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This feeds into the discourse about a power shortage of another kind the allegedly
waning power of President Aquino. Last year there were controversies about pork barrel funding
through legislative-executive collaboration, and a flexible executive budgetary process
(the Disbursement Acceleration Program), both of which were declared unconstitutional by the
What we see today in the Philippines is more a country that has come to confront its
internal demons than an emerging market firmly placed on an inexorable tiger road. Nothing
underscores this complex picture more than the latest uproar over an alleged collusion among
power-generating companies to introduce a further hike in electricity prices. To put things into
perspective, the Philippines already has Asia's most expensive electricity rates, even higher than
post-Fukushima Japan. Such prohibitive rates have not only hurt ordinary consumers, but have
also served as among the strongest disincentives against manufacturing investments in the
country. [R. J. Heydarian, 2014]
But there is a deeper lesson to draw from the Philippines' power-generation predicament.
Contrary to the conventional analysis forwarded by most analysts, including Karen Brooks, what
the Philippines needs the most is not more privatization and economic liberalization per se -which have actually exacerbated rather than ameliorated the country's structural economic
weaknesses since the 1990s -- but instead a stronger state that (a) can bust oligarchic collusion,
and (b) protect the interest of the consumers and productive sectors of the economy. And we
won't have a dramatic turnabout in the Philippines' economic fortunes unless the Aquino
administration and its successors fully internalize the indispensable role of the state, which
ranges from ensuring the rule of law to protecting strategic sectors of the economy against
special interest, even in an era of economic globalization. [R. J. Heydarian, 2014]
The Wholesale Electricity Spot Market (WESM), on the other hand, which commenced
its Visayas WESM in early 2011. By October 2012, the integrated WESM had a total of 124
participants comprised of 54 generating companies and 47 customer trading participants
comprised of six Private Distribution Utilities (PDUs), 26 Electric Cooperatives (ECs), 13 bulk
end-users and seven wholesale aggregators. Approximately 2,636GWH, translating to 9.2
percent of the total energy consumed in the Luzon and Visayas regions, were traded in the
WESM from October 2011 to April 2012, while the remaining 90.8 percent of the total volume
was transacted and settled outside the market. [R. G. Manabat, 2013-2014]
Our shortage of electricity is a real, serious problem that we cannot downplay. But if we
focus exclusively on it, we run the risk of seeing just the trees and not the forest. That was what
then energy undersecretary Rufino Bomasang told participants of a media briefing on business
and economics reporting convened by the Press Foundation of Asia at Los Baos, Laguna almost
two decades ago. Today, the scenario has not changed. In an article which appeared in Business
Mirror, Adam Jones wrote: As it stands, the (Philippines) relies heavily on outside sources of
energy, which account for roughly 65 percent of its energy needs. However, despite slowing
industrial demand for power, some industry insiders still believe the country could face a power
shortage of 3000 megawatts by 2012. Speaking in London in June 1997, then British
environment minister Michael Meacher said: Energy policies should be designed to promote
cleaner, more efficient energy use and production. We want a new and strong drive to develop
renewable energy sources. Doing so will create jobs, win exports and protect the environment.
As for our project, the load power control, it can manipulate the on and off system of
each appliances that are connected to the device via text message using GSM module. This
project can help out in terms of power saving or power consumption because it limits the
allowable power to distribute in every load, it also make sure that no load will overheat. Occur
because all of the load that are connected to device can virtually control and tend to shut down
once it detects overload s and high power consumption than the allowable power to use. The user
can send message to the device according to its code and the device connected on a particular
outlet to turn on or off. On the other hand the device can also send message to the user to inform
that the power consumption is high.
Edisons generators produced DC power, which worked fine for local distribution, but required
either very large cables to supply loads more than a few blocks away, or a power station every
few blocks. This is because, at voltages practical for end use, large currents were required to
electrify more than just a small area. Enter Nikola Tesla, backed by George Westinghouse, who
promoted high-voltage AC transmission lines with a low voltage substation every few blocks for
local distribution. The important difference was the substation only required a transformer, while
the DC solution required a complete steam-powered power plant. [J. V. Capuno, 2011]
Ultimately, Westinghouse settled the war that ensued when he built a hydroelectric plant
at Niagra Falls that was able to supply loads hundreds of miles away. However, in the few
extremely long, point-to-point transmission lines, the balance tips back toward very high voltage
DC transmission lines (e.g., the power line from Grand Coulee Dam in Washington State to Los
Angeles).
A failure in the converter affects the users, and the loss in the converter is the loss in the overall
system. A converter must be reliable and must be made of components having a negligible loss
such as semiconductor switches. The feedback component measures the parameters of the load
and compares it with a command signal. The difference of the two serves as a basis for the turnon and turn-off commands of the power electronics device. [S. Rood, 2015, J. Prsha, 2011]
Monitoring the load on the motor that is driving a machine or process can give you
valuable information since this motor reflects the changes that are going on. On a mixer or
agitator, for example, as the viscosity increases, it will take more power to stir the mixture and
when it thins the load goes down. When cutting metal, as a tool gets dull, it takes more power to
make the cut. And, when a pump runs dry, the load drops off sharply.
