SPE 14129

The Role of Reservoir Simulation in Optimal

Reservoir Management
by G. W. Thomas, Scientific Software-intercomp
SPE Member

Copyright 1X,

Sockty

of

Petroleum Enginaara

This paper was proaantd at the SPE 19SS International Meeting on petroleum Engineeringheld in Beijing, CMaMarch 17-20, 19SS. The material is
subject to correctionby the author. Permission to COPYis restrictedto an ab.str~ OfMt more than 300 words, Write SPE. P.O. Sox S33S3S, Richardson.
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SIMULATION AND VIRGIN RESERVOIR DEVELOPMENT

ABSTRACT
This paper discusses the role reservoir simulators
play in formulating initial development plans, history
matching and optimizing future production and in planning
and designing enhanced oil recovery projects. The Hibernia
Field in Canada and the Hassi RMel in AIgeria illustrate how
simulation can be used to asdst in initial reservoir
development. The Lookout Butte F.undle (Alberta) and others
are cited to exemplify Optimhsl,fon of future production
plans with the aid of simutetion.
Finally, applications to
several reported EOR projects are briefly discussed with
major emptux~is concentrating on the Bati Raman Field in
Turkey.
INTRODUCTION
he purpose of this paper is to provide an overview
on the role of reservoir simulation in managing hydrocarbon
reservoirs. As pointed out by Coatsl, reservoir simulation, in
the broad sense, has been practiced since the 1930%, when
some of the first calculetionaI procedures were deveIoped to
predict reservoir performance.
Here, however, we take a
narrower view, and restrict our discussion to applications of
numerical reservoir simulation. his involves solving targe
s~
algebraic equations on digitaI computers to
approximate transient, multiphaee or muIticomponent flow in
heterogeneous media. I?tis technoIgy started in the mid to
late 1950% and, within the last twenty years, has played an
increasingly important-role in the development, planning and
management of gas and oiI reservoirs.
In the folluwing, we first discus~ the role of
reservoir simulation as a tool in planning the initia 1
development of a reservoir.
The discussion then turns to
their uses as predictive tools when investigating various
future operating strategies.
Finally, some attention is
devoted to their utility in planning and executing enhanced
oil recovery schemes.
Illustrations in the form of case
histories are provided, albeit these are necessarily not
detailed because of space limitations.
Neverthele$w,
sufficient references to recent literature on the subject are
given for the interested reader.

When a reservoir simulator is employed to assist in

ptenning the development of a virgin reservoir, the
reservoir description is typically limited. Consequ@ly,
only a minimal degree of opt imisat ion is poa%ible.
Nevertheless, some useful insights can be cbtained with
the aid of a simulator that can minimise the number of
decisions one must make in planning field development.
In perticuter, the simulator can end should be used to
a$sesa sensitivity in computed results to uncertainties in
It is
the reservoir description and rock-fluid data.
surprising how often variations in input data over
reasonable ranges of uncertainty, for some reservoirs,
yield modest changes in the computed results.
On the
other hand, it is useful to know, in the early stages of
development, where the greatest
effort should be
concentrated to obtain those data that affect calculated
performance the most.
Simulation studies at the development stage,
because of the uncertainties involved, are regarded as
preliminary. Npically, they are periodically updated as
more information becomes available;
This means that
early development plans arising from the first sim?!ation
studies should be sufficiently flexible to accom mudate
future contingencies as one learns more about the
reservoir.
This presents a severe challenge where the
reservoir in question is highIy complex, large in extent or
in a hostiIe environment - all of which may require large
investments to put it on production.
In cases where the reservoir description and roekfluid properties are reasonably defined, one can we a
simutetor to plan well locations and densities aswtming
voidege replacement by injection to maintain pres..ure.
Such strategies can be compared to primary depletion
through the same number of wells to arrive at the best
development policy for the reservoir.
Arwlication to the Hibcrnia FieId
To illustrate, we cite the Hibernia Field off the
Ccest of Canada2. me fjeId lies abut 32tI km
southeast of St. John%, Newfoundland in a water depth of
80 m. Five welts were drilIed to confirm the existence of
substantial
hydrocarbon reserves in at least two
reservoirs, the Avalon and the Hibernia sendstones. The
(3fIStePn

