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Fund in 2014 reported it as the 39th largest economy in the world. However its growth has been
behind that of many of its Asian neighbors, the so-called Asian Tigers, and it is not a part of
the Group of 20 nations. Instead it is grouped in a second tier for emerging markets or newly
industrialized countries. Depending on the analyst, this second tier can go by the name the Next
Eleven or the Tiger Cub Economies.
In the years 2012 and 2013, the Philippines posted high GDP growth rates, reaching 6.8% in
2012 and 7.2% in 2013,[59][60][61] the highest GDP growth rates in Asia for the first two quarters of
2013, followed by China and Indonesia.[62]
A chart of selected statistics showing trends in the gross domestic product of the Philippines
using data taken from the International Monetary Fund.[63][64]
Year
GDP growth
in percent
(constant
prices, base
year = 2000)
GDP
in PHP
Billion
(current
prices)
GDP
in USD
Billion
(current
prices)
GDP per
capita
in USD
(current
prices)
GDP
in USD
Billion
(PPP)
GDP
per
capita
in USD
(PPP)
Peso vs
Dollar
Exchange
Rate
1980
5.15
270.1
35.9
744
64.4
1334
7.51
1981
3.42
312.0
39.5
797
72.9
1471
7.90
1982
3.62
351.4
41.1
810
80.1
1578
8.54
1983
1.88
408.9
36.8
707
84.9
1630
11.11
1984
-7.32
581.1
34.8
652
81.6
1530
16.70
1985
-7.31
633.6
34.1
623
77.9
1426
18.61
1986
3.42
674.6
33.1
591
82.4
1471
20.39
1987
4.31
756.5
36.8
641
88.4
1540
20.57
1988
6.75
885.5
42.0
715
97.6
1663
21.09
1989
6.21
1025.3
47.3
786
107.6
1791
21.70
1990
3.04
1190.5
48.9
796
115.2
1873
24.33
1991
-0.58
1379.9
50.2
797
118.6
1882
27.48
1992
0.34
1497.5
58.7
912
121.8
1891
25.51
1993
2.12
1633.6
60.2
914
127.1
1929
27.12
1994
4.39
1875.7
71.0
1052
135.5
2007
26.42
1995
4.68
2111.7
83.7
1224
144.8
2118
25.24
1996
5.85
2406.4
93.5
1336
156.1
2232
26.22
1997
5.19
2688.7
92.8
1297
167.1
2336
28.98
1998
-0.58
2952.8
73.8
1009
168.1
2297
40.02
1999
3.08
3244.2
83.0
1110
175.8
2352
39.09
2000
4.41
3580.7
81.0
1053
187.5
2437
44.19
2001
2.89
3888.8
76.3
971
197.3
2511
50.99
2002
3.65
4198.3
81.4
1014
207.8
2591
51.60
2003
4.97
4548.1
83.9
1025
222.7
2720
54.20
2004
6.70
5120.4
91.4
1093
242.7
2905
56.04
2005
4.78
5677.8
103.1
1209
261.0
3061
55.09
2006
5.24
6271.2
122.2
1405
283.5
3255
51.31
2007
6.62
6892.7
149.4
1684
309.9
3493
46.15
2008
4.15
7720.9
173.6
1919
329.0
3636
44.47
2009
1.15
8026.1
168.5
1851
335.4
3685
47.64
2010
7.63
9003.5
199.6
2155
365.3
3945
45.11
2011
3.64
9706.3
224.1
2379
386.1
4098
43.31
2012[65]
6.82
10564.9
250.2
2611
419.6
4380
42.23
2013[66]
7.16
11546.1
272.2
2792
454.3
4660
42.45
2014[67]
6.10
2015[67]
5.8%
44.40
2016[67]
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
4.6
4.9
4.8
9.2
6.4
5.6
5.2
5.6
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
GDP growth %
Year
GDP growth % 5.149 3.423 3.619 1.875 -7.324 -7.307 3.417 4.312 6.753 6.205
Year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
GDP growth % 3.037 -0.578 0.338 2.116 4.388 4.679 5.846 5.185 -0.577 3.082
Year
GDP
growt
h%
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
4.4
2.8
3.6
4.9
6.6
4.7
5.2
7.1
4.1
1.1
7.6
3.
6.
7.
6.1
11
94
46
70
98
78
43
17
53
48
32
[67]
20
16
6.
