled
Series Capacitor (TCSC) so as to alleviate the congestion in a deregulated environment. The location of TCSC is identified
with the help of priority list based on the locational marginal price (LMP) difference between the buses. As LMP can be
easily calculated from the security constrained optimal power flow, this method reduces the computational difficulties.
Also the PSO algorithm fixes the optimal size of the TCSC which relieves the congestion thereby reduces the LMP and the
overall generation cost. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is tested in 6 bus and 30 bus systems under MATLAB
environment.
Keywords: Deregulated power systems, Thyristor-controlled series capacitor, Locational marginal price, Particle swarm
optimization, Congestion management.
approach to manage transmission line congestion for a
pool market model. FACTS devices like SVC and TCSC
I.
INTRODUCTION
were used to manage the function from single line
congestion case to three line congestion cases. The authors
have proved congestion cost was less after connecting
The restructuring process of the power industry
FACTS devices rather than without connecting. LMP
starts with the separation of the transmission activities
difference and congestion rent contribution methodologies
from the generation activities. The subsequent step was to
for locating series FACTS devices to manage congestion
introduce competition in generation activities, either
in deregulated electricity markets have been depicted in
through the creation of power pools, provision for direct
[4]. These methods were compared with sensitivity factor
bilateral transactions or bidding in the spot markets. On
method. The results proved that the best location of TCSC
the other hand, the transmission system having significant
was identified by proposed methods. The status of
economies of scale consequently had a tendency to
congestion after placing the TCSC was not addressed. In
become a monopoly. Thus it was felt necessary to
[5] an alleviation of overloads by redispatch of generators
introduce regulation in transmission so as to prevent it
with minimum rescheduling cost has been proposed. The
from overcharging for its services and to manage the
optimal rescheduling of active powers of generators was
congestion [1]. The condition where overloads in
selected based on the generator sensitivity to the congested
transmission lines or transformers occur is called
line, utilizing fuzzy adaptive bacterial foraging (FABF)
congestion. Congestion could prevent system operators
algorithm. In [6] particle swarm optimization based social
from dispatching additional power from a specific
welfare maximization and congestion management has
generator. Congestion may occur due to various reasons,
been presented. The congestions were managed by using
such as transmission line outages, generator outages,
rescheduling of generators. The participation of generators
changes in energy demand and uncoordinated transactions.
was selected using generator sensitivities to the power
Congestion may result in preventing new contracts,
flow on overloaded lines. In [7] the authors proposed a
infeasibility in existing and new contracts, additional
type of security-constrained OPF for minimizing total
outages and monopoly of prices in some regions of power
generation costs using FACTS devices. In [8] fuzzy
systems and damages to system components. Congestion
inference based generator active power rescheduling for
may be prevented by means of rights, reservations and
managing network congestion under normal and
congestion pricing. Also, it can be corrected by applying
contingency conditions has been discussed. The network
controls such as phase shifters, tap transformers, TCSC,
congestions were managed using counter flow information
redispatch of generation and load curtailment [2].
obtained from the tracing of network virtual flows due to
Several congestion management methods have
various sources. In [9] the authors proposed an optimal
been presented in the literature. In [3] the authors
congestion management approach in a deregulated
proposed a demand side based congestion management
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electricity market using particle swarm optimization with

