Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
ROCKETS
MODULE
Aerospace Dimensions
ROCKETS
WRITTEN BY
DR. JEFF MONTGOMERY
DR. BEN MILLSPAUGH
DESIGN
BARB PRIBULICK
ILLUSTRATIONS
PEGGY GREENLEE
EDITING
BOB BROOKS
SUSAN MALLETT
JUDY STONE
NATIONAL ACADEMIC STANDARD ALIGNMENT
JUDY STONE
PUBLISHED BY
NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS
CIVIL AIR PATROL
AEROSPACE EDUCATION DEPUTY DIRECTORATE
MAXWELL AFB, ALABAMA 36112
SECOND EDITION
SEPTEMBER 2010
INTRODUCTION
The Aerospace Dimensions module, Rockets, is the fourth of six modules, which combined, make
up Phases I and II of Civil Air Patrol's Aerospace Education Program for cadets. Each module is
meant to stand entirely on its own, so that each can be taught in any order. This enables new cadets
coming into the program to study the same module, at the same time, with the other cadets. This
builds a cohesiveness and cooperation among the cadets and encourages active group participation.
This module is also appropriate for middle school students and can be used by teachers to supplement STEM-related subjects.
Inquiry-based activities were included to enhance the text and provide concept applicability. The
activities were designed as group activities, but can be done individually, if desired. The activities
for this module are located at the end of each chapter.
ii
CONTENTS
Introduction .............................................................................................ii
Contents...................................................................................................iii
National Academic Standard Alignment ..............................................iv
Chapter 1. History of Rockets ................................................................1
Chapter 2. Rocket Principles, Systems and Engines...........................11
Chapter 3. Rocket and Private Space Travel ......................................27
iii
iv
Learning Outcomes
- Identify historical facts about the Greeks, Chinese, and British, and their roles in the
development of rockets.
- Describe America's early contributions to the development of rockets.
- List the early artificial and manned rocket launches and their missions.
Important Terms/Persons
Neil Armstrong - first man to walk on moon
Roger Bacon - increased the range of rockets
Wernher von Braun - director of the V-2 rocket project
William Congreve - designed rockets for military use
Jean Froissart - improved the accuracy of rockets by launching them through tubes
Yuri Gagarin - a Russian; the first man in space and the first man to orbit the Earth
John Glenn - first American to orbit the Earth
Robert Goddard - experimented with solid and liquid propellant rockets; is called the Father of
Modern Rocketry
William Hale - developed the technique of spin stabilization
Hero - developed first rocket engine
Sergei Korolev - the leading Soviet rocket scientist; known as the Father of the Soviet Space Program
Sir Isaac Newton - laid scientific foundation for modern rocketry with his laws of motion
Hermann Oberth - space pioneer; wrote a book about rocket travel into outer space
Alan Shepard - first American in space
Skylab - first US space station
Space Shuttle - a space transportation system for traveling to space and back to Earth
Spin Stabilization - a technique developed by Englishman, William Hale, wherein escaping gases in
a rocket hit small vanes that made the rocket spin, and stablize, much like a bullet in flight
Sputnik I - first artificial satellite; Russian
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky - proposed the use of rockets for space exploration and
became known as the Father of Modern Astronautics
Today's rockets are remarkable examples of scientific research and experimentation over thousands of years. Let's take a moment and recall some of the
fascinating rocket developments of the past.
HISTORY
Hero Engine
The history of rockets began around 400 BC when a Greek named Archytas
built a flying wooden pigeon. It was suspended on a wire and propelled by escaping steam. About
300 years later, another Greek named Hero developed the first rocket engine. It was also propelled
by steam.
MODERN ROCKETRY
In 1898, a Russian schoolteacher, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, proposed the idea of space exploration by a rocket. He published a report
in 1903 suggesting the use of liquid propellants for rockets in order to
achieve greater range. Tsiolkovsky stated that only the exhaust velocity of escaping gases limited the speed and range of a rocket. For his
ideas, research, and vision, Tsiolkovsky has been called the Father of
Modern Astronautics.
Early in the 20th century, an American physics professor, Dr.
Robert H. Goddard, conducted many practical experiments with
rockets. His research led to major breakthroughs in the development
of rockets. His earliest experiments were with solid-propellant rockets. Then he became convinced that liquid fuel would better propel a
rocket. In 1926, Goddard achieved the first successful flight with a
liquid-propellant rocket. It was fueled by liquid oxygen and gasoline.
This was the forerunner of today's rockets.
As he continued
Needle valve
with his experiments,
his liquid-propellant
Rocket motor
rockets grew bigger
and flew higher. He
also developed a gyroGasoline line
scope system for flight
control, a payload
compartment, and a
parachute recovery
system. Additionally,
he believed that multistage rockets were the
answer for achieving
Pressure
relief vent
high altitudes. For his
many accomplishments, Dr. Goddard is
Liquid
oxygen tank
known as the Father
of Modern Rocketry.