3
Regional Accounts[edit]
Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) is GDP measured at regional levels. Figures below are
for the year 2014:
GRD
Region
of
P (in
GD
B)
Metro Manila
4,679.8
30
37.02
Agricul
ture (in
B)
9.290
Indus
Servi
of
try
of
ces
of
GR
(in
GR
(in
GR
DP
B)
DP
B)
DP
0.20
828.025
17.69
3,842.51
5
82.11
per
capi
ta
GR
DP
365,62
9
GRD
Region
of
P (in
GD
B)
Agricul
ture (in
B)
Indus
Servi
of
try
of
ces
of
GR
(in
GR
(in
GR
DP
B)
DP
B)
DP
per
capi
ta
GR
DP
132,61
Cordillera
230.706
1.82
25.320
10.98
115.760
50.18
89.626
38.85
Ilocos
390.511
3.09
95.546
24.47
103.939
26.61
191.026
47.42
234.314
1.85
97.077
41.43
32.981
14.08
104.257
44.49 68,317
9.08
207.130
18.05
481.729
41.98
458.691
39.98
15.94
119.270
5.92
60.72
672.171
33.36
Cagayan
Valley
Central
Luzon
CALABARZO
N
1,147.5
50
2,014.8
90
1,223.4
50
127,92
6
104,08
1
141,89
1
MIMAROPA
212.218
1.68
56.211
26.49
73.220
34.50
82.786
39.01 72,041
Bicol
264.495
2.09
70.471
26.64
54.280
20.52
139.745
52.83 45,798
502.800
3.98
126.461
25.15
99.046
19.70
277.293
55.15 66,757
831.833
6.58
56.387
6.78
309.877
37.25
465.570
55.97
Western
Visayas
Central
113,39
GRD
Region
P (in
B)
%
of
GD
P
Agricul
ture (in
B)
Indus
Servi
of
try
of
ces
of
GR
(in
GR
(in
GR
DP
B)
DP
B)
DP
Visayas
Eastern
Visayas
Zamboanga
Peninsula
Northern
Mindanao
Davao
Region
SOCCSKSA
RGEN
Caraga
Muslim
Mindanao
Total
per
capi
ta
GR
DP
1
258.739
2.05
54.324
21.00
100.768
38.95
103.648
40.06 59,654
257.060
2.03
63.591
24.74
82.264
32.00
111.205
43.26 70,074
485.705
3.84
122.198
25.20
156.265
32.17
207.242
42.67
519.069
4.11
104.436
20.12
151.174
29.12
263.459
50.76
351.357
2.78
116.079
33.04
105.313
29.97
129.964
36.99 77,662
155.296
1.23
36.808
23.70
44.494
28.65
73.944
47.65 59,941
106.362
0.84
67.533
63.49
6.312
5.93
32.517
30.57 30,602
100
1,428.131
11.30
12,642.
736
3,968.8
97
31.39
7,245.70
8
57.31
104,42
4
107,47
9
126,57
9
Note: Green-colored cells indicate higher value or best performance in index, while yellow-colored cells indicate the opposite.
Organization
Title
As
Change from
of
previous
Ranking
2014
( )
30th[108]
2014
( )
39th[109]
2014
2014
1)
( )
1)
119th[110]
128th[111]
26th[112]
Foreign Reserves
2014
United Nations
Population
2013
( )
12th[113]
United Nations
Land Area
2013
( )
73rd[114]
Population Commission
Population Density
2014
Life Expectancy
2014
40th out of
242th[115]
112th out of
193st[116]
Organization
Title
As
Change from
of
previous
108th out of
Literacy Rate
2014
External Debt
2014
3)
2014
1)
2014
6)
2014
5)
2014
4)
2015
8)
2014
8)
2014
13)
United Nations
Fraser Institute
World Bank
Human Development
Index
Global Competitiveness
Economic Freedom of
the World
Ranking
194nd[117]
57th[118]
117 out of
187[119]
52 out of
148[120]
51 out of
144[121]
9 out of 142[122]
74 out of
140[123]
64 out of
138[124]
95 out of
183[125]
Organization
Transparency International
Title
Corruption Perceptions
2014
8)
2013
5)
2015
6)
2012
5)
Index
Freedom
previous
9)
of
Index of Economic
Unit
Change from
2014
Heritage Foundation/The
As
Financial Development
Index
Ranking
85 out of
177[126]
89 out of
178[127]
134 out of
158[128]
141 out of
178[129]
49 out of 60[130]
Composition by sector
Composition by sector[edit]
As a newly industrialized country, the Philippines is still an economy with a large agricultural sector;
however, services have come to dominate the economy.[citation needed] Much of the industrial sector is
based on processing and assembly operations in the manufacturing of electronics and other hightech components, usually from foreign multinational corporations.