THEROLEOF RZSEPSfOIR

SIMULATION
IN OPTIMALRSSERVOIR
,NANAGENENT

Avalon reservoir appears to be heterogeneous with wide

variations in the porosity and permeability, whereas the
deeper Hibernia is more homogeneous. Correlations of the
limited porosity - permeability data were used to extrapolate
Correlations of
into areas where data were lacking.
verticaI/horizontal permeability ratios were used in a similar
manner. A porosity cutoff of 13% was used to define the net
pay in the Avalon while 10% was employed in the Hibernia.
Average connate and residual oil saturations in the Avalon
were estimated at 25%. For the Hibernia, connate water
varied from 11 to 15% while 30% average residual oil
saturation was assumed.
AH evidence indicates that the two reservoirs are
The Avalon ccntains an apparent
non-corn municating.
undersaturated crude oil with a relative density of 0.873. PVT
properties for the hydrocarbon were obtained from a drill stem
The Hibernia reservoir has more
test fluid sample.
complicated fluid propties
in two separate fault blocks. In
one, a saturated crude, probably a volatile oil, of relative
density, 0.825, is apparently overlain by what appears to be a
gas condensate with a liquid gas content of 0.001 m#/m*. For
were generated
using
this block the fluid properties
correlations assuming an initial seturat ion pressure of 40x10
end a sclut ion gasail ratio of 356 m/m. In the other fault
block, the oil appears to be undersaturated having a relative
density of 0.850, there again, a drill stem test fluid was
analysed to determine the PVT properties.
The first simulation runs involved 2-dimensional
cross-sect ions to generate pseudo functions3~4 for subsequent
use in 3+3imensional model% For the Avalon and Hibernia, 21and 5-layer models, respectively, were used to generate
These subsequently were
pseudo relative permeabiIities.
employed in a 28 x 23 x 2 AvaIon model and a 24 x 20 x 2
Hibernia model. h each case, square grid blocks 569 m on a
side were employed. Well locations were originally selected to
give reasonable pettern coverage over thoseregions where the
oil accumulations were considered to be greatest. Completion
intervals for producers and injectors were selected such that
oil production would be favoured while production of gas and
water, where pert inent, was minimised.
were
scenarios
Four
production/injection
investigated in the Avalon while four and five were considered
for each of the fault blocks in the Hibernia reservoir. Some of
the results of the study are shown in Figs. 1-3. In the~
figures W.I. and G.I. refer to flank water and crestal gas
injection, respectively.
It is seen that in the AvaIon,
differences in the water and gas injection cases were
insignificant with the present geological description of the
reservoir.
In the Hibernia, it was found that an ultimate
recovery level of 50% of the original oil-in-place may be
achieved through an optimised production/injection strategy.
The uncertainties in these reauIts are linked to the geological
model. Asthe latter is improved in the early development
planning process, optimum recovery schemes can be desigiwd
to account for the reservoir complexities.