Igniter
Needle valve
Liquid
oxygen
line
Hinged rod
Exhaust shield
Pull cord
Alcohol burner
Cork float
valve
Gasoline tank
Oxygen gas
pressure line
Pull cord
Check valve
Detachable
starting hose
Goddard Rocket Illustration
Pipe
Oxygen cylinder
Alcohol
Main Valve
Jet Vane
V-2 Rocket
Air Vane
Space Race
Both the United States and the Soviet Union recognized
the potential of rocketry as a military weapon and began a
variety of experimental programs. The United States began
a program of high-altitude atmospheric sounding rockets.
Then the US developed a variety of medium - and longrange intercontinental ballistic missiles. These became the
starting points for the US space program.
Missiles, such as the Redstone, Atlas, and Titan, would
eventually launch satellites and astronauts into space. Collectively, they were called rocket launch vehicles and they
were the real workhorses for the space program.
A launch vehicle is the rocket system that lifts a spacecraft. It gives the spacecraft enough force to reach orbit.
These launch vehicles propelled people and cargo into
space. The diagram to the right shows an example of a
rocket launch vehicles used by the US space program.
As stated previously, on October 4, 1957, the Soviet
Union launched into space the first artificial (man-made)
satellite, Sputnik I. The race for space between the two
world superpowers, the US and the USSR, had begun.
On January 31, 1958, the US launched Explorer I (illustration on next page). The Explorer I was the first spacecraft to recongnize the Van Allen radiation belt around the
Titan III(23)C rocket launch (March 25,
1978) carrying two DSCS (Defense
Satellite Communications System)
II satellites (The Titan IIIC was the
launch vehicle for Voyager 1 and 2).
Sputnik I
William Pickering,
James Van Allen, and
Wernher von Braun
displaying a fullscale model of the
Explorer 1 satellite,
weighing only 30.80
lbs, at a crowded
press conference
held in the Great Hall
of the National Academy of Sciences at
1:30 A.M. February 1,
1958, when it was
confirmed that the
satellite was in orbit
around the Earth.
Explorer I
External
Temperature
Gauge
Nosecone with
Temperature
Probe Inside
Rocket Engine
Geiger Counter
Internal
Temperature
Gauge
Micrometeorite
Erosion Gauges
Antenna
Instrument Compartment
with Radio Transmitter
Earth held in place by Earths magnetic field. The Explorer I was launched then, in October 1958,
the US formally organized its space program by creating the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). NASA became the civilian agency with the goal of peaceful exploration of space
for the benefit of all humankind. The Department of Defense (DoD) became responsible for research
and development in the area of military aerospace activities. Thus, the US began to study
space exploration in earnest.
Both the US and the Soviet Union began
sending many people and machines into
space. In April of 1961, a Russian, named
Yuri Gagarin, became the first man to orbit
Earth. Then, less than a month later, Alan
Shepard, aboard his Mercury capsule, Freedom 7, became the first American in space.
The Redstone rocket that propelled Shepard
was not powerful enough to place the Mercury
capsule into orbit. So, the flight lasted only 15
minutes and reached an altitude of 187 kilometers (or 116 miles). Twenty days later, May
25, 1961, even though the Soviet Union was
ahead of the US in the space race, President
John F. Kennedy announced the objective of
putting a man on the Moon by the end of the
decade.
In February 1962, John Glenn became
the first American to orbit the Earth aboard
the Mercury capsule, Friendship 7. Glenn
was launched by the more powerful Atlas
John Glenn's Mercury
Alan Shepard's
rocket and remained in orbit for 4 hours and
capsule atop an Atlas
Mercury capsule atop
55 minutes.
launch vehicle
a Redstone rocket
6
The US then began an extensive unmanned space program aimed at supporting the manned lunar
landing program. The Atlas rocket continued to power these Mercury missions until the larger Centaur rocket booster was added to it and the Titan rockets. Although rocket staging had been used
since early rocketry began, this booster system added boosting stages to propel rockets even further.
As rocket building was refined, so was the capability of the US to explore the Moon. (See associated
Activity Three at the end of the chapter.)
Next came the Gemini missions in 19651966, which were designed to carry two crew
members. These missions were launched by the
largest launch vehicle available, the Titan II.
Gemini missions were aimed at expanding our
experience in space and preparing the U.S. for a
manned lunar landing on the Moon. Gemini
paved the way for the Apollo missions by
demonstrating rendezvous and docking procedures.
After the Gemini missions, the third manned
space program, Apollo, began in 1967 and
ended in 1975. Launching men to the Moon required much larger launch vehicles than those
available. So, the US developed the Saturn
launch vehicles; Saturn I, IB, and V. The Saturn
I and IB were large two-stage liquid-propellant
launch vehicles assembled from the components
Neil Armstrong's photo of Buzz Aldren
of other rockets.
planting the U.S. Flag on the Moon
In October 1968, a Saturn IB launched the
first three-person mission, Apollo 7. Then, the
three-stage Saturn V was developed with one
goal send humans to the Moon. On July 20,
1969, Apollo 11 landed on the Moon, powered
by the Saturn V launch vehicle, and Neil Armstrong became the first man to walk on the
Moon.