Filipinos who go abroad to work-known as Overseas Filipino Workers or OFWsare a significant
contributor to the economy but are not reflected in the below sectoral discussion of the domestic
economy. OFW remittances is also credited for the Philippines' recent economic growth resulting to
investment status upgrades from credit ratings agencies such as the Fitch Group and Standard &
Poor's.[70] In 1994, more than $2 billion USD worth of remittance from Overseas Filipinos were sent to
the Philippines.[71] In 2012, Filipino Americans sent 43% of all remittances sent to the Philippines,
totaling to $10.6 billion USD.[72]
Agriculture[edit]
Agriculture employs 32% of the Filipino workforce as of 2013, according to World Bank
statistics.[73]Agriculture accounts for 12% of Philippines GDP as of 2013, according to the World
Bank.[74] The type of activity ranges from small subsistence farming and fishing to large commercial
ventures with significant export focus.
The Philippines is the world's largest producer ofcoconuts producing 19,500,000 tons in 2009.
Coconut production in the Philippines is generally concentrated in medium-sized farms.[75] By 1995,
the production of coconut in the Philippines had experienced a 6.5% annual growth and later
surpassed Indonesia in total output in the world.[76] The Philippines is also the world's largest
producer of pineapples, producing 2,198 thousand metric tons in 2009.[77]
Rice production in the Philippines is important to the food supply in the country and economy. The
country is the 8th largest rice producer in the world, accounting for 2.8% of global rice
production.[78] The Philippines was also the world's largest rice importer in 2010.[79] Rice is the most
important food crop, a staple food in most of the country. It is produced extensively in Luzon,
the Western Visayas, Southern Mindanao, and Central Mindanao.
The Philippines is one of the largest producers of sugar in the world according to Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistics Division.[80] At least 17 provinces located in 8
regions of the country have grown sugarcane crops, of which Negros island accounts for half of the
countrys total production. As of Crop Year 2012-2013, 29 mills are operational divided as follows: 6
mills in Luzon, 13 mills in Negros, 4 mills in Panay, 3 mills in Eastern Visayas and 3 mills in
Mindanao.[81] A range from 360,000 to 390,000 hectares are devoted to sugarcane production. The
largest sugarcane areas are found in Negros which accounts for 51% of sugarcane areas planted.
This is followed by Mindanao which accounts for 20%; Luzon, 17%; Panay islands, 7% and Eastern
Visayas, 4%.[82]
Automotive[edit]
The ABS used in Mercedes-Benz, BMW, and Volvo cars are made in the
Philippines. Ford,[90]Toyota,[91] Mitsubishi, Nissan and Honda are the most
prominent automakers manufacturing cars in the country.[citation needed] Kia and Suzuki produce small
cars in the country. Isuzu also produces SUVs in the country. Honda and Suzuki produce
motorcycles in the country. A 2003 Canadian market research report predicted that further
investments in this sector were expected to grow in the following years. Toyota sells the most
vehicles in the country.[92] By 2011, China's Chery Automobile company is going to build their
assembly plant in Laguna, that will serve and export cars to other countries in the region if monthly
sales would reach 1,000 units.[93] Automotive sales in the Philippines moved up from 165,056 units in
2011 to over 180,000 in 2012. Japans automotive manufacturing giant Mitsubishi Motors has
announced that it will be expanding its operations in the Philippines.[94]
Aerospace[edit]
Aerospace products in the Philippines are mainly for the export market and include manufacturing
parts for aircraft built by both Boeing and Airbus. Moog is the biggest aerospace manufacturer with
base in Baguio in the Cordillera region. The company produces aircraft actuators in their
manufacturing facility.
In 2011, the total export output of aerospace products in the Philippines reached US $3 billion.[95]
Electronics[edit]
A Texas Instruments plant in Baguio has been operating for 20 years and is the largest producer
of DSP chips in the world.[96] Texas Instruments' Baguio plant produces all the chips used
in Nokia cell phones and 80% of chips used in Ericsson cell phones in the world.[97] Until
2005, Toshiba laptops were produced in Santa Rosa, Laguna. Presently the Philippine plant's focus
is in the production of hard disk drives. Printer manufacturer Lexmark has a factory in Mactan in the
Cebu region. Electronics and other light industries are concentrated in Laguna, Cavite, Batangas
and other CALABARZON provinces with sizable numbers found in Southern Philippines that account
for most of the country's export.
