Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, 16 (2), 79-88 (2011)

(Regular Paper)

EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDY OF MICRO GASTURBINE PERFORMANCE AUGMENTATION

Ahmed M. Bagabir, Jabril A. Khamaj and Ahmed S. Hassan
Faculty of Engineering, Jazan University, P. O. Box 706, Jazan, Saudi Arabia,
E-mail: abagabir@yahoo.com

(Received November 2010 and Accepted June 2011)

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The present study investigates two techniques of gas turbine performance augmentation which are
cooling intake air and applying of intercooler between two compressors. Power augmentation
from a 4 kW-micro gas turbine test unit using evaporative and coil cooling systems has been
experimentally investigated. The parametric study examines the effect of ambient air conditions
(temperature, humidity and pressure) on evaporative and coil cooling gas turbine cycles. The
experimental results reveal that the performance of gas turbine cycles is successfully improved by
decreasing the temperature of inlet air. The cooling coil cycle is capable of enhancing the
efficiency of the studied gas turbine unit by 2% at low ambient temperature and 6% at high
ambient temperature, whereas the evaporative cycle merely increases the efficiency by about 1%.
Reducing the temperature from ambient condition to ISO standard condition could boost gas
turbine efficiency by 3%. The effect of ambient relative humidity indicates that coil cooling
outperforms evaporative cooling by 3%. In general, the efficiency of turbine cycles deteriorates at
a relative humidity level greater than 20%. Another method of gas turbine power augmentation,
which is applying intercooler between two compressors, is also investigated theoretically. It is
found that this method can enhance turbine performance especially at a high expansion ratio.
Keywords: Gas turbine, power augmentation, evaporative cooling, coil cooling, inlet air cooling,
intercooler.

1. INTRODUCTION
Gas turbines have been used for electricity generation
in most countries around the world. Most of the world
experiences power shortages during hot summer
periods because of decreased output power of gas
turbines and increased cooling loads of air
conditioners. Gas turbines are versatile powerproducing machines but their performance is greatly
degraded by adverse ambient conditions such as high
air temperatures and humid or dusty environments [1].
Being a constant volume-flow machine, the power of
the gas turbines is directly proportional to the mass
flow rate of the air passing through them, which is
directly proportional to the air density. The
performances of gas turbines are always rated to ISO
standard condition of 1 bar, 15oC and relative

humidity of 60%. As high ambient temperature

reduces air density, gas turbines lose significant
portions of their generating capacity when installed in
hot climates. A high inlet-air temperature increases
the compressor work and lowers the thermal
efficiency, too. Different geographical locations have
different climatic conditions. For example, the
weather in deserts (hot and dry) is different from that
of coastal regions in which humidity is very high. In
Saudi Arabia, the ambient temperature ranges from
2C (in mountain areas) to as high as 50 C (in
deserts); and the relative humidity can be high at
coastal regions. When the gas turbine is operated at
ambient condition of relatively low temperature of
25oC and relative humidity of 60%, there is a
potential decrease of power output by about 6.3%,