The next space project of the United States
was Skylab - first US space station. The Saturn
IB launch vehicle was used again for Skylab.
Skylab was launched in May 1973 and had three
separate missions between 1973 and 1974. The
last mission was the longest. It lasted 84 days.
After the space station, the US concentrated
on a reusable launch system, the Shuttle Transport System (STS). The STS used solid rocket
boosters and three main engines to launch the
Skylab in orbit over the
shuttle orbiter. The reusable boosters fell off
Amazon River in Brazil
about two minutes into the flight. Parachutes de7
Rocket timeline
Tape
Steps
10
Learning Outcomes
- Define acceleration.
- Define inertia.
- Define thrust.
- Describe Newton's First Law of Motion.
- Describe Newton's Second Law of Motion.
- Describe Newton's Third Law of Motion.
- Identify the four major systems of a rocket.
- Describe the purpose of each of the four major systems of a rocket.
- Define payload.
- Describe how the world land speed record applies to rockets.
Important Terms
acceleration - the rate of change in velocity with respect to time
airframe - provides the shape of the rocket, within which all of the other systems are contained
control system - steers the rocket and keeps it stable
guidance system - gets the rocket to its destination; the brain of the rocket
inertia - the tendency of an object at rest to stay at rest and an object in motion to stay in motion
Newton's First Law of Motion - a body at rest remains at rest and a body in motion tends to stay in
motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an outside force; inertia
Newton's Second Law of Motion - the rate of change in the momentum of a body is proportional to
the force acting upon the body and is in the direction of the force
Newton's Third Law of Motion - for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
payload - what the rocket is carrying
propulsion - everything associated with propelling the rocket
thrust - to force or push; the amount of push used to get a rocket traveling upwards
In this chapter, we will take a brief look at some of the concepts and principles that explain how
rockets work, with a particular emphasis on Newton's Laws of Motion. These laws lay the scientific
foundation for rockets and aid tremendously in explaining how rockets work.
PRINCIPLES
In its simplest form, a rocket is a chamber enclosing a gas under pressure. A small opening at one end of the chamber allows the gas to escape,
and thus provides a thrust that propels the rocket in the opposite direction.
A good example is a balloon.
Balloons and rockets actually have a strong similarity. The only significant difference is the way the pressurized gas is produced. With space
rockets, the solid or liquid burning propellants produce the gas.
11
AIR MOVES
BALLOON MOVES
inside the rocket's engines. That pressure accelerates the gas one way and the rocket the other.
Another example of this law would be a hockey puck sliding over the ice. That puck has a quantity of motion that slowly decreases due to being in contact with the ice, which causes friction.
Newton's Third Law of Motion: for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
A rocket can lift off from a launch pad only when it expels gas out of its engine. The rocket
pushes on the gas, and the gas in turn pushes on the rocket. The example of a skateboard and rider illustrates this point. Imagine the skateboard and rider at rest. The rider jumps off the skateboard. The
jumping is called the action. The skateboard responds to that action by traveling some distance in the
opposite direction. The skateboard's opposite motion is called the reaction. Another example is a
man walking on level ground pushes against the ground with his feet. The earth also pushes against
his feet with an equal and opposite force.
With rockets, the action is the expelling of gas out of the engine. The reaction is the movement of
the rocket in the opposite direction. To enable a rocket to lift off from the launch pad, the action, or
thrust, from the engine must be greater than the weight of the rocket. (See associated Activity Five,
Six, and Seven at the end of the chapter.)
ROCKET SYSTEMS
Modern rockets consist of four major systems: airframe, guidance, control, and propulsion. These four systems work together to deliver the payload. The payload is
defined as whatever the rocket is carrying. For instance,
the payload of a military rocket might be explosives, while
the payload of a civilian rocket might be satellites. The astronauts and their data are also part of the payload.
The airframe provides the shape of the rocket and all
of the other systems are contained within it. The airframe
must be light-weight, yet structurally strong. It must withstand heat, stress, and a lot of vibration. The primary objective in the design and construction of an airframe is to
build a structure that will withstand all anticipated stresses
while using the least possible weight. For example, the
airframe of the Atlas rocket is thinner than a dime. When
the Atlas has no fuel aboard, it must be pressurized to
keep it from collapsing. The airframe is the skin of the
rocket and serves as the wall of the propellant tanks.
This eliminates the need for separate internal tanks and
saves in weight, too.
The guidance system is the "brain" of a rocket. It is
responsible for getting the rocket and its payload to its
destination. In a military missile, the guidance system
delivers the warhead to its target. In a civilian rocket, the
guidance system is responsible for delivering the spacecraft to its proper orbit or destination.
The guidance system is small compared to the rest of
the rocket. This photo on the right gives you an idea of
its actual size. It is a self-contained electronic unit with a
13
Person or
Equipment
Payload
Guidance
System
Airframe
Control
System
Propellant
Propulsion
System
14
Thrust SSC
15
The British Hold The Record For the Worlds Fastest Car
Back in 1997, a British team was the first to break the sound barrier on land in a jet-powered car.
