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MAY 2015
BBRC 4103
BACHELOR OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
MANAGEMENT (BOHSM) (HONS)
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
MATRICULATION NO :
860831385205001
IDENTITY CARD NO
860831-38-5205
TELEPHONE NO
012-9150502
hariharan.puma@gmail.com
LEARNING CENTRE :
BBRC 4103
BBRC 4103
Table of Contents
Statement of the Problems and Ideas............................................................2
Problem Identification and formulated research questions...........................5
Literature Review.............................................................................................10
Research Approach and Research Design......................................................13
Data Collection and Sampling Method...........................................................16
Conclusion.........................................................................................................18
References..........................................................................................................19
BBRC 4103
Before any new product is to be launch, we need to first start with a research process. This is
the process of getting information needed to see if its feasible to carry on and it also helps to
answer questions raised along the way. Informations gathered has to be useful, accurate and
relevant.
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Problem Identification
We fist need to identify a problem/issue/challenge and then justify the need for
research. Only with the identification of an issue, can we even start the research
process.
II.
III.
IV.
Research Design
There are many research designs available to conduct a research. We have quantitative
and qualitative methods. Sometimes, both are combined to get results.
V.
Data Collection
For data collection, we need to decide on sampling methods. Qualitative research will
usually adopt a theoretical sampling method while quantitative research will adopt
probability or non-probability sampling. So we need to decide what is to be collected
as primary and what is secondary.
VI.
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VII.
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After having the questions, we now have to test the research question operationally. We have a
number of concepts that we need to look into like cost, feasibility, knowledge, technology,
manpower.
Having defined concepts, the next phase of the research involves the development of
operational measures. Exploring the literature to see how they have been defined in earlier
research will be the easiest way to achieve conceptual clarity and develop operational
definitions of concepts and constructs. This is an important step, as clear and concise
definitions of terms need to be developed if they are to be reliably and validly measured.
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Consumer needs and wants - people have different needs and wants and these
characteristics need to be identified. A product/company can then choose a target
market as this will help with the marketing efforts
Marketing mix marketing is about having the right product at the right price in
the right place using the right promotion. These are known as the 4Ps of the marketing
mix. It is important to have this right
Potential sales only by knowing the likely level of sales will it be able to help the
right amount for production. This will help with the allocation of stocks by location.
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Idea Generation
The Research & Development Team of Tesco will launch the idea of testing and launch of
their own chili sauce. This has to go through various stages before it can be launched.
Product Screening
All ideas are assessed and run through with the team. The most promising with good
marketable value is selected.
Concept Development
Now the idea is taken and has to be turned in to a sellable/marketable product. Tescos R & D
team has to come up with a product that is:
Similar chili sauce as the ones found on the shelves so that consumers would identify
with it
Attractive enough to draw consumers to buy without hesitation
Tesco Chili sauce prototype
A sample is produced. A decision had to be made on the composition of the new chili sauce.
Different types of recipes tried out with different composition of ingredients.
Feasibility Study
This is to find out if the new sauce is viable. This includes finding out if the production is
within budget to ensure profitability. Production of the sauce is not the only thing here.
They need to look at profitable packaging methods whether it should be bottled, packed or
put in plastic containers.
Product - the product has to satisfy customer needs in terms of its taste and be of
good quality
Price should not be underpriced. It has to be profitable and at par with other
brands or slightly cheaper.
Promotion expensive marketing plan is in place to promote.
Place this has to be strategically placed so that its in the view of a
consumer. If its hidden, it will definitely loose lots of consumers.
Literature Review
Journal Name : Daryl Coleman, Connie Gao & Heejae Kim
Article : McDonalds: Breaching the Luxury Coffee Market
McDonalds is trying to enter a new market in the US which is the luxury coffee. McDonalds
started this off by introducing its own espresso (latte, mocha, cappuccino) with both hot/iced
version. A lot of stores nationwide sell this new beverage and they plan to add espresso
machines to most of the stores in the future. This is also because there is demand for low cost
food items. According to Danya Proud, McDonalds spokeswomen, We know our customers
are looking for those affordable luxuries." "We know our customers are visiting us, now more
than ever, for many of our well known breakfast items, and we know our coffees continue to
be a growing category."
This new line is integrated directly with the front counter menu and makes it easier for
consumers. McDonalds projects $1 billion annual revenue from its new espresso line.
Journal Name : Anchor, J.R and Kouilov, Terezie, University of Huddersfield
Repository
Articles
Purpose
Very little is known about how consumers perceive own brands in the newly emerging
markets of central and eastern Europe. This journal studies to fill in the gap by investigating
various aspects of consumer perceptions of Tesco own brands in the Czech Republic.
Methodology/Approach
Data is collected with structured questionnaires to supermarket customers in the Czech
Republic and the UK. They used non probability quota sampling and the sample was
stratified according to gender, age and income.
Findings
The findings show that the general view of Tesco own brands is slightly less positive among
Czech than British customers. But there is a big difference when they are examined in terms
of income. Increases in income lead to a decrease in the favorability with which own brands
are viewed in the Czech Republic the opposite to the position in the UK.
Research limitations/implications
(n=100 in each country). This is the sample size. More in depth interviewing is to be
conducted to access consumer attitudes.
Practical Implications
This research could probably help Tesco with its general expansion in central eastern Europe
and its brand building in particular.
model
to
international
environments.
They collect data from secondary sources and resort to some focus groups. This is to
understand the strategic challenges that Walmart faces when it attempts to enter the
international arena.
