Different Transformer Internal Faults

Faults in Transformers:

Some of the faults in the transformers are likely to be over-voltages which

resulting from the atmospheric phenomenon (lightning) transmitted by
overhead lines.

Switching in the power system (especially high voltage switching more than
400kV) can produce over-voltages of less steep but longer duration surges
stressing both liquid and solid dielectrics (insulation). These over-voltages
should be restricted in amplitude to a value below the transformer insulation
breakdown withstanding level.

Short circuits in the power system subject the transformer to currents of 10 to

20 times the rated currents (short circuit current level will be severe when fault
occur close to transformer). Power transformer is generally designed to
withstand tens of short circuits, lasting not more than 2 sec duration in its life
time. If there are more short circuits than the designed limit special
construction is required. Short circuits should eliminated (by isolating faulty
power system by opening circuit breakers) as quickly as possible to limit the
short circuit intensity on transformer.
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Overloads can arise in transformers from planned or fortuitous (unexpected)

circumstances. In the first case, temperature increase in transformer
insulating material should not exceed the standard value. In the second case,
certain time limit can be tolerated but this will have certain cost in reduction in
the life of the transformer.

Internal Faults in Transformer:

Electrodynamic faults: which occurs between insulation and current carrying

conductors, HV and LV winding due to external and internal short circuits

Electromagnetic faults: Which occur due to eddy currents induced in the

magnetic circuits or the clamping structure.

Electrical faults which occurs due to bad contacts in the leads or bad contacts
in the tap changer Dielectric faults: Which occur due to shorting between
windings or between live parts and earth, partial discharges

Thermal faults: Which occurs due to abnormal temperature rise, hot spot,
thermal ageing or pollution in transformer oil

Mechanical faults: Which occur due to vibrations, leakages or defective

operation of the tap changers

Different types of defects originated in transformers will have degree of gravity

depending on the amount of damage it can do on transformers and their
consequences. Some of the defects (vibrations, partial discharges) will not
immediately endanger the equipment but care must be taken before causing major
damage. On the other hand, defects such as (over-voltages and short circuits, and
initial breakdown) requires immediate attention
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