time-varying
acceleration
coefficients.
Minimum
redispatch cost was taken as objective function. The redispatched generators were selected based on values of
generator sensitivity. PSO-TVAC is used to determine the
minimum redispatch cost. In [10] min cut algorithm has
been used to select proper location of TCSC for secured
optimal power flow under normal and contingencies
operating condition. They proposed two-step approach.
First, the optimal location of the TCSC in the network
must be ascertained by min cut algorithm and then, the
optimal power flow with TCSC under normal and
contingencies operating condition was solved. Reactive
power loss reduction and real power flow performance
index methods for the optimal location of TCSC have
been used in [11]. In reactive power loss reduction
method, TCSC were placed in a line having the most
positive loss sensitivity index. In real power flow
performance index method, TCSC were placed in a line
having most negative sensitivity index. In [12] the
authors presented a multi-objective framework for
congestion management where three competing objective
functions such as total operating cost, voltage and
transient stability margins were simultaneously optimized.
Optimal location and sizing of series FACTS devices on
the most congested branches were determined by a priority
list based on locational marginal prices. In [13], TCSC has
been used for congestion management in a power system.
Minimization of severity index was taken as objective
function. The optimal location of TCSC was done by
sensitivity analysis and sizing of TCSC by using genetic
algorithm. In [14], the authors used SQP techniques to
find the optimal number and placement of FACTS devices
to manage the transmission congestion. An adaptive
bacterial foraging algorithm for transmission congestion
management has been depicted in [15]. Congestions were
managed by rescheduling of generators. In this paper,
LMP difference based optimal location and PSO based
optimal sizing of TCSC are presented.
Section 2 presents the optimization problem
formulation for congestion management. Section 3 and 4
presents overview of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
and Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
respectively. Optimal location and sizing of TCSC is
given in section 5. The results achieved by applying the
proposed method on 6 bus and 30 bus systems are
presented in section 6. Finally, conclusion is given in
Section 7.
II.
ND
PGi
PL 0
(2)
Generator constraints
PGi, min PGi PGi, max
(3)
Dj
i 1
j 1
QGi, min QGi QGi, max

Bus voltage constraints
Vi ,min Vi Vi ,max
Transmission line flow limits
(4)
Sij Sij
(6)
(5)
max
TCSC reactance limit
X TCSCi,min X TCSCi X TCSCi,max
(7)
The working range of TCSC is considered as follows.
(8)
0.8 X l X TCSC 0.2 X l
where
X TCSC =TCSC reactance and X l =Reactance of the line

where TCSC is located.
III.
OVERVIEW OF PARTICLE SWARM

OPTIMIZATION
PSO is a simple and efficient population-based

optimization method [16]. PSO simulates the behaviors of
bird flocking. It uses a number of agents (particles) that
constitute a swarm moving around in the search space
looking for the best solution. Each particle is treated as a
point, N dimensional space which adjusts its flying
according to its own flying experience as well as the flying
experience of other particles. Each particle keeps track of
its coordinates in the solution space, which are associated
with the best solution (fitness) that has achieved so far by
that particle. This value is called particle best (pbest).
Another best value that is tracked by the PSO is the best
value obtained so far by any particle in the neighborhood
of that particle. This value is called global best (gbest).The
basic concept of modification of a searching point by PSO
is shown in figure1.
pi
x i pk 1
pk
Swarm
Influence
pk 1
PROBLEM FORMULATION
A. Objective Function
The objective of the proposed method is to minimize the
total generation cost. The problem is stated
mathematically as
(1)
Min
Ci ( PGi )
B j ( PDj )
PGi , PDj
NG
where, PGi and PDj are the active powers of pool generator
i with bid price Ci and pool load j with offer price Bj
respectively.
B. Problem constraints
Generation/load balance Equation
v i pk
Particle
Memory
Influence
x i pk
Current
Motion
Influence
Figure 1: Concept of modification of a searching point
by PSO
where,
x i pk current searching point, xi pk 1 modified
searching
pk1
and
point,
v i pk current
velocity,
modified velocity, p particle best position

i
p k g global best position.

