Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
formation of one mole of water vapor from one mole of liquid water is a
spontaneous process. In part c, the result of the molar Gibbs energy of
vaporization is positive, meaning that the formation of one mole of
water vapor from one mole of liquid water is not a spontaneous
process. Therefore the change in entropy of the universe is consistent
with the change of Gibbs energy in each case.
Problem 2
The fundamental equation for an ideal gas (using molar, intensive
quantities):
R
V C
S
U=C V T 0
exp
V 0
C V
Find from this equation:
A) Temperature and pressure as a function of entropy S and volume
V : T ( S , V ), P ( S , V ).
U
U
d U=Td
SPd
V =
d S +
d V
S V
V S
( ) ( )
V
( ) ( )
U
T ( S , V )=
S
V
V 0
R
C
( ) ( )
=T 0
U
P ( S , V ) =
=T 0 R exp
V S
( )
[(
T
T0
exp
V0
S
C V
( )
R
C V
( )( )
(
( V )
R
1
C V
A ( T , V )=U (T , V )T S(T , V )
B) Helmholtz energy
S ( T , V )=C V ln
S
C V
V 0
V
R
C V
)( )
( T , V )=C V T
U
A ( T , V )=U (T , V )T S(T , V )
R
T V 0 C
A ( T , V )=C V T T C V ln
T 0 V
[(
)( )
A
RT
P ( T , V )=
=
V T V
( )
[(
A
T
=C V ln
T V
T0
( )
S ( T , V )=
V 0
V
R
C V
)( )
Problem 3
Show that:
( ( ))
V
dP+C p dT
T P
dH=TdS+VdP
H
S
=T
=C p
. 1
T P
T P
dH= V T
( HP ) =T ( SP ) +V
( ) ( )
Maxwell Relation:
( PS ) =( V
T )
T
( HP ) =T ( VT ) +V
T
dH=TdS+VdP
dH=Equation 1+ Equation2
dH =
( TH ) dT +( HP ) dP
P
[ ( ) ]
[ ( )]
dH=c p dT + T
V
T
dH=c p dT + V T
V
T
( ( ))
dH = V T
+V dP
V
T
dP
dP+C p dT
Problem 4
Similar to the previous problem derive the differential of internal
energy as a function of T and V which would include
only CV and pVT data.
dU =TdSPdV
S
=T (
=C
( U
)
T
T )
V
S
=T (
P
( U
)
V
V )
T
Maxwell relation:
S
P
=
V T T V
( ) ( )
P
=T (
P
( U
)
V
T )
T
( UT ) dT +( UV ) dV
dU =
dU =CV dT + T
( PT ) P ] dV
V
P
(
( T ) P) dV +C dT
dU = T
Problem 5
Using Maxwell relations, find the pressure dependence of internal
U
energy
for:
V T
A) Ideal gas PV=nRT
( )
P
(
( T ) P) dV +C dT
dU = T
P
=P+T (
( U
)
V
T )
T
PV=nRT
( PT ) =nR/V
V
nR
=P+T
( U
)
V
V
T
=P+ P=0
( U
V )
T
( PT ) = V Rb
V
P ( V b )=RT
RT
=P+
( U
)
V
V b
T
=P+ P=0
( U
V )
T
U
V
3/ 2
V ( V + B)
P
(
( ) T ) P= 2T
=T
1 /2
3A
V ( V +B)