14

SPE 14129

Applications to Gas Condensate Systems

In the Hibernia Field, a black-oil reservoir simulator
was employed to arrive at preliminary development
decisions.
This 1s frequently done even though the
reservoir may contain fluids that undergo substantial
compositional changes during production. The motivation
for doing so is most often due to lack of data precisely
defining the compositional behaviour of the fluids in the
early development stages. Moreover, black-il simulators
can still provide usefuI information in such systems at
substantially lea.. cost than a compositional simuIator5.
EventuaNy, however, resources must be devoted early on
to the correct characterisation of the fluids and definition
of their phase behaviour.
As exampIes, we cite two large gas condensate
reservoirs.
The first, the Has..i RMel is located in
Algeria6. The field was discovered in 1953 and contained
about 1.7 x 1012 mS of retrograde condensate gas at
32x10S kPa. The reservoir has a surface area of 4800
km. Because of its vast reserves and closeness to ports,
an ambitious development plan was executed in the earIy
1970%baaed on a bleck-oit simulation study. At the time,
only 20 wells had been drilIed and the geological
description was limited. Consequently, full continuity of
the reservoir was assumed. The objective was to produce
a fixed daily rate of rich gas, extract the condensate,
market scma of the- dry gas end reinject the rest to
recover any condensate dropout that might occur. For
this purpose, a line drive gas injection scheme was
implemented.
Haaei RMel now has about 200 welLs and giant
plants for ga? treatment and gas injection. production todate is 5 to 6% of the initial gas reserves. During the
development drilling, en oil ring of 0.82 relative density
and 15.2 m thickness was discovered - hence Haasi RIMel
can be regarded as a volatile oil reservoir with a huge rich
gas cap. A fault system was also discovered that was
subsequently better defined by seismic investigation.
Some revisions were made in the geological description of
the field when 100 weUa were in place. The subsequent
need is to @rform a major update using information from
all welt., the production history, the seismic surveys and
state-of-the-art
simulation tooLs.
In particular, the
effects of the faults and retrograde condensation and
revapourisation need to be examined in detail.
The
appropriatenes~ of the line drive is aLsc in question.
In such an update, one first determines to what
extent, if any, he can use previous seismic, geological and
petrophysical
interpretations.
With regard to a
retrograde condensate, the effect of liquid dropout on
well deliverability is also an important issue. Moreover,
where cycling is performed, one would like to know what
the .~timum is to maximise Iiquid revapouriaation.
Again, in reservoirs with thin oil zones overlain by
massive gas reserves - and possibly underlying water - the
probebitity of coning can be high should producing weila
be completed in the oil zone. The question arises, can the
oil be recovered through displacement or vapouriaat ion by
selective completion of dry gas injection welLs, as an
alternative to producing directly from the oil zone?

SPE 14129

G.w. Thomas

development.
Here weve just conveyed the flavour for
some particular cases. The approach one takes is of
course problem+ependent and may be unique for a given
reservoir. (2) The devebpment plan, even though aided by
sophisticated tools, should be regarded as tentative.
Effort should be made, during the early stages, to endow
it with maximum flexibility and continually upd&te it with
additional simulation studies as new data are obtained.

Finally, given a certain well pattern - like the line drive in

the Has$i RMel - is it the optimum in view of possible
geological discontinu{ties such as faults, pinchouts etc?
These and similar issues constitute the natural province for
reservoir simulators and sometimes definitive answers can
emerge from carefully constructed models.
The issues of lSquid dropout, revapourisation, etc.
may at some point require application of a compositional
wimulator.
Such simulators internaUy generate the PVT
characteristics of the hydrocarbon fluids using a tuned
phase behaviour package. me tuning as performed prior to
the simulations by adjusting certain coefficients and/or
parameters in the phase behaviour package such that it
reproduces, within acceptable limits? the results of a
particular laboratory experiment on the hydrocarbon fluid.
The coefficient adjustment is accomplished using regression
analysis5 or trial-and+rror computer runs. It is important in
such applications that data errors (from sampling, laboratory
analysis, etc) be kept to en absolute minimum. Furthermore,
fluid samples from different wells wiU, hopeful~y, have
similar
or neer+imilar
characteristics
such that
a
representative or several regional representatives
can be
used to typify the whole. Unfortunately, this is not always
the case.