PSO is initialized with a group of random

particles (solutions) and then searches for optima by
updating generations. In every iteration, each particle is
updated by two "best" values such as pbest and gbest.
After finding the two best values, the particle updates its
velocity and positions using the following Equations (9)
and (10).
Vi (u 1) w Vi (u ) C1 rand ( ) ( pbesti Pi (u ) )
C2 rand ( ) ( gbesti Pi (u ) )
Pi (u 1) Pi (u ) Vi (u 1)
where
(9)
(10)
The term rand ( ) ( pbest i Pi (u ) ) is called particle

memory influence.
The term
influence.
rand ( ) ( gbest i Pi (u ) )
th
is called swarm
Vi (u ) is the velocity of i particle at iteration
must lie
in the range.
Vmin Vi (u ) Vmax
(11)
The parameter Vmax determines the resolution, or

fitness, with which regions are to be searched between the
present position and the target position. If Vmax is too
high, particles may fly past good solutions. If Vmin is too
small, particles may not explore sufficiently beyond local
solutions [17]. The constants C1 and C 2 pull each
particle towards pbest and gbest positions. The inertia
weight w is considered as an important parameter for the
convergence of the algorithm. A large inertia weight
facilitates exploration, i.e., searching newer areas, while a
small value tends to facilitate exploitation, i.e., a finer
searching of current search area. Thus, the choice of
inertia weight should be carefully made. Suitable selection
of inertia weight provides a balance between global and
local explorations, thus requiring less iteration on average
to find a sufficiently optimal solution. In general, the
inertia weight w is set according to the following
equation [18].
w wmin
w wmax max
iter max
iter
(12)
connected. This leads to an increase in the maximum

power that can be transferred on that line in addition to a
reduction in the effective reactive power losses.
The series capacitors also contribute to an
improvement in the voltage profiles. Figure2 shows a
model of a transmission line with a TCSC connected
between buses i and j. The transmission line is represented
by its lumped -equivalent parameters connected between
the two buses. During the steady state, the TCSC can be
considered as a static reactance -jXC. This controllable
reactance is directly used as the control variable to be
implemented in the power flow equation.
This controllable series line compensation can be
applied to achieve full utilization of transmission assets by
controlling the power flow in the lines, preventing loop
flows and with the use of fast controls, minimizing the
effect of system disturbances thereby reducing traditional
stability margin requirements.
The basic idea behind series capacitive
compensation is to decrease the overall effective series
transmission impedance (Xeff) from the sending end to the
receiving end. The power transmission over a single line is
characteristics by the equation
VS VR
sin
X
(13)
The effective transmission impedance Xeff, with

the series capacitive compensation is given by
X eff X X C
(14)
or
X eff (1 k ) X
(15)
where k is degree of series compensation, i.e.

k X C X ; Its values range between 0 and 1
The series compensator is primarily applied to
solve power flow problems. These problems may be
related to the length of the line or the structure of the
transmission network. The electric length of the line can
be shortened to meet power transmission requirements by
fixed (percent) compensation of the line.
Sij
-jXC
R+jX
Sji
Bus i
jBc
jBc
Bus
where
wmax Maximum
value
of
weighting
factor,
wmin Minimum value of weighting factor, w inertia

weighting factor, iter max maximum number of
iterations and iter current number of iteration.
IV. THYRISTOR-CONTROLLED SERIES CAPACITOR
(TCSC)
Thyristor-controlled series capacitors (TCSC) are
connected in series with the lines. The effect of a TCSC on
the network can be seen as a controllable reactance
inserted in the related transmission line that compensates
for the inductive reactance of the line. This reduces the
transfer reactance between the buses to which the line is
Figure 2: Model of a TCSC

Network structure related problems, which
typically result in power flow unbalance, as well as
parallel and loop power flows, may require controlled
series compensation, particularly if contingency or
planned network changes are anticipated.
Fixed or controlled series capacitive compensation
can also be used to minimize the end-voltage variation of
radial lines and prevent voltage collapse. Series
compensation, appropriately controlled to counteract
prevailing machine swings, can provide significant
transient stability improvement for post-fault systems and
can be highly effective in power oscillation damping.