The team was put together by Richard Noble, who directed a project that built and ran an incredible
car called the Thrust SSC. He is also a previous land-speed record holder.
Thrust SSC (Super Sonic Car) is a British-designed and built project. The leadership in the team
effort included Noble, Glynne Bowsher, and Jeremy Bliss. The driver was Andy Green (a Royal Air
Force pilot who flies the famous Tornado aircraft).
On October 15, 1997, Green piloted the most powerful, most extraordinary car ever to be designed to attack the Land Speed Record to a speed of 763 miles per hour (1,228 km/hour) to officially break the sound barrier on land. There was an earlier claim that an American rocket car, called
the Budweiser Rocket, broke the sound barrier. That controversy is still being resolved.
The Thrust SSC car broke the official record on
the Black Rock Desert in Nevada. It was powered by
two Rolls Royce Spey Turbofan engines from an
American McDonnell F-4 Phantom fighter and was
equipped with afterburners. The two engines developed a combined thrust of 50,000 pounds or approximately 110,000 horsepower. During the run for the
record, the engines burned an incredible 4.8 gallons
per second of fuel. The official records show that the
car achieved the following speeds:
Flying mile 1227.986 km/h (763.035 mph)
Royal Air Force pilot, Andy Green, was also the
Flying kilometer 1223.657 km/h (760.343 mph)
pilot of the SSC and holds the record as being the
Fastest Man Alive on Earth.
16
Former record
holder and Thrust
SSC Director,
Richard Noble
Image courtesy of
Richard Noble
The Thrust SSC after its monumental run of 763 miles per hour fifty years almost to the day after Chuck
Yeager broke the sound barrier in the skies over what is now Edwards Air Force Base, CA
The United States and Canada are making a joint effort to be the fastest car on Earth.
This is the North American Eagle. Image Courtesy of the North American Eagle Land Speed Program
Bloodhound SSC
As the project developed it became clear that more thrust was required to overcome the aerodynamic drag. This culminated in a hybrid rocket weighing 400 kg. The extra thrust also created a fresh
challenge for the engineering team: The rocket firing would violently pitch the car nose-down, destabilizing the whole vehicle.
The engineering team lead by John Piper, engineering director, began a radical re-design of the
car which saw the jet engine positioned over the rocket. This re-design was made possible by partner
Intel providing one of the largest computer clusters in the country. Designs are tested using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technology developed at Swansea University. Tests that previously
took one day to be run could now be completed in just a couple of hours with the increase in computing resource provided by Intel.
Wheel design
Lockheed Martin UK has been developing the BLOODHOUND SSC wheel design to ensure they
can withstand forces of 50,000 radial g at the rim and support a 6.5 ton car travelling at 1,050 mph.
Research by Lockheed Martin UK has focused on a 90 cm diameter wheel design, constructed from
forged aerospace-grade aluminum.
Rocket test program
BLOODHOUND SSC will feature the largest hybrid rocket ever designed in the United Kingdom. The rocket weighs in at 400 kg, it is 45 cm (18 inches) in diameter and, at 425 cm (14 feet)
long, is the same length as a Formula One car. The rocket is designed to produce 27,500 lbs of
thrust. Together with BLOODHOUND SSCs EJ200 jet engine (20 000 lb thrust), this will give the
car a total of 212 kN (47,500 lb) of thrust the equivalent of 135,000 HP, or the power of 180 Formula One cars.
World Land Speed Record run site
The BLOODHOUND team scoured the globe looking for the perfect run location on which to
make their attempt on the World Land Speed Record.The site needed to fulfill some very specific
criteria: It had to be 10 miles long, have one mile of clear run off at each end, be dead flat, and be
firm enough to support a 6.5 ton car moving at 1,000 mph. The search began with a computer program that utilized Space Shuttle radar survey data and satellite imagery to identify potential locations. It produced several thousand possibilities, which were then whittled down using Google Earth.
Following a rigorous process of elimination, the short list contained some 35 deserts and salt flats,
including: Bonneville Salt Flats and the Black Rock desert, USA; Lake Tuz, Turkey; Verneuk Pan,
South Africa plus Lake Gairdner and Lake Eyre, Australia.
Andy Green, driver of BLOODHOUND SSC, visited the majority of these deserts to conduct on-
19
site surveys in order to identify the location best suited to a record-breaking run. Verneuk Pan in the
Northern cape of South Africa came out on top. Verneuk Pan is the site of Malcolm Campbells illfated bid for the World Land Speed Record in 1929, which is 830 m above sea level. With his engine
performance limited by the thin air, Campbell only managed 218.5 mph.
A thorough survey conducted at Verneuk Pan found it wasnt practical to clear the stone-littered
surface. However, a previously discounted desert lying 400 km north was identified as a possible run
site. A more detailed survey found the ideal location: Hakskeen Pan, Northern Cape province, South
Africa. Hakskeen Pan offers a 12 mile-long track across a perfectly flat dried-up lake bed. The surface is relatively free from debris and stones but it is crossed by a dirt track which will need to be removed prior to record-breaking runs in 2011. The Project has received fantastic support from the
Northern Cape Government, which has undertaken to prepare Hakskeen Pan for the World Land
Speed Record runs as part of the Northern Capes development as a world-class adventure sports location.