SIMULATORS AS PREDICTIVE TOOLS IN DEVELOPED

RESERVOIRS.
In a sense, development of a reservoir is an on-going
process that continues over its productive life. However,
one can divide reservoirs into two categories - those with
little or no productive history, end those that have
produced for some period of time.
Ihe distinction is
particularly clear with regard to reservoir simulation. In
the former case, the simulator is applied in a qualitative
sense, i.e., it is not a priori calibrated to a particular
reservoir% characteristics,
since these are largely
unknown. In the latter, the response of the reservoir to
some predecided development plan is presumably known,
and effort is first devoted to the task of calibrating the
simulator such that it reproduces the response - i.e. the
past production history. This history matching involves
trial-end-error runs with the simulator in which input data
adjustments are made within reasonable bounds until a
satisfactory match is achieved. *

For example, h Fig. 4we djspley plots of retrograde

liquid dropout (as percentage of hydrocarbon pore volume) as
functions of pressure for several fluid samples taken from a
large (2000 km*) lean gas retrograde condensate reservoir
(the name and location are witheld for proprietary reasons).
Such data are derived from constant volume depletion
experiments under controUed laboratory conditions on what
presumably are representative fluid semples7.
Obviously,
from Fig. 4 one cannot easily decide which well sample is
representative.
The proper choke becomes even more
cIouded given the poasibititiea for eempting errora
(contamination, fluid 10ss, long dMsnce transport, etc.).
However, in development planning, one frequently empIoye a
simulator in worst caee/beet case scenarios.
An effort is
then made to determine the most likely case between these
extremes (this could be the average of the extremes), and
then plan the development around the latter. In this context.
if one considers depletion without cycling, men the data from
WeUe 1 and 6 clearly define the worat and best cases,
respectively, assuming retrograde liquid condensation occurs
in the reservoir prior to fluid entry into the welLs. The phase
behaviour package is then tuned to each situation, i.e. an
effort is made to reproduce the curves in Fig. 4 for WeUs 1
end 6 to characterise the hydrocarbon properties for the
worst end best case situations. Should the resuIts from the
subsequent simulations
for each scenario not differ
subetant. Jly, then one need not concern himself about
defining the most likely case since averages from the
eXtrema would be sufficient.
Otherwise, one might take
some curve weighted in favour of the pIots that are closest
together in Fig. 4 (shown by the dashed line), fit the phase
beheviour package to this, end w this tuned result in the
simulator for the moat Iikely scenario.

TypicaUy, one seeks to reproduce the field-wide pressure,

water-oil ratio and ges+il tatio performance and also
match individual weU behaviour for the asme vnriables.
Unfortunately, the procedure frequently involves iuconditioned systems, and unique results are not
guaranteed.
As a consequence, it can be time
consuming, coatty, and, at times, frustrating. However, a
reaourcefuI engineer with in-depth understanding of
reservoir behaviour can achieve meaningful matches.
Performing Evaluation of the
Lookout Eutte RundleA Pool
Once a satisfactory
match is achieved, the
simutator is used in a predictive mode to investigate
various production alternatives. Here again, the objective
is to optimise future operations of the reservoir. As an
example of such an appUcation, we cite the Lookout Butte
Rundle A Pool located in Alberta, Canada~4.
The
reservoir is a tight, interbedded limestone having an
average porosity of 6.5% and permeabilities in the range
0.1 to 0.3 md. fie reservoir dips to the west end north
and is delineated by en extensive aquifer on the west, and
a fault on the east (see Fig 5). It contains a dry gas

*Efforts have been made to deveIop software

~ams
that automate the history matching t-e=.
However, these have not found Iairge scale use on a
commerical basis to+ate.

In concluding this section we emphasise two things:

(1) llIere are many different waya in which a reservoir
simulator can play a vital role in optimum reservoir

15

SIMULATION
IN OPTIMALIWSERVOIRMANAGEMENT
THEROLEOF RJZSERVOIR

SPE 14129

condensate underIain by the aquifer.