V.
OPTIMAL LOCATION AND SIZING OF TCSC
A. Optimal location and sizing of TCSC using LMP

difference method
Locational Marginal Price (LMP) is the marginal
cost of supplying, at least cost, the next increment of
electric demand at a specific location (node) on the
electric power network, taking into account both supply
(generation/import) bids and demand (load/export) offers
and the physical aspects of the transmission system
including transmission and other operational constraints.
LMP (nodal price) at bus i can be determined using
the following equation
(16)
i ref Li ( Re f )
( j X SF ji )
i ref lossi congestioni
(17)
where
i Nodal price at bus i; ref Nodal price at the
Step 3: For each particle in the population, run Newton

Raphson power flow under base case conditions
for the test systems and evaluate the objective
function using equation (1).
Step 4: Find particle best ( pbest)
and global
best (gbest) .
Step 5: Increase the iteration count.
Step 6: A new population is created by changing the
velocity, position of the particle.
Step 7: Evaluate the objective function values for each
new individual.
Step 8: Update pbest and gbest values by comparing
current fitness values with local best and global
best values.
Step 9: Update pbest and gbest .
Step 10: If stopping criteria is satisfied, then the best
individual is obtained, otherwise repeat the
procedure from step 5.
reference bus; lossi Marginal cost of losses from ref.

bus to bus i; cogestioni Marginal cost of transmission
congestion from reference bus to bus i; Li Marginal loss
factor at bus i (Ploss/Pi); j Shadow price of
constraint j and SF ji Shift factor for real load at bus i
on constraint j.
The step by step procedure of LMP difference method for
optimal location of TCSC is given below.
Step 1: Run the base case OPF to calculate the LMP at all
buses and the power flow across all line sections.
Step 2: Determine the absolute value of the LMP
difference for all buses and prioritize the values
in descending order of magnitude to form LMP
difference table.
Step 3: From the LMP difference table, place the TCSC
in the lines, which have high values of LMP
differences one by one.
Step 4: Using PSO algorithm, the size of TCSC are
optimized for the selected lines in step 3. The
detailed steps of PSO algorithm are given in
section 5.2.
Step 5: TCSC are placed one by one until the congestion
on the test systems is relieved.
Step 6: Determine the LMP values at all buses and total
generation cost.
B. Optimal sizing of TCSC based on particle swarm
optimization
The step by step procedure of PSO algorithm for
optimal sizing of TCSC is given below.
Step 1: Initialize the PSO parameters such as the particle
size (NP), number of generations or iterations (G),
and number of variables to be optimized, limits of
each variable in the particle, acceleration
constants and inertia weight (w). NP =20, G=100,
Cognitive Constant C1=2, Social Constant C2=2
and
w = 0.9-0.4.
Step 2: An initial population is randomly generated
considering the variables to be optimized.
SIMULATION RESULTS
VI.
The simulation studies are performed on computer

having 2.27 GHz Intel 5 processor with 2 GB of RAM in
MATLAB environment [19]. The following two cases are
considered for the study.
A. 6-Bus System under Base Case Condition
The objective function in this case is to
alleviate the congestion in the network under base case
conditions thereby minimizing the total generation cost.
Form the power flow results of 6 bus system under base
case before placing TCSC, it is observed that the line 2-4
gets congested and total generation cost of 3143.97 $/h.
The locational marginal price (LMP)
value of different buses is shown in Table I. The LMP
difference values between buses are calculated and the
priority list based on LMP differences is shown in Table
II.
TABLE I LMP VALUES OF THE BUSES
Bus Number
LMP
($/MWhr)
Bus Number
LMP
($/MWhr)
12.4922
15.6741
11.5646
12.9389
11.8766
12.2062
TABLE II PRIORITY LIST BASED ON LMP DIFFERENCES

From i-j
LMP Difference
($/MWhr)
From i-j
LMP Difference
($/MWhr)
2-4
4.1095
5-6
0.7327
1-4
3.1819
2-6
0.6416
4-5
2.7352
1-5
0.4467
2-5
1.3743
3-6
0.3295
3-5
1.0623
2-3
0.3120
1-2
0.9276

Line flow data and constraint status before and

after placing TCSC is shown in Table III. The generation
cost convergence characteristics for optimal sizing of
TCSC by PSO is shown in Figure3.
The optimal values of reactance of TCSC using