The country is rich in mineral and geothermal energy resources. In 2003, it produced 1931 MW of
electricity from geothermal sources (27% of total electricity production), second only to the United
States,[98] and a recent discovery of natural gas reserves in theMalampaya oil fields off the island
of Palawan is already being used to generate electricity in three gas-powered plants. Philippine gold,
nickel, copper and chromite deposits are among the largest in the world. Other important minerals
include silver, coal, gypsum, and sulphur. Significant deposits of clay, limestone, marble, silica, and
phosphate exist.
About 60% of total mining production are accounted for by non-metallic minerals, which contributed
substantially to the industry's steady output growth between 1993 and 1998, with the value of
production growing 58%. In 1999, however, mineral production declined 16% to $793 million.[citation
needed]
Mineral exports have generally slowed since 1996. Led by copper cathodes, Philippine mineral
exports amounted to $650 million in 2000, barely up from 1999 levels. Low metal prices, high
production costs, lack of investment in infrastructure, and a challenge to the new mining law have
contributed to the mining industry's overall decline.[citation needed]
The industry rebounded starting in late 2004 when the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of
an important law permitting foreign ownership of Philippines mining companies.[citation needed] However,
the DENR has yet to approve the revised Department Administrative Order (DAO) that will provide
the Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Financial and Technical Assistance Agreement
(FTAA), the specific part of the 1994 Mining Act that allows 100% foreign ownership of Philippines
mines.[citation needed]
Main articles: Business process outsourcing in the Philippines and Call center industry in the
Philippines
In 2008, the Philippines has surpassed Indiaas the world leader in business process
outsourcing.[99][100] The majority of the top ten BPO firms of the United States operate in the
Philippines.[citation needed] The industry generated 100,000 jobs, and total revenues were placed at $960
million for 2005. In 2012, BPO sector employment ballooned to over 700,000 people and is
contributing to a growing middle class. BPO facilities are located mainly in Metro Manila and Cebu
City although other regional areas such asBaguio, Bacolod, Cagayan de Oro, Clark Freeport
Zone, Dagupan, Davao City,Legazpi, Dumaguete, Lipa, Iloilo City, andCamSur are now being
promoted and developed for BPO operations.
Call centers began in the Philippines as plain providers of email response and managing services
and is now a major source of employment. Call center services include customer relations, ranging
from travel services, technical support, education, customer care, financial services, online business
to customer support, and online business to business support. Business process outsourcing (BPO)
is regarded as one of the fastest growing industries in the world. The Philippines is also considered
as a location of choice due to its many outsourcing benefits such as less expensive operational and
labor costs, the high proficiency in spoken English of a significant number of its people, and a highly
educated labor pool. In 2011, the business process outsourcing industry in the Philippines generated
700 thousand jobs[101] and some US$11 billion in revenue,[102] 24 percent higher than 2010. By 2016,
the industry is projected to reach US$27.4 billion in revenue with employment generation to almost
double at 1.3 million workers.[103]
BPOs and the call center industry in general are also credited for the Philippines' recent economic
growth resulting in investment status upgrades from credit ratings agencies such as Fitch and
S&P.[70]
With the Philippines being the 39th largest economy in the world, the country continues to be a
promising prospect for the BPO Industry. Just in August 2014, the Philippines hit an all-time high for
employment in the BPO industry. From 101,000 workers in 2004, the labor force in the industry has
grown to over 930,000 in just the first quarter of 2014.[104]
Growth in the BPO industry continues to show significant improvements with an average annual
expansion rate of 20%. Figures have shown that from $1.3 Billion in 2004, export revenues from the
BPO sector has increased to over $13.1 Billion in 2013. The IT and Business Process Association of
the Philippines (IBPAP) also projects that the sector will have an expected total revenue of $25
Billion in 2016.[104]
This growth in the industry is further promoted by the Philippine government. The industry is
highlighted by the Philippines Development Plan as among the 10 high potential and priority
development areas. To further entice investors, government programs include different incentives
such as tax holidays, tax exemptions, and simplified export and import procedures. Additionally,
training is also available for BPO applicants.[104]
Tourism[edit]
Main article: Tourism in the Philippines
Tourism is an important sector for the Philippine economy, contributing 7.8% to the Philippinegross
domestic product (GDP) in 2014.[105]
The tourism industry employed 3.8 millionFilipinos, or 10.2 per cent of national employment in 2011,
according to data gathered by the National Statistical Coordination Board. In a greater thrust by
the Aquino administration to pump billion[clarification needed] to employ 7.4 million people by 2016, or about
18.8 per cent of the total workforce, contributing 8 per cent to 9 per cent to the nation's GDP.[106]
In 2014, the tourism sector contributed 1.4 trillion pesos to the country's economy.[107]
Statistics[edit]
Further information: Income inequality in the Philippines and Poverty in the Philippines
Percentage of population in 2007 living below poverty line, by province. Provinces with darker shades have
more people living below the poverty line.