Research design is about turning a research question into a testing project. A good design
depends on the research questions. There are both negative and positive sides to a design and
they are also considered a blueprint. There is usually four problems in a question: what
questions to study, what data are relevant, what data to collect, and how to analyze the results.
Research design are divided into two: fixed and flexible. Some refer to this as quantitative
research designs and qualitative research designs. However, fixed designs need not be
quantitative, and flexible design need not be qualitative. In fixed designs the design of the
study is fixed before the main stage of data collection takes place. Fixed designs are normally
theory-driven; otherwise its impossible to know in advance which variables need to be
controlled and measured. Often these variables are quantitative.
Differences between qualitative and quantitative
Qualitative research
The qualitative method is about asking the why and how of decision making and not just the
what, where and when. They usually aim to gather an in-depth understanding of human
behavior and what causes such behavior. Usually, smaller but focused samples are needed
more than large samples.
In the academic social sciences the most frequently used qualitative research approaches
include the following:
1. Ethnographic Research, used for investigating cultures by collecting and describing
data that is intended to help in the development of a theory.
2. Critical Social Research, used by a researcher to understand how people communicate
and develop symbolic meanings.
3. Ethical Inquiry, an intellectual analysis of ethical problems. It includes the study of
ethics as related to obligation, rights, duty, right and wrong, choice etc.
4.
5. Historical Research allows one to discuss past and present events in the context of the
present condition, and allows one to reflect and provide possible answers to current
issues and problems. Historical research helps us in answering questions such as:
Where have we come from, where are we, who are we now and where are we going?
Quantitative research
This refers to the systematic investigation via statistical, mathematical or computational
techniques. This is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories and/or hypotheses
pertaining to phenomena. This process of measurement is central to quantitative research
because it provides the fundamental connection between empirical observation and
mathematical expression of quantitative relationships. Quantitative data is any data that is in
numerical form such as statistics, percentages, etc. In another word, this means that the
quantitative researcher asks a specific, narrow question and collects numerical data from
participants to answer the question.
Quantitative research is generally made using scientific methods, which can include:
The generation of models, theories and hypotheses
The development of instruments and methods for measurement
Experimental control and manipulation of variables
Collection of empirical data
Modeling and analysis of data
Interview
Here, the interviews are more structured compared to qualitative research. The researcher asks a
standard set of questions and nothing more in a structured interview.
Face to face interviews
These form of interview able the researcher to establish rapport and get the corporation of
participants. These type of interviews usually have high response rates and they allow for
Researcher to clarify ambiguous answers and when appropriate, seek follow-up information.
Telephone interviews
There form of interviews are less time consuming and less expensive and the researcher has
ready access to almost everyone with a phone connection. But phone interviews might not
get good response rate as compared to face-to-face interviews.
Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI):
This is a form of personal interviewing. Instead of completing a questionnaire, the interviewer
brings along a laptop or hand-held computer to enter the information directly into the
database. This way saves a lot of time in processing the data and also saving the interviewer
the burden of carrying around questionnaires.
Questionnaires
Web based questionnaires: this is done by sending out an email with a weblink address
to do an online survey. There are also softwares/platforms that will help with these.
Survey Monkey is one example of an online questionnaire where all you need to do is to
key in the questions and it will help to tabulate the results.
Paper-pencil-questionnaires can be used to be sent to a large number of people and
saves the researcher time and money. But the downfall is that not all will return them.
Conclusion
Literature Review
For Tesco to decide on whether to introduce its own brand of chili sauce it has to
identify production process and market testing to see its sustainability and return of
investment (ROI). So this has to be well researched. To position the new entry of the
product, they need production plant, manpower and marketing budget. This means there is
an initial investment and this needs to be started immediately to test the product in the
market.
Collection of Pertinent Data
Our country is known to have land for agriculture purposes and we have the resources to
produce their own brand or chili which gives them an advantage against the competition. Chili
is known to be a famous ingredient for our local cousins.
Population and Market Advantages over the competition
One would think that it is easy to brand and gain popularity within the local people but its not
as easy as it seems. Competition products will find ways to market their own products through
trials, free tasting, free samples and collaboration with other brands. Tesco will need to have a
global thinking by not only marketing this within Malaysia but to also neighboring countries
like Singapore, Thailand and Indonesia who also uses chili a lot in their cooking.
Analysis and Conclusion of the Study
We can say that Tesco producing their own chili sauce is one that is feasible. It not
only helps Tesco itself, it will also bring in good economic results to the country.
Tesco can anticipate a good response and they should start work immediately.
References
Books :
Alden, D.L. Batra, R. & Steenkam, J. (1999). Brand positioning through advertising in Asia,
North America, and Europe: The role of global consumer culture, Journal of
Marketing, vol. 63, no. 1
Creswell, J.W. (1994). Research design. Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thousand
Oaks, California: Sage.
eMarketer (2001). The eGlobal report 2001, eMarketer, viewed 14 July, 2009,
<http://www.emarketer.com>
Akerlof, G.A. (1970). The Market for 'Lemons': Quality Uncertainty and the Market
Mechanism, Quarterly Journal of Economics
Kothari, CR (2009). Research Methodology
Websites :
http://www.palgrave.com/studentstudyskills/page/choosing-appropriate-researchmethodologies/
http://www.newagepublishers.com/samplechapter/000896.pdf
http://fieldresearch.msf.org/msf/bitstream/10144/84230/1/Qualitative%20research
%20methodology.pdf