Sponsors
The Project currently has 166 product sponsors supporting it. These range from specialist product
suppliers such as Goodridge Hoses to multinationals such as, Lockheed Martin and IT partner, Intel.
Many of these companies have borne the brunt of the recession, but have come onboard to support this groundbreaking education program as they see first-hand that their industries have a real
need for more skilled engineers, mathematicians, and scientists. This has become a great challenge to
produce the next generation of aerospace and aerodynamic scientists, engineers, and mathematicians.
The excitement of such endeavors is hoped to inspire students toward more STEM-related career
choices.
Bloodhound SSC
20
Purpose: The purpose of this activity is to demonstrate Newtons First Law of Motion, the law of inertia.
BALL AT
REST
Material: stack of checkers, ball
Procedure:
1. Stack the checkers, leaving one out for step #2.
2. Shoot the extra checker so it hits the bottom
LIFT
checker. When you shoot the checker, you are introducing an outside force to the stack of checkers. When it
hits the bottom checker, its inertia is transferred and the bottom checker moves with almost the same
speed and inertia.
3. Next, you can take a ball and cup it in your hand, like the picture to the right. It is in a state of rest.
Gravity is pushing down on the ball, while your hand is pushing up. If you remove your hand, the
ball drops and is in a state of motion. It stayed at rest until an unbalanced force, gravity, makes it
move downward.
Summary: Newtons First Law of Motion explains that an object at rest remains at rest and a body in
motion tends to stay in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an outside force. Energy is
transferred from the moving checker (the outside force) to the checker at the bottom of the stack (object
at rest), resulting in the bottom checker being moved. Depending on the surface of the table or floor
being used, 100% of the energy will not be transferred to the other checker due to friction. Friction is
the force of two objects in contact that results in the slowing or stopping of an object. A smooth surface
results in less friction. A rougher surface, such as carpet, creates more friction. A rocket cannot launch
until a force acts upon it resulting in its launch. As the rocket travels through the atmosphere, atmospheric drag (fluid friction) works against the upward motion of the rocket.
Tape
Cone Pattern
(Cone can be
any size)
Lid
Overlap this
edge to form
cone
Countdown:
5. Turn the rocket upside down and fill the canister one-third full of water.
Work quickly on these next steps!
6. Drop in 1/2 of the antacid tablet.
7. Snap lid on tight.
8. Turn rocket right-side up and set on ground.
9. Stand back.
Summary: Once the fizzy tablet reacts with the water in the film canister,
gas bubbles are produced. Much pressure is produced by the gas building
up inside the canister. Unlike a balloon, the canister cannot expand as the
amount of gas being produced increases. Eventually, so much gas pressure
is produced that it forces the canister to pop open. The gas rushing downward out of the canister causes the rocket to move upward, demonstrating
Newtons third law of motion. Real rockets work in a similar way; however, they use real rocket fuel.
PUSHER
PUSHED
REACTION
ACTION
0 15
30
5
Jar 2 Results
Temperature: _____
Your prediction: _____ seconds
45
1
15
30
45
2
0 15
30
5
45
1
15
30
45
2
4
3
Procedure: Experiment 2
1. Empty the jars from the first experiment. Put warm water in one jar and cold in the other.
2. Measure the temperature of the first jar. Predict how long it will take for a tablet to dissolve. Drop
a tablet in the jar. Shade in the clock face for the actual number of minutes and seconds it took to
complete the reaction.
3. Measure the temperature of the second jar. Predict how long it will take for a tablet to dissolve in
the water. Drop a tablet in the jar. Shade in the clock face for the actual number of minutes and
seconds it took to complete the reaction.
23
0 15
30
Jar 1 Results
Temperature: _____
Your prediction: _____ seconds
0 15
30
45
1
15
30
45
2
Jar 2 Results
Temperature: _____
Your prediction: _____ seconds
45
1
15
30
45
2
4
3
CAR BODY
HUBCAPS
WHEELS
Summary: This activity demonstrates Newtons Laws of Motion. The rocket racer stays at rest unless
the force of air released from the balloon causes it to move forward. It will continue moving forward
until the air is exhausted from the balloon. (1st law) The more air that is placed in the balloon, the
farther the rocket racer travels. (2nd law) Air rushing out of the end of the racers causes the racer to
move forward. (3rd law)
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
RUBBER BANDS
DISTANCE TRAVELED
1
2
Mass 1
______
Grams
Describe what happened when you tested the car with one, two, and three rubber bands.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
RUBBER BANDS
DISTANCE TRAVELED
1
2
Mass 2
______
Grams
Describe what happened when you tested the car with one, two, and three rubber bands.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Write a short statement explaining the relationship between the amount of mass in the canister, the
number of rubber bands, and the distance the car traveled.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Mass 1= _______grams (weight)
Mass 2= _______grams (weight)
2
SAMPLE
1
50
100
150
Distance in Centimeters
26
200
3
Learning Outcomes
- Describe the requirements for achieving the X-Prize.