79

Ahmed M. Bagabir, Jabril A. Khamaj and Ahmed S. Hassan

accompanied by a 1.8% drop in thermal efficiency

and a 1.8% increase in specific fuel consumption
when compared to the performance at ISO standard
condition[1].
There are numerous options to improve the
performance of gas turbine systems; many involve
elaborate technology and/or extensive modifications
to the system. The most widely utilized gas turbine
power augmentation options around the globe[2] are
inlet air cooling to compressor (pre-cooling), cooling
of compressor discharge (after-cooling), intercooling
between two compressors, and recuperator
(regenerator) cycle. Power augmentation techniques
are evaluated by both investment economics as well
as viability of this generation enhancement. The
literature survey indicates that the performance of
inlet cooling method depends not only on ambient
conditions but also on turbine layout and its
specifications. The most popular cooling techniques
are evaporative cooling[3,4], fog cooling[5,6],
absorption chiller[7] and refrigeration system[7,8,9].
Fog cooling is similar to evaporative cooling, but
instead of using water as an evaporative medium, the
water is atomized into billions of droplets creating a
large evaporative surface area. It was reported that the
evaporative pre-cooling enhances the performance of
standard gas turbine cycle[3]. Dawoud et al.[7]
performed extensive study of different inlet air
cooling techniques of a simple gas turbine cycle.
These techniques were evaporative cooling, fogging
cooling, absorption cooling, and vapor-compression
cooling systems. They reported that fog cooling was
accompanied with 11.4% more electrical energy in
comparison with evaporative cooling. The absorption
cooling offered 45% more energy than fog cooling.
Applying vapor-compression cooling, a further
annual energy production enhancement of 46% was
expected in comparison with absorption cooling[7].
Nevertheless, cooling coil provides full control on the
temperature inlet conditions regardless of the relative
humidity. However, the evaporative cooling system is
capable of boosting the power of a simple gas turbine
than cooling coil system due to its high power
consumption required to run the vapor-compression
refrigeration unit[8,9]. For recuperated gas turbine,
the evaporative after-cooling could boost up the
efficiency by 7.2%, whereas the evaporative precooling is capable of enhancing the efficiency by up
to 3.2%[10]. The combinations of pre-cooling and
after-cooling could improve the efficiency of
recuperated gas turbine by up to 9%[10]. Theoretical
investigation indicated that evaporative inlet cooling
could increase the efficiency of the intercooled reheat

80

recuperated gas-turbine cycle by 1% [4] to 4% [11]. It is

also found that ambient temperature affect 30kW
recuperate gas turbine performance[12].
In general, the performance of large-scale gas
turbine is greatly influenced by the inlet air
conditions. In the present study, the influence of air
cooling at the intake of the compressor on the
performance of a 4 kW-micro gas turbine test unit has
been experimentally investigated. The effect of two
air cooling methods, evaporative and coil cooling
systems, are examined. Each of the investigated two
coolers modifies air temperature and humidity. The
aim of this paper is to provide guidance information
pertaining to the performance of the proposed cooling
systems as compared with simple gas turbine cycle
(without inlet air-cooling). In addition, the
performance of intercooled double-compressor gas
turbine is theoretically studied as another option of
power augmentation.

2. EXPERIMENT SETUP
The experimental rig is based on Cussons P9005 twoshaft gas turbine unit[13]. It consists of a single stage
centrifugal compressor, a single gaseous fuelled
combustion chamber and a single stage radial turbine.
The frontal layout of the used test rig is shown in
figure 1. The compressor and the turbine are mounted
back to back on a short shaft supported in a journal
bearing. The compressor impellor has a tip diameter
of 72mm, whilst the radial turbine has a tip diameter
of 70mm. The combustion chamber is a single
vertical conventional design, incorporating a flame
tube with a central fuel injector for gaseous fuels. It is
designed for use with propane C3H8. The gas
generator operates at a pressure ratio of
approximately 2:1 and speed ranging from 500 to
2000 rev/sec. The low-pressure power turbine is a
single stage radial type. The maximum power
generated is 4 kW. The gas generator is started by
blowing air from a centrifugal fan onto the
compressor of the gas generator. Temperature,
pressure, air flow rate, rotational speed, and power
output are measured by thermocouple, manometer, a
variable area flow meter, an electronic tachometer
and an electrical power measurement, respectively
(see Fig. 1). The difference between single-shaft and
the employed two-shaft gas turbine is that single-shaft
gas turbine is configured in one continuous shaft. The
compressor, the turbine and the generator operate at
the same speed. On the contrary, in two-shaft gas
turbine, the power turbine is mechanically separated
from the high-pressure turbine and the compressor
(see Fig. 1). This feature allows the power turbine to

Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, Vol. 16, No.2, 2011

Experimental and Theoretical Study of Micro Gas-Turbine Performance Augmentation

be operated at a range of various speeds and makes

the two-shaft gas turbine more efficient [14]. All of the
work developed by the power turbine is available to

drive the load since the work developed by the highpressure turbine supplies the energy necessary to
drive the compressor.