PSO are shown in Table IV.
TABLE IV OPTIMAL REACTANCE VALUES OF TCSC
TABLE III LINE FLOW DATA AND CONSTRAINT STATUS
From
i-j
without TCSC
MVA
limit
P
(MW)
Q
(MVAR)
From i-j
Reactance of TCSC
2-4
-0.0200
1-4
-0.1095
with TCSC
Status
P
(MW)
Q
(MVAR)
1-2
40
15.41
-9.58
-1.98
-1.21
1-4
60
33.95
22.50
34.69
32.63
1-5
40
27.86
12.80
17.29
14.41
2-3
40
0.29
-11.76
-0.93
-11.52
2-4
60
41.74
43.11
44.12
32.33
2-5
30
17.35
14.93
19.43
13.71
2-6
90
25.03
12.67
24.76
12.51
3-5
70
23.18
21.57
26.29
19.53
3-6
80
47.50
59.90
49.89
58.99
4-5
20
3.21
-4.71
6.32
-2.91
5-6
40
-0.90
-9.03
-3.01
-7.91
yes
Status
Form the power flow results of 6 bus system

under base case after placing TCSC, it is observed that the
congestion is relieved on line 2-4 also the total generation
cost is reduced to 3124.07 $/h.
relieved
3245
Generation Cost ($/h)
3240
3235
3230
3225
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Iteration Number
Figure 3 Generation cost convergence characteristics for the optimal TCSC size (6 bus system)
The LMP difference values between buses are
calculated and the priority list based on LMP differences is
shown in Table VI.
B. 30-Bus System Under Base Case Condition
The objective function in this case is to alleviate the
congestion in the network under base case conditions thereby
minimizing the total generation cost. Form the power flow
results of 30 bus system under base case before placing TCSC,
it is observed that the lines 6-8 and 25-27 get congested and
total generation cost of 576.89 $/h.
The locational marginal price (LMP) value of different
buses is shown in Table V.
TABLE V LMP VALUES OF THE BUSES

Bus
Number
LMP
($/MWhr)
Bus
Number
LMP
($/MWhr)
Bus
Number
LMP
($/MWhr)
3.6617
11
3.8232
21
3.8540
3.6891
12
3.8100
22
3.8425
3.7542
13
3.8100
23
3.8133
3.7709
14
3.8677
24
3.8844

5
3.7444
15
3.8561
25
3.9320
3.7791
16
3.8488
26
3.9987
3.8008
17
3.8625
27
3.9157
5.3827
18
3.9112
28
4.1058
3.8232
19
3.9262
29
3.9664
10
3.8462
20
3.9100
30
4.0508
TABLE VI PRIORITY LIST BASED ON LMP DIFFERENCES

From i-j
LMP Difference
($/MWhr)
From i-j
LMP Difference
($/MWhr)
6-8
1.6037
15-23
0.0428
8-28
1.2769
22-24
0.0419
6-28
0.3267
4-12
0.0391
28-27
0.1901
12-16
27-30
0.1351
1-3
TABLE VIII LINE FLOW DATA AND CONSTRAINT STATUS