- Describe SpaceShipOnes achievements.
- Describe the future flight sequence of SpaceShipTwo.
Important Terms
SpaceShipOne aircraft with suborbital capability
SpaceShipTwo SpaceShipOnes successor that could possibly offer the general public space travel
The flight profile of SpaceShipOne from release to landing. Image courtesy of Mojave Aerospace Ventures, LLC
Aeronautical engineer, Burt Rutan, is shown discussing the SpaceShipOne project with Microsofts
co-founder Paul G. Allen. Permission was given to
Civil Air Patrol by Aerospace Ventures, LLC.
The aerospace mother ship, known as White Knight is shown here carrying
SpaceShipOne on a test flight. Image courtesy of Mojave Aerospace Ventures, LLC
28
SpaceShipOne Schematic
SpaceShipOne after
its successful flight
with Mike Melvill as
the pilot.
Image Courtesy of
Mojave Aerospace
Ventures, LLC
person. Virgin Galactic, a company that is a subsidiary of English-based Virgin Airlines and owned
by British billionaire Sir Richard Branson, is building the first airline to space.
The success of SpaceShipOne prompted the businessman to explore the possibility of offering the
general public space transportation in a specially-built spacecraft known as SpaceShipTwo. Initially,
the venture will take paying passengers on a sub-orbital flight to an altitude of 110 kilometers, or 68
miles, into the thermosphere. SpaceShipTwo will reach 4,200 km/h (2,600 mph) using a single hybrid rocket motor, which goes by the name RocketMotorTwo. During the flight, passengers will experience a short period of weightlessness. The complete flight will take about 2.5 hours, with the
first flights set to begin 2011.
From space bases located near Upham, New Mexico, and Mojave, California, two crewmembers and six passengers will be taken aloft by the technologically-advanced mother ship known as
White Knight Two. The first spaceliner that is taken aloft by White Knight Two, has been christened
VSS (Virgin SpaceShip) Enterprise. This is a name given to honor the television and movie icon Star
Treks Enterprise.
In New Mexico, there will be a 10,000 foot runway and a completely outfitted terminal facility for
the pioneering space passengers. The State of New Mexico has invested close to $200 million dollars
in the project.
For their ticket, passengers will board the space craft for a series of safety briefings and then be
taken to an altitude of 50,000 feet. SpaceShipTwo will then separate from the WhiteKnight II and be
rocketed into suborbital space. When the 110 km, or 68 mile, altitude is reached, passengers will be
allowed to experience approximately 6 minutes of weightlessness. The passengers will be allowed to
release themselves from their seats and float around the cabin. The reason for this extended period of
weightlessness is the altitude reached is at the boundary of space. By going to 110 km, and a speed
of Mach 3, additional time in space can be realized.
29
During re-entry into the Earths atmosphere, SpaceShipTwo will fold its wings upward and be gently
slowed to prepare for a glide to landing at the space
port.
Sir Richard Branson unveiled the project on December 7, 2009, at the Mojave Spaceport, the home base for
Burt Rutans Scaled Composites operation. Bransons
company, Virgin Galactic, is part of an international
conglomerate known as the Virgin Group. All of the initial testing and marketing takes place in the United
Sir Richard Branson and Burt Rutan showcase a model of the
WhiteKnight II and SpaceShipTwo for a press conference.
WhiteKnight II and SpaceShipTwo in flight in preparation for launch Image courtesy of Virgin Galactic
The first space base will be located in the State of New Mexico.
30
A test firing of the SpaceShipTwo rocket at the Mojave facility Image courtesy of Virgin Galactic
31
32
Hot
Procedure:
1. Wrap and glue or tape a tube of poster board around the 2 liter bottle.
2. Cut out several fins of any shape and glue them to the tube.
3. Form a nose cone and hold it together with tape or glue.
4. Press a ball of modeling clay into the top of the nose cone for weight.
5. Glue or tape nose cone to upper end of bottle.
6. Decorate your rocket.
Glu
Materials for Building Bottle Rocket: 2-liter plastic soft drink bottles, low-temperature glue guns,
poster board, tape, modeling clay, scissors, safety glasses, decals, stickers, marker pens, launch pad
for the bottle rocket launcher. Begin saving 2-liter bottles several days or weeks in advance so that
you will have enough each participant. You also need a bottle rocket launcher to complete this
activity. Instructions for building the launcher are below.