Figure 1. Frontal layout of experimental test rig.

The gas turbine model has been developed to

perform the required experiments. Figure 2 (a) shows
the cycle of studied gas turbine unit. It consists of a
compressor, a combustor, and high- and low-pressure
a

AC

turbines, in addition to air cooler (AC) to control the

compressor inlet air. Two types of air cooling systems
are investigated experimentally.

1
2

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 2: (a) Gas turbine with air cooler (AC); (b) Spray (evaporative) cooler; and (c) Coil cooler

The first cooling system is evaporative (spray)

cooling, as shown in figure 2 (b), in which water is
pumped over pads of fibers through which air passes.
The direct evaporative cooling process works
essentially with conversion of sensible heat into latent
heat. The ambient air is cooled by evaporation of the
water from the wet surface to the air. The addition of
water vapor to the air increases its latent heat and
moisture content (relative humidity). The air exit
temperature is determined by both the ambient air
temperature and the relative humidity. The
evaporative cycle has a greater sensibility to ambient
air temperature increase. This is due to the fact that as
ambient air temperature increases, the difference

Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, Vol. 16, No.2, 2011

between dry and wet bulb air temperature also

increases resulting in a more efficient evaporative air
cooling process. The second inlet air enhancement is
coil cooling system as shown in figure 2 (c). The coil
cooling system is a vapor-compression refrigeration
cycle. Chillers, unlike evaporative coolers, are not
limited by the ambient wet bulb temperature. The
achieved temperature is limited only by the capacity
of the chilling device to produce coolant and the
ability of the coils to transfer heat. The temperature
and the relative humidity of fluid leaving the cooler
both depend on the coil temperature and the relative
humidity of ambient air. The coil temperature can be

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Ahmed M. Bagabir, Jabril A. Khamaj and Ahmed S. Hassan

adjusted to allow air to reach a certain desired

temperature and relative humidity.

3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
In order to investigate the effects of the different
coolers on the efficiency of the gas turbine
model, experimental tests are performed to
follow different turbine cycles:
1.
2.
3.

Simple cycle (without air cooler).

Evaporative (spray) cooling cycle.
Coil cooling cycle.

where, cp is the specific heat of the dry air at constant

pressure and is the humidity ratio. The subscripts
a and 1 represents ambient condition and compressor
inlet, respectively. The compressor inlet temperature
is fixed at about 7oC to prevent condensation. On the
other hand, the cooling load of the cooling coil, Q,
can be estimated using the first law of
thermodynamics assuming that the air is a perfect
gas[15]:

Q = ma c p (T1 Ta )

The experiments are conducted around the year for

different climatic conditions. However, as required,
the inlet ambient conditions are modified using air
modifier
without
incorporating
its
power
consumption in the thermal efficiency calculations.
Gas turbine efficiency is given by[15]:

= Wnet Q23

(1)

where Wnet is the net output power and Q2-3 is the

added heat. It is worth mentioning that the power
needed to operate the coolers, WAC, will be deducted
from the output net power of gas turbine, therefore:

Wnet = (WT WC ) WAC

(2)

where WT and WC are the power given by the turbine

and power needed for compressor, respectively. The
energy balance for evaporative cooler yields[15]:

c p (T1 Ta ) = a (hga h f 1 ) 1h fg1

(3)

(4)

Hence, knowing the coefficient of performance

(COP), power required to operate the coil cooler can
be estimated from the following relation[15]:

WAC = Q COP

(5)

The ambient temperature effect curves shown in Fig.