GeoIogicaI and core
data indicate the reservoir is extensively fractured and that
In late 1963 production
vertical fractures dominate.
commenced by depletion coupled with gaa cycling. Dry gas
was injected into one weU(We114-13 in Fig. 5)untiIlate 1967
at which time it was converted to a producer and blowdown
Prior to this, only minor amounts of water, were
started.
four producing welL~
produced.
However, thereafter
experienced water production that increased steadily until
the water-gas ratio averaged 1 x 10-5 m/m 1 by June, 1972.

northern and southern parts. Moreover, it is aIso regarded

ashightisk since it is near to Well 4-32 which was shut in
because of high water production.
The 13-32 location
gives the highest cumulative gas production and increases
field deliverability 3.4 x 106 m:/D over the productivity
in 1972 (the year the study was performed). This well is
in communication with some other wetls in the field and
was considered as a future drilling location. There was,
however, some concern because of its proximity to the
fault on the east.

The objectives of the study were to determine the

mechanisms causing the water production, develop an
optimum depIetion plan for the reservoir, and evaIuate the
surface facilities required to carry out the depletion plan. To
determine if water production was caused by water coning or
fingering, two types of modeI studies were executed:
Individual well coning studies using a radial gas-water
simulator, and crossaectional studies to evaluate fingering.
Both invoked history matching the performance data. In
addition, the adequacy of the reservoir description required
to match the history was evaluated. Finally, calibration of
the simulator was accomplished by matching the pressure
history of the entire field and the individual well
performances. The results of the history match were used to
determine the distribution of gas-in-place and the water
influx in the prediction and optimisation phases of the study.
In addition the reservoir simulator, after history matching,
was coupled with a gas gathering system simulator to
optimise the surface faciUtiea15.
The latter exercise
involved examining various possible effective line diameters
and welI connections to yield a maximum in deliverability. In
Figs. 6 and 7 we show typical matches of pressure and watergas ratio for one of the wells in the field.

The utility of a reservoir simulator should be

recognised in this brief case history.
It provides
engineering answers to certain questions that one might
pose regarding future exploitation of a reservoir.
It,
however, cannot make the decision as to which possibility
is the optimum. This remains within the realm of human
judgment (thankfully). The judgment, in this case, was
that Well 5-21, because of Iow risk, should be drilled to
recover gas from the southern portion of the reservoir.
Moreover, Well 14-13 shouId be drilled even though it
constitutes a high risk because of substantial water influx.
However, without it, gas in the North may be trapped
otherwise by the incoming water.
FinalIy, one shouId
abandon Well 15-29 as a poasibilit y and re+vaIuate
drilling of Well 13-32 after more history becomes
available.
Other interesting case histories involving history
matching and predictions have appeared in the recent
literature.
One involves the Leroy Gas Storge Facility in
Wyoming16. A simulator wqa used to match the pressure
history of the reservoir incIuding the effect of a time-and
pressure-dependent leak to the surface.
The simulator
was a useful tool in the ccmprehensi /e analysis required
to understand, monitor and control the leakage. The case
history is significant in that it documents how reIevant
computer simulations can, with other engineering studies,
lead to safe and economic gas storage operations. Two
other recent studies akc are of interest.
One describes
application of a black OK simulator to the El Gueria
reservoir in the Ashstart Field of offshore Tunisia17. The
other treats the Sawtelle Field in California 18, The EI
Gueria is a moderately to highly fractured nummulitic
limestone originaUy containing an undersaturated oil of
0.88 relative density.
The reservoir is produced with
injection of seawater to maint~in pressure above the
bubblepoint pressure.
A three+imensional
model was
constructed to perform the history match and predictions.
Ihe model was also augmented by wellbore hydraulics
routines to simulate vertical or inclined flow to the
surface. fie Sawtell study employed a two+imensional,
three-phase black oil model and is of interest since it
involves a complex and unusually shaped reservoir.
Finally, we cite the simulation study of the East Velma
West Block Sims Sand Unit in 0klahoma19. This study is
of intereat since it involves a rather old reservoir for
which few data exists for the primary production phase
(1949-1962). The history match of field pressures, gasand water+il
ratios was largely for the secondary
recovery phase (1962-1972) in which water was injected.
of
continued
Predictions
included the possibility
waterflood operations and inject ion of carbon dioxide.