Materials for Bottle Rocket Launcher: four 5" corner irons with 12 3/4" wood screws, one 5"
mounting gate, two 6" spikes, two 10" spikes or metal tent stakes, two 5"x1/4" carriage bolts with 6
1/4 nuts, one 3" eyebolt with two nuts and washers, four 3/4" diameter washers to fit bolts, one #3
rubber stopper with a single hole, one snap-in tubeless tire valve, wood board 12"x18"x3/4", a 2-liter
plastic bottle, electric drill and bits including a 3/8" bit, screw driver, pliers or open-end wrench to fit
nuts, vice, 12' of 1/4" cord, a pencil, and a bicycle pump with psi measurement
Carriage
Rubber
Procedure:
Bolt
Stopper
Tire
Stem
1. Prepare the rubber stopper by enlarging the hole with
Nut
a drill. Grip the stopper lightly with a vice and gently
enlarge the hole with a 3/8" bit and electric drill. The
rubber will stretch during cutting, making the finished
Washer
Mounting
hole somewhat less than 3/8".
Nut
Plate
Attach Bicycle
2. Remove the stopper from the vice and push the neePump Here
dle valve end of the tire stem through the stopper
from the narrow end to the wide end.
3. Prepare the mounting plate by drilling a 3/8" hole
Wood Base
through the center of the plate. Hold the plate with a
Attachment of Mounting Plate and Stopper
vice during drilling and put on eye protection. Enlarge the holes at the opposite ends of the plates, using
a drill bit slightly larger than the holes to do this. The holes must be large enough to pass the carriage bolts through them. (See diagram)
4. Lay the mounting plate in the center of the wood base and mark the centers of the two outside holes
that you enlarged. Drill holes through the wood big enough to pass the carriage bolts through.
33
5. Push and twist the tire stem into the hole you drilled in the center of the mounting plate. The fat
end of the stopper should rest on the plate.
6. Insert the carriage bolts through the wood base from the bottom up. Place a hex nut over each bolt
and tighten the nut so that the bolt head pulls into the wood.
7. Screw a second nut over each bolt and spin it about half-way down the bolt. Place a washer over
each nut and then slip the mounting plate over the two bolts.
8. Press the neck of a 2-liter plastic bottle over the stopper. You will be using the bottle's wide neck
lip for measuring in the next step.
9. Set up two corner irons so they look like bookends. Insert a spike through the top hole of each
iron. Slide the irons near the bottle neck so that the spike rests immediately above the wide neck
lip. The spike will hold the bottle in place while you pump up the rocket. If the bottle is too low,
adjust the nuts beneath the mounting plate on both
sides to raise it.
Hold Down
Bottle
Bar
10. Set up the other two corner irons as you did in the
Neck
previous step. Place them on the opposite side of
the bottle. When you have the irons aligned so that
Corner
the spikes rest above and hold the bottle lip, mark
Iron
the centers of the holes on the wood base. For more
Carriage
Mounting
Bolt
precise screwing, drill small pilot holes for each
Plate
screw and then screw the corner irons tightly to the
base on the opposite side of the bottle. When you
have the irons aligned so that the spikes rest above
and hold the bottle lip, mark the centers of the holes
Wood Base
on the wood base. For more precise screwing, drill
Positioning corner irons
small pilot holes for each screw and then screw
the corner irons tightly to the base.
11. Install an eye bolt to the edge of the opposite
holes for the hold-down spikes. Drill a hole and
hold the bolt in place with washers and nuts on
Hold Down
top and bottom.
Launch
Spike
Release
12. Attach the launch "pull cord" to the head end of
Cord
Hold Down
each spike. Run the cord through the eye bolt.
Spike
13. Make final adjustments to the launcher by attaching the pump to the tire stem and pumping
up the
bottle. Refer to the launching instructions for safety notes. If the air seeps out around
the stopper, the stopper is too loose. Use a pair To Pump
of pliers or a wrench to raise each side of the
Completed launcher ready for firing
mounting plate, in turn, to press the stopper with
slightly more force to the bottle neck. When satisfied with the position, thread the remaining hex
nuts over the mounting plate and tighten them to hold the plate in position.
14. Drill two holes through the wood base along one side. The holes should be large enough to fit
large metal tent stakes. When the launch pad is setup on a grassy field, the stakes will hold the
launcher in place when you yank the pull cord. The launcher is now complete.
Launch Safety Instructions:
1. Select a grassy field that measures approximately 30 meters, or 98 feet, across. Place the launcher
in the center of the field and anchor it in place with the spikes or tent stakes. If it is a windy day,
place the launcher closer to the side of the field from where the wind is coming so that the rocket
will drift onto the field as it comes down.
34
2. Have each student or student group setup their rocket on the launch pad. Other students should
stand back several meters. It will be easier to keep observers away by roping off the launch site.
3. After the rocket is attached to the launcher, the student pumping the rocket should put on eye protection. The rocket should be pumped no higher than about 50 pounds of pressure per
square inch.
4. When pressurization is complete, all students should stand in back of the rope for the countdown.
5. Before conducting the countdown, be sure the place where the rocket is expected to come down is
clear of people. Launch the rocket when the recovery range is clear by having one student pull the
pull cord.