3 clearly indicate that turbine efficiency is improved
as compressor inlet temperature decreases. Lowering
the compressor inlet temperature can be accomplished
by installing cooling system in the inlet ducting
downstream of the inlet filters. This is due to the fact
that the high inlet temperature limits the air mass
intake, which in turn reduces the gas turbine output.
The efficiency of the simple gas turbine cycle is
reduced by a percentage between 1 to 2 percent of the
ISO-rated for every 10oC increase in ambient air
temperature. As shown in Fig. 3, at lower inlet
temperature (<15oC), there is slight difference in the
performance of the considered turbine cycles. The
drop in efficiency is significant at higher
temperatures.

40
Simple cycle

Efficiency (%)

39

Spray cooling
Coil cooling

38

37

36

35
5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Temperasture (oC)
Figure 3. Effect of ambient air temperature on the efficiency of the three turbine cycles.

82

Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, Vol. 16, No.2, 2011

Experimental and Theoretical Study of Micro Gas-Turbine Performance Augmentation

It is found that at 30oC ambient temperature, the

efficiency is 36.8% in the case of spray cooling and
37.9% in the case of coil cooling. The corresponding
outlet air (compressor inlet) temperature of spray
cooler is 18oC; meanwhile outlet air temperature is
7oC for coil cooler. Although, the mass of air flow
across the evaporative cycle is higher than coil
cooling cycle because of added water. Also, the
power needed to run the cooling coil is higher.

However, figure 4 illustrates that the evaporative

cooling enhances the turbine efficiency by about 1%
for all considered temperature range. Meanwhile, the
coil cooling can boost up the turbine efficiency by
6%. It is can be noticed from Fig. 4 that the efficiency
of the coil cooling is relatively depreciated at higher
temperature (> 28oC) due to the increasing cooling
load which extracted from the net output power.

Increasee in Efficiency (%)

7
Spray cooling

Coil cooling

5
4
3
2
1
0
5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Temperasture ( C)
Figure 4. Increase in turbine efficiency of spray (evaporative) and coil cooling cycles.

Another influencing factor in the gas turbine

performance is the relative humidity of ambient air.
Figure 5 shows the effect of the inlet air relative
humidity on the efficiency of simple, spray
(evaporative) and coil cooling cycles at constant inlet
temperature of 30oC. In general, the maximum turbine
efficiency occurs at inlet air of relative humidity of
about 20%. After that the performance of the turbines
is declined because of the humid air, which is less
dense than dry air. As the relative humidity increases,
the performance of the evaporative cycle merges with
the simple cycle. This is due to the fact that the
increase in the air relative humidity leads to the
decrease of water evaporated in the cooler and hence
decreases the effectiveness of the evaporative cooler.
Effectiveness is a measure of how close the cooler

Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, Vol. 16, No.2, 2011

exit temperature approaches the ambient wet bulb

temperature. Drier climates result in lower
refrigeration cooling loads, but also improve the
performance of evaporative cooling. Evaporation
cooling has an advantage in that the mass of the water
used for cooling also contributes to the turbines
performance (i.e. increases mass flow through the
turbine). The major disadvantage of evaporation is
that its effects diminish with rising air relative
humidity, associated with hot and humid days when
power is usually most valuable. However, the present
experimental results reveal that the evaporative
cooling increases the cycle efficiency by an average
of 1.3%. Meanwhile, the coil cooling improves the
efficiency by an average of 4%.

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Ahmed M. Bagabir, Jabril A. Khamaj and Ahmed S. Hassan

42
Simple cycle
Spray cooling

Efficiency (%)

40

Coil cooling

38

36

34
0

20

40

60

80

100

Relative Humidity (%)

Figure 5. Effect of ambient air relative humidity on the performance of the three turbine cycles.

temperature of 30oC. It is obvious that the cycle

efficiency is proportional to the compressor inlet
pressure. The increase of the inlet pressure of 1 to 1.2
bar can enhance the turbine efficiency by about 6%
for the considered inlet temperature.