The purpose of this paper is to explore the conceptual requirements and opportunities to
develop load control schemes that are competitive with conventional generation based
approaches to providing power system control services. In principle, practically any measure that
INPUT
Electronics Devices
Circuit Analysis Computer
GSM &
module
Computer
Languages
Power
sensors Embedded Equipments
Digital &
Data
Communication Oscilloscope
PIC
microcontroller
4. Reactive Power Control and Voltage Stability Methods in Power System Network
- The intent of this paper is to present an analysis of reactive power control and
voltage stability in power systems. It identifies a new model used to enhance
voltage stability and exposes several key issues that had remained as research
challenges in this area. The steady state voltage and reactive power control in
distribution systems can be properly controlled by coordinating the available
voltage and reactive power control equipment, such as on-load tap-changers,
Chapter 2
In [R. G. Sarangle, U. P. Khot, J. Modi] the present system of energy billing is error prone and
also time and labor consuming. Errors get introduced at every stage of energy billing like errors
with electro-mechanical meters, human errors while noting down the meter reading, and errors
while processing the paid bills and the due bills. The home appliances which consume more
power cause an increase in the payment of excessive bills. The remedy for all these problems
GPMC (GSM based power meter and control system) is developed which consist of the
integration of a single phase Class 1, IEC61036, standard compliance digital kWh power meter.
It will keep track of the meter reading of each day and the reading with the user identification
In [T. Ismail , D. karki , Z. Mollick , S. D. , M. Deka] the remote power distribution system using
GSM aims to design and implement efficient and cost effective solution for replacing the manual
process of power cut/load shedding from a centralized location. It consists of two GSM modems,
one at the control station and the other one connected to the transformer from where the
electricity is divided into certain branches in an area. Here the control station modem utilizes
GSM network to turn a branch line of a transformer either on/off. It also consists of a LCD
display which displays the state of the channel/branches of the transformer as either on/off. In
case of network failure, a set of manual switches are also there to turn on/off the channels
manually. Electromagnetic relays are used as circuit breakers.
In [S. Sukhumar, P. M. Aravind, L. Manivannan , P. N. Kumar and N. Su. Vanitha] this paper
presents the development of Automatic Trip Control System for Energy Management using
GSM. The proposed system monitors the usage level of electricity of every consumer at all the
time. During excess of electrical energy used by consumer, the system will give the alerts
through an alarm circuit. After the alarm circuit, the consumer has to take an alternative solution
to cut-off excess supply from the Electricity Board (EB) to stop alarming. Otherwise, the circuit
breaker will come into OFF position and the supply will be tripping-off coming from EB. The
information about the particular consumer will be sent to EB through GSM (Global System for
Mobile Communication Network).Then, the consumer has to give the requisition to EB for
making the circuit breaker coming into normal with the help of PIC microcontroller, which is
In [M. Sarsamba ,P. Sangulagi, R. Yanamshetty] the load monitoring and protection on electrical
power lines are important factors in Electricity Field. The Paper proposes a monitoring of Load
and Power lines using SMS based GSM Technology. The Proposed methodology is designed and
implemented using mobile embedded system to monitor and record load fluctuations with
respect to current and voltage in electric power lines and it also controls the same when line
breaks during high load. The proposed on-line monitoring system integrates a Global Service
Mobile (GSM) Modem; withstand along single chip microcontroller and sensor packages. It is
installed at the site and above mentioned parameter are recorded using -in -8-channel analog to
digital convert (ADC) of the embedded system .The acquired parameters are processed and
recorded in the system memory. If there is any abnormality according to some predefined
instruction and policies that are stored on the embedded system EEPROM then GSM alerts to
concerned control room immediately. This mobile system will help the utilities to optimally
utilize the protection of power line and identify problems before any catastrophic failure. This
system provides flexible control of load parameters accurately and also provides effective means
for rectification of faults if any abnormality occurs in power lines using SMS through GSM
network.
In [K. P. Satheyamoorthy Dean] the Modern world intelligent control is adopted in every field,
although the service provider for energy are still uses the conventional methods for getting the
energy consumed by the customer. The conventional method is very time consuming and
expensive which may also lead to human error. Our proposed method will automatically send the
data of the digital energy meter to the service provider with the help of the GSM modem once in
a day and hence the system will generate a report and send to the service provider once in a day
through SMS. The same system can be used to check the last reading consumed by the consumer,
when the demand request send by the user through the same methodology. It can also be used to
In [M. Rangwala, I. Bhabay, V. S. Sharma] these days the electricity department has to send
employees for taking meter reading every month, which is an expensive and time consuming job.
This project provides a convenient and efficient method to avoid this problem. The electricity
office can take the readings of consumers using GSM at their place. The desired number is auto
saved on the microcontroller over a missed call. The main objective of the project is to develop a
wireless based energy meter reading system. Also the loads can be controlled GSM using this
project. The microcontroller takes the reading from the energy meter and displays the reading on
the LCD. The reading of the energy meter is also sent to the control room by a message via GSM
modem. This GSM modem also receives commands from any cell phone to control the electrical
loads.
It
uses
standard
energy
meter
that
delivers
output pulses for microcontroller to do counting for necessary action. On receiving command it
can even switch ON/OFF the load. The power supply consists of a step down transformer
230/12V, which steps down the voltage to 12V AC. This is converted to DC using a Bridge
rectifier. The ripples are removed using a capacitive filter and it is then regulated to +5V using a
voltage regulator 7805 which is required for the operation of the microcontroller and other
components.
3.1
These are the sets of procedures that are use to make and to apply the system.
a. Collect the data related for the prototype Load Power Control with GSM
Application include the circuit applications.
b. Applied the list of possible circuit for selection for the design.
c. Make the counter part of the circuit from the research.
d. The lists of Load Power Control with GSM Application are CurrentVoltage-Sensor block diagram, Microprocessor block diagram, Relay
System block diagram, GSM module, LDC module, and Power Supply
block diagram that are to be test and applied.
3.1.3
These are the process and procedures are that how does the system works. It
includes the process of the microcontroller presented in flow charts (It must be to be
follow up, presently under of investigation during design and process.)
Figure 3-1
(PIC16F877A)
References