6. Only permit the students launching the rocket to retrieve it.
Summary: Energy is given to the stationary rocket when the stored air pressure inside the bottle is
released, causing the rocket to go from a state of rest to a state of motion. (1st law) The force of the
pressure escaping equals the mass of the rocket times its acceleration. Because the mass of the
rocket is changing due to the escaping air pressure, force and acceleration will also be changing during flight. (2nd law) The air being forced out of the nozzle of the bottle results in the bottle being
thrust upward. (3rd law)
90
Procedure:
Constructing the Altitude Tracker Scope
1. Glue the altitude tracker pattern onto a piece of cardboard.
it
Do not glue the dotted portion of the tracker above the
ud
e T
dashed line.
racker
2. Cut out the pattern and
cardboard along the outside edges.
3. Roll the part of the pattern
Sample
not glued to the cardboard into
Altitude Tracker
a tube and tape it as shown in
the illustration.
4. Punch a tiny hole in the apex of
the protractor quadrant.
5. Slip a thread or lightweight string
through the hole. Knot the thread or string on the backside.
6. Complete the tracker by hanging a small washer from the
other end of the thread as shown in the diagram to the right.
80
70
Al
60
50
s to
long
r Be
cke
e Tra
d
u
Attit
This
35
40
30
20
10
90
80
70
60
Alti
50
tu
40
de
30
20
Tr
ack
10
er
90
80
70
Al
it
60
50
ud
40
30
20
10
Altitude Tracker
Pattern
e
This
Tr a c k e r
gs to
elon
er B
ack
r
T
ude
Attit
Sample
Altitude Tracker
36
Procedure:
Constructing the Altitude Calculator
1. Copy the two patterns for the altitude calculator onto heavyweight paper or glue
the patterns on to lightweight poster board. Cut out the patterns.
2. Place the top pattern on a cutting surface and cut out the three windows.
3. Join the two patterns together where the center marks are located. Use a
brass paper fastener to hold the pieces together. The pieces should rotate smoothly.
(See next page for pattern.)
Procedure:
Using the Altitude Tracker
1. Setup a tracking station location a short distance away
from the rocket launch site. Depending upon the expected altitude of the rocket, the tracking station should
be 5 meters (16.5 ft), 15 meters (49 ft,) or 30 meters
(98 ft) away. Generally, a 5-meter distance is sufficient
15 meters
for paper rockets and antacid-powered rockets. A
baseline
15-meter distance is sufficient for bottle rockets, and a
30-meter distance is sufficient for model rockets.
Using the Altitude Tracker
2. As a rocket launches, the person doing the tracking will
follow the flight with the sighting tube on the tracker. The tracker should be held like a pistol and
kept at the same level as the rocket when it is launched. Continue to aim the tracker at the highest
point the rocket reached in the sky. Have a second student read the angle that the thread or string
makes with quadrant protractor. Record the angle.
10
90
80
20
70
tit
60
50
40
30
u dT rea c
r
k e
Th
is
At
tit
ud
e
Tr
ac
ke
r Be
lo
ng
s
to
Al
Procedure:
Determining the Altitude
1. Use the Altitude Calculator to determine the height the rocket
reached. To do so, rotate the inner wheel of the calculator so
that the nose of the rocket pointer is aimed at the angle measured in Step 2 of the previous procedure.
2. Read the altitude of the rocket by looking in the window.
If you use a 5-meter (16.5 ft) baseline, the altitude the
rocket reached will be in the window beneath the 5.
To achieve a more accurate measure, add the
height of the person holding the tracker to calculate altitude. If the angle falls between twodegree marks, average the altitude numbers
above and below the marks.
90
10
80
20
90
30
80
70
60
50
40
c
t u dT rea
k e
Belo
ngs
50
tu
30
40
Trac
ker
Attit
ude
T
sih
This
ittA
ut
ed
baseline
30 meters
baseline
20
r
dT er a c k e
arT
kc
re
30 meters
37
10
60
ti
leB
no
sg
ot
70
Al
to
Al t i
ATO R BA
CK
W
EL
A LT
HE
I TU
DE
UL
C
L
A
90
57.2
28.
4
18
.6
0.4
2.6
2.6
1.3
1.
1.3
0.9
13
171
55
.9
41
.8
85
170
11
2
.2
32
5.3
8.7
7.1
80
26
.4
75
.3
64
21.
17.9
70
.9
30
35.8
42
52
15
25.2
21
5.
10
11
15
.3
17
12.6
14
10.
8.7
82
.2
4.2
3.5
2.9
.3
10
.7
343
85.
20
65
25
60
30
50
45
40
55
35
E C A LC U L
D
U
AT
IT
T
O
L
Directions:
1. Rotate the nose of the rocket
to the angle you measured.
BASELINE
5 15 30 m
cut
out
cut
out
38
cut
out
Goddard
Rocket Fins
Fin Guide
Fin
The rubber band tied to the
washer is inserted in the
fuselage and secured
with a cable tie.
g
la
se
Fu
Wrap this guide around the 3/4" outside diameter pipe foam tube a little more than 3 "
from the rocket's tail pipe. The two ends should meet at the seam of the foam tube. Put a
small piece of tape on this guide to hold it in place. Hot glue one rocket fin on to the
seam of the foam tube. The arrows show where the other two fins should be mounted.
40