without TCSC
From
i-j
Line
limit
1-2
1-3
0.0388
1-2
0.0274
0.0925
9-10
0.0230
2-6
0.0900
6-7
29-30
0.0844
3-4
P
(MW)
Q
(MVAR)
130
21.04
130
20.50
2-4
65
3-4
2-5
0.0217
0.0167
2-4
0.0818
25-27
0.0164
23-24
0.0711
10-17
0.0163
with TCSC
P
(MW)
Q
(MVAR)
-2.34
22.44
-3.82
-3.10
21.35
2.49
18.63
-5.85
20.01
1.89
130
17.88
-3.22
18.73
2.65
130
14.36
-0.69
15.19
3.01
2-6
65
21.66
-4.21
23.41
4.44
4-6
90
17.58
5.68
19.64
11.64
5-7
70
14.25
0.96
15.08
4.92
6-7
130
8.70
8.46
6-8
32
23.82
21.37
6-9
65
7.27
Status
7.86
4.24
20.96
22.22
-8.27
8.28
-3.20
yes
6-10
0.0671
19-20
0.0162
25-26
0.0666
18-19
0.0151
6-10
32
4.15
-4.73
4.73
-1.83
10-20
0.0638
16-17
0.0137
9-11
65
12-14
0.0577
14-15
0.0116
9-10
65
7.27
-8.54
8.28
-3.35
65
11.06
-15.24
11.24
-7.31
5-7
0.0565
21-22
0.0114
4-12
2-5
0.0553
4-6
0.0082
12-13
65
-16.20
-34.01
-17.34
-25.36
15-18
0.0551
10-21
0.0078
12-14
32
4.68
2.08
4.89
2.14
12-15
32
6.07
3.18
6.84
3.55
12-16
32
5.31
5.04
5.65
4.42
14-15
16
-1.55
0.41
-1.34
0.48
16-17
16
1.76
3.14
2.10
2.53
15-18
16
7.20
3.75
7.26
3.19
18-19
16
3.93
2.70
4.0
2.16
19-20
32
-5.58
-0.73
-5.51
-1.26
10-20
32
7.85
1.58
7.78
2.11
10-17
32
7.27
2.73
6.92
3.34
10-21
32
-4.43
-11.56
-3.19
-7.10
10-22
32
-5.06
-8.39
-4.29
-5.75
27-29
0.0507
10-22
0.0037
24-25
0.0476
12-13
12-15
0.0461
9-11
6-9
0.0441
The optimal values of reactance of TCSC using PSO

are shown in Table VII. Line flow data and constraint status
before and after placing TCSC is shown in Table VIII. The
generation cost convergence characteristics for optimal sizing
of TCSC by PSO is shown in Figure4.
TABLE VII OPTIMAL REACTANCE VALUES OF TCSC
21-22
32
-21.97
-22.87
-20.71
-18.34
From i-j
Reactance of TCSC
15-23
16
-10.92
-2.72
-10.0
-1.74
6-8
-0.0080
22-24
16
-4.46
2.59
-2.03
4.60
8-28
-0.0903
23-24
16
2.03
2.39
3.51
3.54
24-25
16
-11.18
-1.75
-7.28
1.38
25-26
16
3.54
2.36
3.54
2.36
25-27
16
-14.96
-4.52
-10.92
-1.15
28-27
65
-11.45
-21.09
-8.37
-9,39
27-29
16
6.16
1.65
6.16
1.65
Form the power flow results of 30 bus system under

base case after placing TCSC, it is observed that the
congestion is relieved on lines 6-8 and 25-27 also the total
generation cost is reduced to 574.51 $/h.
yes
Status
relieved
relieved

27-30
16
2930
16
7.10
1.63
7.10
1.64
3.68
0.60
3.68
0.60
8-28
6-28
32
32
-6.29
-5.05
-9.07
-14.50
-9.13
0.85
-8.06
-4.35
2.5
x 10
Generation Cost ($/h)
1.5
0.5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Iteration Number
Figure 4 Generation cost convergence characteristics for the optimal TCSC size (30 bus system)
VII.
CONCLUSION
In this paper we reviewed LMP difference based optimal

location and PSO based optimal sizing of series FACTS
controller, Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) for
congestion management in deregulated power systems. The
proposed methodologies have been tested and examined on 6
bus system and 30 bus system under base case conditions. In
case 1, the proposed method relieves the congestion on line
2-4 and total generation cost is reduced from 3143.97 $/h to
3124.07 $/h. In case 2, the proposed method relieves the
congestion occur on lines 6-8 and 25-27. The Total generation
cost is reduced from 576.89 $/h to 574.51 $/h. The result
shows that the proposed methodology is capable of managing
the transmission congestion with minimum generation cost.
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