It was concluded from the history match runs that

water coning was the cause of the water production in the
reservoir.
The prediction phase of the study involved
choosing one or more optimum infill drilling locations from
among the four possible sites indicated by the arrows in Fig.
5. A base case, with no infiU drilling was also run. The total
field deliverability for each case is shown in Fig. 8. For the
predictions, both the reservoir and surface system were
simulated simultaneously.
The field was produced at the
maximum of the production facilities.
Wells were shut in
when their production declined below 0.15 x 106 m/D or
when the gas-water contact reached the bottom perforations.
Well 14-13 initially increased the field deliverability
about 3 x 106 m/D over the other cases and 5.8 x 106 ma/D
over the base case. Because the gas-water contact had been
depressed by gas-injection in the proximity of this location,
the water influx rate was very high as the contact rebounded.
As a result, the well watered out at Lfie end of 1978.
Consequently, this is regarded as a high risk well. Well 5-21
presents a low risk end is necessary to drain gas from the
tighter portions of the reservoir in the south. The 15-29 weIl
is located in that part of the reservoir which is poorly
defined. This region has limited communication with the

16

SPE 14129

G.K.

Thomas

APPLICATIONS TO EOR PROJECTS

this amount is recoverable by steam if it is indeed a dual

system throughout.
Nevertheless, this process and
immiscibIe carbon dioxide injection appear the most
favorable.
From an economic viewpoint, the latter
process is the most feasible because of a nearby carbon
dioxide gas reserve and the high initiaI investment
requirements for steam injection.
Currently, a large
reservoir simuiat ion study using a fractured reservoir
simuIator capable of handling carbon dioxide diffusion
into the heavy oil is being executed. At the same time a
field pilot project is being planned to assist in optimum
development of the reservoir. Early indications are that
17- 32% recovery can be expected.

Sometimes reservoir simulators are used to assess

the relative merits of various enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
schemes. In such cases, the simulator is used in a predictive
mode both with or without prior history matching.
In
particular, Aydelotte and Pope20 and George, et a121 report
on the novel use of reservoir simulators to validate and assist
in the development of simplified, reliable inexpensive
predictive- modeLs for steamfloodin ~ and micell ar~lymer
flooding. Recently, Frazier and Todd 2 employed a simulator
to design and evaluate an application of Iiquified petroleum
gas (LPG) in a reservoir that had previously been
waterflooded. The choice was to either abandon the field or
attempt an EOR process. The simulation study indicated that
an additional 7% of the original oil in-place could be
me predictions
recovered from a miscible LPG flood.
involved use of the best available reservoir description, i.e.
no history match runs were employed to calibrate the
simutator. l%e project was initiated in the field with propane
As of
injection in three wells starting in July, 1980.
December 1981, it appeared as though the process was
working as predicted by the simulation study.

CONCLUSIONS
Reservoir simulators play an active and important
role in the optimum management of oil and gas reservoirs.
They prGvide insights which could not otherwise be
obtained, especially in complex systems where simpler
reservoir engineering methods are found wanting.
We
have seen how they can be used in the infancy, maturity
and final days of a reservoir% life. Indeed, in some
instances, they have indicated the existence of additional
oil reserves which were later discovered by subsequent
However, we emphasise that there is no
driIling30.
substitute for sound engineering judgment. Ultimately,
the opt imisation must be done on that level. A reservoir
simulator is just another tool in the engineer% arsenal
that, hopefully, enables him to probe deeper, and gain a
larger measure of understanding.