On the other hand, the influence of the inlet pressure

on the simple turbine cycle efficiency is investigated
experimentally. Gas turbines operate at different
altitudes and also may suffer from inlet pressure drop
in the filters and intake system. Figure 6 shows the
cycle efficiency against inlet pressure at constant inlet
44

Efficiency (%)

42

40

38

36

34
0.95

1.05

1.1

1.15

1.2

Pressure (Bar)
Figure 6. Effect of inlet air pressure on the efficiency of the simple gas turbine cycle.

4. THEORETICAL STUDY
Apart from inlet air cooling to enhance gas turbine
performance, intercooled gas turbine cycle can be
considered as power augmentation. The intercooled
gas turbine cycle consists of a low-pressure
compressor, intercooler, high-pressure compressor,
combustion chamber and turbine as shown in Fig. 7.
It is assumed that the fluid is compressed in low

84

pressure compressor to some intermediate pressure

and then it is passed through an intercooler, where it
is cooled down to a lower temperature at essentially
constant pressure (see Fig. 7b). The gas turbine is
assumed to be isolated and work in an open cycle
with the intake air conditions of 15C and 1 bar. It is
assumed that the intercooler (IC) cools the fluid to the
inlet temperature (i.e. T1 = Ta ).

Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, Vol. 16, No.2, 2011

Experimental and Theoretical Study of Micro Gas-Turbine Performance Augmentation

(a)

(b)

Figure 7. Intercooled gas turbine; (a) Scheme; (b) Cycle process

The gas turbine efficiency of a simple cycle can

be written as:

) (

B sT 1 1 T(k 1) k C(k 1) k 1 sC
=
B 1 C(k 1) k 1 sC

(6)

T = p3 / p4 , C = p2 / p1
and
B = T3 / T1 .
sT = hT / hTs
and
sC = hCs / hC are the turbine and compressor

Where

isentropic efficiency, respectively.

The specific work of the low (LPC) and high pressure
(HPC)
compressors
are
given
by:
( k 1) / k
wLPC = c pTa ( LPC
1) ,
( k 1) / k
wHPC = c pT1 ( HPC
1)

where

LPC = pb / pa

and

(7)

HPC = p2 / p1

The gas turbine cycle net specific work can be

written:

wnet = wT wHPC wLPC

(11)

Equation (11) can be manipulated as:

wnet = c pTa [(1 1 / T( k 1) / k ) Bi ( T / LPC )( k 1) / k

( k 1) / k
LPC
+ 2]

(12)
The gas turbine efficiency of intercooled cycle can be
written as:

wnet
=
F (LHV )

) (
)(

( k 1) k
B 1 1 T(k 1) k T(k 1) k LPC LPC
+2

(B (

The specific work of the turbine can be written as:

wT = c pT3 (1 1 / T( k 1) / k )

Bi = T3 / Ta = T3 / T1 = B

LPC

k 1) k

) (1 (Bc T

p a

LHV ))

(13)
(8)

The energy balance in the combustion chamber

can be written as:

m& a c pT2 + m& f LHV + m& f c p f T f = (m& a + m& f )c pT3

(9)
LHV is the lowest heat value of fuel and the subscript
f is referred to the fuel. The fuel-air mass ratio, F, can
be written as:
( k 1) / k
F = m& f / m& a = ( Bi HPC
) /[( LHV / c pTa ) Bi ]

(10)

Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, Vol. 16, No.2, 2011

Figure 8 depicts turbine performance of

intercooled gas turbine against turbine pressure
(expansion) ratio, T , using different temperature
ratio, B. the results are compared with the
corresponding performance of simple gas turbine. For
both cycles, the efficiency increases with the
increasing of temperature ratio. The performance of
intercooled cycle increases with increasing expansion
ratio. The simple cycle performance drops after
reaching maximum efficiency on the range of
expansion ratio 14-18. While the intercooled cycle
continuously increases the turbine efficiency. The
intercooler between the two compressors decreases

85

Ahmed M. Bagabir, Jabril A. Khamaj and Ahmed S. Hassan

the heat losses and thus increases the turbine outlet

power. The intercooled cycle permits working at
higher expansion ratio, T , and improves the