Economic growth[131][132][133]
Year
% GDP
% GNI
1999
3.1
2.7
2000
4.4
7.7
2001
2.9
3.6
2002
3.6
4.1
2003
5.0
8.5
2004
6.7
7.1
2005
4.8
7.0
2006
5.2
5.0
2007
7.1
6.2
2008
4.2
5.0
2009
1.1
6.1
2010
7.6
8.2
2011
3.7
2.6
2012[67]
6.8
6.5
2013[67]
7.2
7.5
2014[67]
6.1
5.8
2015[67]
5.8
5.4
2016
Most of the following statistics are sourced from the International Monetary Fund Philippines(as of
2012; figures are in US dollars unless otherwise indicated).
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.1% (November 2015), 4.0% (November 2014), 5.3% (2011
est.),[9] 3.5% (September 2010)[136]
Unemployment rate: 5.7% (December 2015), 6.0% (December 2014),[135][not in citation given][137][not in
citation given]
Budget:
revenues: $34.58 billion (2013),[139] $31.99 billion (2011 est.)[9]
expenditures: $44.29 billion (2013),[139] $36.71 billion (2011 est.)[9]
Agriculture
products: sugarcane, coconuts, rice, corn, bananas, cassavas, pineapples,mangoes; pork, egg
s, beef; fish[9]
Exports: $53.98 billion (2013)[141]$54.17 billion (2011 est.); $69.46 billion (2010 est.)[9][142]
Exports partners: China 19%, United States 13.4%, Singapore 13.2%, Japan 12.8%,Hong
Kong 7.6%, Germany 4.2%, South Korea 4.1% (2010)[9]
Imports commodities: electronic products, mineral fuels, machinery and transport equipment,
iron and steel, textile fabrics, grains, chemicals, plastic[9]
Exchange rates: Philippine pesos (PHP) per US dollar 44.39 (2014 average),[143] 42.43 (2012
average),[143] 43.44 (2011), 45.11 (2010), 47.68 (2009), 44.439 (2008), 46.148 (2007), 51.246
(2006),[9] 55.086 (2005[citation needed])
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Improvement of the countrys economic conditions continues to benefit retailing
The significant growth in the private sector, which includes many businesses operating under retailing,
continued to boost the countrys economy. In addition, remittances from overseas Filipino workers (OFW),
sustained growth of the business process outsourcing (BPO) industry, and the lower inflation rate resulted in
increased purchasing power that encouraged consumers to buy more often than usual. Due to this, retailers,
specifically major ones, decided to further expand their outlets in order to answer the needs of a wider
audience.
Grocery retailers continues to dominate the countrys retail landscape
While significant growth in terms of sales was evident in both grocery and non-grocery retailing, grocery
retailers continued to have a greater impact on the countrys retailing landscape, primarily because it offers
products which are essential to most consumers. The continued growth of the channel further pushed
retailers to develop their current product portfolios in order to answer the growing and evolving needs of
Filipino consumers regarding food, beauty and personal care, and home care.
Major retailers acquire a number of small and single-propriety businesses
The review period witnessed the acquisition of smaller and single-propriety businesses focusing on groceries,
electronics and appliances, and home and garden by major retailers such as SM Retail Inc, Robinsons Retail
Group and Puregold Price Club Inc. This particular move was carried out in order to minimise, if not
eliminate competition with smaller players, especially in areas where their presence is not yet felt. This is
also a way of securing their place in the very competitive retail landscape of the country.