Simulation has been used to design, monitor and

evaluate several steam inection projects23-27.
The
Georgsdorf Field in Germany A7 presents an interesting case
history. Here, production history over 10 years, including six
was satisfactorily
matched.
steam
injection,
with
Considering the usual reservoir complexities and the
difficulties associated with nonisothermaI operations, the
matches are remarkably good. Predictions were then made
to determine steam requirements in certain portions of the
reservoir, to arrive at a plan for future project expansion,
and to ascertain where new injection welLs and infill
producers should be located.

REFERENCES

A very interesting application of the use of

reservoir simulators in the management of reservoirs is
provided by the Bati Raman Field in Turkey 28. The reservoir
contains substantial reserves (2.9 x 108 m) of a heavy crude
oil (relative density = 0.986) with a bubble point pressure of
1103 kPa, The amount of gas in solution at the bubble point
pressure is quite low, i.e. 3.2 m/m 1. There is no natural
At discovery in 1961 the
water intlux into the reservoir.
reservoir prewre was 11,032 kPa. Currently, it is 2,758 kPa.
There are 103 wells - all pumping - with a total production
rate of 413 m/D. The estimated primary recovery is 1.5%
of the original oil in-place. A pilot waterflood indicated that
an additional 3.5% could be recovered by this means. The
reservoir presents an intriguing and difficult challenge for
two reasons: (1) lt is Turkey?? largest single oil reserve; (2) It
has essentially no internal energy to as..ist production, i.e.
recovery must ,rely almost entirely on external means.
A suite of simulation studies were executed to
screen various EOR processes. Simulation of water flooding
led to a prediction of 5% recovery, confirming the field pilot
tests. fhe reservoir presents other complexities in that it is
fractured and displays dual porosity29 characteristics in .aome
parts. Simulation of steam flooding indicates 32% recovery if
the system behaves like a single poiosity system whereas only
half

1.

Coats, K.H.: Reservoir Simulation: State~f-theArtn, J. Pet. Tech (Aug., 1982) 1633-1642.

2.

Handyside, D.D. and Chipman, W.I.: A Preliminary

Study of the Hibernia Fieldw, Paper No. 82-32-24,
Presented at the 33rd Annual Technical Meeting of
the PetroIeum Sociey of CIM, Calgary, Cmada 6-9
June, 1982.

3.

Costs, K.H., Dempsey, J.R. and Henderson, J. H.:

me
Use of VerticaI Equilibrium in TwoDimensional
Simulation
of Three-DimensionaI
Reservoir Performance, Sot. Pet. Eng. J. (March,
1971), 63.

4.

Kyte, J.R. and Berry, D.W.: New Pseudo Functions

To Control Numericai Dispersion, Sot. Pet. Eng. J.
(August, 1975), 269.

5.

Coats, K.H.: Simulation of Gas Condensate

Reservoir Performance, Paper SPE 10512, Sixth
SPE Symposium on Reservoir Simulation, 31 Jan, -3
Feb., 1982, New Orleans, La.

Gondouin, M.,
to Predict
Deliverability
Eng. J. (June,

. ..

17

-.

Iffly, R, and Husson, J.: An Attempt

the Time Dependence of Wetl
in Gas Condensate Fields, Sot. Pet.
1967), 113-124.

THE ROLE OF RESERVOIR SIMULATION IN OPTIMAL RESERVOIR

MANAGEMENT

SPE 14129

7.

Whitson, C. H., and Torp, S.B.: Evacuating Constant

volume DepIetion Data, J/of Pet, Tech. (March,
1973),610-620.

20.

Aydelotte, R.S, and Pope, G. H.: A Simplified

Predlcltve Model for Steamdrive Performance, &
Pet. Tech. (May, 1983), 991-1002.

8.

Chavent, C. Dupuy, M. and Lemonnier, P.: History

Matching by Use of Optimal Control Theory, ~
Pet, Eng. J., (February 1975) 74-86, AIME, Vol 259.

21.

9.

Wasserman, M.L., Emanuel, A.S., and Seinfeld, J. H.:

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18

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