Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Microphone
Ideal
Nonideal
Example
Ultrasound
1 M Hz
Bandwidth
(frequency
response
Hz)
Gain
(open
loop)
Piezoelectri
c crystal
100 Mohms
Input
impedance
(interfacing
to sensors)
Loud
speaker
100 ohms
Output
impedance
(interfacing
to load)
EEG
1 uV, 1
nA
Noise
(uV/sqrt
(Hz) or
uA/sqrt
(Hz)
Amplifier Properties:
Ideal vs. Nonideal
ECG, EMG,
EEG
100,000
Common
mode
rejection
(diff
gain/comm
on mode
gain)
Vo = (A V + -A V )
= A (V + - V )
Circuit
Output
Impedance between
input terminals = input
impedance
Input
WHY?
INPUT IMPEDANCE
Input
Circuit
Output
WHY?
OUTPUT IMPEDANCE
VIN
VREF
-Vee
Vcc
A (gain)
very high
Vout=A(Vin Vref)
OPAMP: COMPARATOR
OPAMP: ANALYSIS
By virtual ground, V- = V+
V+ = VIN.
2. As V+ = 0, V- = 0
1. V- = V+
OPAMP: INVERTING
AMPLIFIER
I2 approx = I1
2. As V+ = VIN, V- = VIN
4. I1 = VIN/R1
Approx. Vin
1. V- = V+
Thus ,
Amplifies a difference.
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFERS
Recall inverting
amplifier and
I f = I1 + I2 + + In
Vout = V1 + V2 ++Vn
If R1=R2==Rf, then
If
SUMMING AMPLIFIER
DRIVING OPAMPS
Strain Gauges
R
R+dR
Bridge circuit
RdR
Vs
V1
Vo
Differential amplifier
V2
Rf
Differential
amplifier but
with very high
input
impedance
Differential amplifier ->
it rejects common-mode
interference -> so you
can reject noise
Non-inverting
amplifier
As a
bonus,
put
some
lowpass
and
high
pass
filters!
INSTRUMENTATION
Inverting
AMPLIFIER
amplifier
I1
I2
I3
= (V1 V2)(1+2R2/R1)
I2 = I3 = I1
I1 = (V1 V2)/R1
INSTRUMENTATION
AMPLIFIER: STAGE 1
I1
I2
I3
Solving,
V- = V+ = V2R4/(R3 + R4)
INSTRUMENTATION
AMPLIFIER: STAGE 2
INSTRUMENTATION
AMPLIFIER: COMPLETE
VOUT
Common mode
= (V1 V2)(1 + 2R2/R1)(R4/R3) rejection
Differential amp
Features:
INSTRUMENTATION
AMPLIFIER: COMPLETE
VOUT = mothers
ECG fetus ECG
Problems
We can add
We can subtract
We can do logarithmmultiply and divide
Can we integrate?
IF WE CAN DO ALL
Can we differentiate?
THIS, WE HAVE AN
ANALOG COMPUTER!
Can we compare?