(without cooling). On the other hand, the performance

of an intercooled turbine cycle is theoretically
compared with a simple gas turbine cycle.

efficiency by about 20% in the range of

The experimental results reveal that the turbine

efficiency increases with decrease inlet temperature
for simple, evaporative and cooling coil cycles. At
lower inlet temperature (<15oC), there is no
significant difference in the cycles performance. At
higher inlet temperature (>15oC), the evaporative
cycle enhance the turbine efficiency by about 1%.
Meanwhile, the cooling coil cycle can boost the
turbine efficiency up to 6%. Regarding the effect of
the relative humidity of inlet air in turbine cycles
performance, the cooling coil cycle out performance
the evaporative cycle. Coil cooling is accompanied
with 3% more efficiency in comparison with
evaporative cooling. As relative humidity increases
the wet bulb temperature increases, reducing the
effect of evaporative cooling, increases the inlet
temperature to the compressor and hence reducing the
efficiency. As the relative humidity increases, the
performance of the evaporative cycle merges with the
simple cycle. On the other hand, the influence of the
inlet pressure on the simple gas turbine cycle
efficiency is investigated experimentally. The
increase of the inlet pressure from 1 bar to 1.2 bar can
enhance the simple gas turbine efficiency by about
6%.

the range of

T 18 . In

18 < T 25 , the intercooled cycle

outperformed simple cycle by about 90%.

5. CONCLUSION
The power output and efficiency of a gas turbine
depends on ambient conditions and turbine layout.
The power output of a gas turbine during hot
condition is less than the power output during cold
conditions. The performance of the plant efficiency
decreases as the ambient temperature increases, due
to the inverse relation between air density and
temperature. This paper examines two different
techniques of gas turbine power augmentation which
are cooling inlet air to compressor and utilizing
double-stage compressors associated with intercooler.
Cooling the inlet air of gas turbine, decreases the
temperature which increases the air density, hence
increasing the mass flow rate. Inlet air cooling has
been considered for boosting the power output during
hot seasons. In this paper, two inlet air cooling
techniques for micro gas turbine of 4kW are
experimentally investigated. Power augmentation by
using evaporative and coil cooling systems is
assessed compared with simple gas turbine cycle

50
B =5

45

B =4

Efficiency (%)

40
B =3

35
30

B =5

25

B =4

20

B =3

15
10
5
0
0

10

15

20

25

Expansion ratio, T
Figure 8. Turbine efficiency against expansion ratio, T , for simple gas turbine (dotted lines) and intercooled gas turbine
(solid lines) at different temperature ratio, B.

86

Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, Vol. 16, No.2, 2011

Experimental and Theoretical Study of Micro Gas-Turbine Performance Augmentation

Theoretically, the intercooled turbine cycle

permits working at higher expansion ratio T . For all

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NOMENCLATURE
AC

Air cooler

Temperature ratio

COP

Coefficient of performance of coil cooler

cp

Specific heat, kJ/kg K

Fuel to air ratio

HP

High pressure

Specific enthalpy, kJ/kg

Isentropic exponent

LHV

Low heat value of fuel, kJ/kg

LP

Low pressure

m&

Mass flow rate, kg/s

Pressure, N/m

Heat, kJ

Absolute temperature, K

Power, watt

Specific power, watt/kg

Subscripts
1

Compressor inlet

Compressor exit

Turbine inlet

Turbine exit

Ambient air

Compressor

CC

Combustion chamber

Fuel

LP

Low pressure

HP

High pressure

Isentropic

Turbine

Greek Symbols

Expansion ratio

Density, kg/m3

Efficiency

Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, Vol. 16, No.2, 2011

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11. Bassily

A.
improvements

M.,
(2004).
Performance
of the intercooled reheat

87

Ahmed M. Bagabir, Jabril A. Khamaj and Ahmed S. Hassan

recuperated gas-turbine cycle using absorption

inlet-cooling and evaporative after-cooling.
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