Foreign brands continue to penetrate the local retail landscape
Because of the strong performance of the countrys economy, the Philippines has become one of the bright
spots within the Asia Pacific Region among foreign or global brands that are looking for new and dynamic
markets to tap into, which can help them grow and strengthen their brands. Most of these foreign brands,
mainly from modern grocery retailers and apparel and footwear specialists, chose to partner with local
distributors in order to take advantage of the latters knowledge of the local retail scene and business
networks.
Great opportunity for retailing to prosper in the coming years is predicted
Retailing in the Philippines is expected to significantly grow alongside the continued improvement in the
economy over the forecast period. The increasing disposable income of Filipinos will encourage further
purchases of products within grocery and non-grocery categories. The constant exposure to various media
sources and overseas travel are also expected to further increase sophistication of Filipinos, which will
hasten the growth of local and foreign retail brands already present.
After Mubilajeh's surgery, Dr. Dahl reported the successful results to Zhane. Dr. Dahl, concerned
about further possible problems with Mubilajeh's health, asked Zhane how Mubilajeh got the severe scars
on his back. Zhane explained that due to the controversial story that Mubilajeh published, a group of
soldiers came to their house and captured him. That same night, the soldiers returned and raped
Zhane. After several weeks the soldiers released Mubilajeh. Barely alive, he finally returned home. He
had broken bones, severe burns, and bruises. Zhane explained that she never told Mubilajeh of her rape
by the soldiers. Also, Zhane volunteered to share that she and Mubilajeh had been experiencing intimacy
problems. During his routine patient check-up, Dr. Dahl consulted with Mubilajeh about the information
Zhane had shared with him. Mubilajeh confessed that he had been experiencing impotency.
During a standard room check/preparation one day, Nurse Elliot walked in and found Mubilajeh in
the comer of an examination room. The room was in disarray. Mubilajeh had blood all over his hands and
shirt. Nurse Elliot not only found surgical scissors in his hands, but also saw Zhane lying unconscious on
the floor in front of him. Security was called and Mubilajeh was arrested. When Zhane finally became
conscious from her coma, she explained that after shamefully confessing to Mubilajeh of her rape, she
repeatedly struck herself with the surgical scissors. Mubilajeh was only trying to stop her. "He felt
responsible for what happened to me. I felt ashamed, like I could never please him again," stated Zhane.
Mubilajeh was temporarily released.
Due to illegal entry into the United States , the immigration office demanded to hear Mubilajeh's
whole story in court. Otherwise, Mubilajeh and his wife would be forced to leave the country. However,
Mubilajeh could not remember anything from the incident. It was diagnosed that Mubilajeh was suffering
from a posttraumatic stress disorder.
Plan
This section presents the treatment plan that was used for dealing with the client's problem. Also,
this section will describe the results and outcome of how that process was applied. This plan took into
consideration the severity of Mubilajeh's disorder with regard to his resistance to treatment.
COMPONENTS [Type of Therapy Chosen ]
From a psychological point of view, most clinicians agree that victims of PTSD should face the
original trauma in order to develop effective coping procedures and thus overcome the debilitating effects
of the disorder. In psychoanalytic therapy, reliving emotional trauma to relieve emotional suffering is
called catharsis (Barlow 144). The trick, of course, is in arranging the re-exposure so that it will be
therapeutic rather than traumatic once again. A traumatic event is difficult to recreate, and very few
therapists want to try. Therefore, imaginal exposure, in which the content of the trauma and the emotions
involved with it are worked through systematically, may be used.
Another complication is that trauma victims often repress their memories of the event. This happens
automatically and unconsciously. On occasion, with treatment, the memories flood back and the patient
very dramatically relives the episode. Although this may be very frightening to both patient and therapist,
it is therapeutic if handled appropriately.
APPLICATION [of Therapy to This Patient]
Given Mubilajeh's resistance to seek professional help, Dr. Dahl attempted to find another strategy
for treatment. Mubilajeh was still reluctant to seek psychological therapy, but he was beginning to feel
more comfortable discussing his problems with Dr. Dahl. As a result, Dr. Dahl spontaneously decided to
share a personal experience with Mubilajeh in which he suffered memory loss caused by PTSD from a
traumatic incident.
He explained the gruesome details of a viscous attack. "Afterwards, all I could think of was 'why
didn't I do anything?"' explained Dr. Dahl. "You can't . . .you can't do anything. You're helpless," replied
Mubilajeh. All of a sudden, Mubilajeh remembered what happened to him. He recalled his eyes tightly
blindfolded, the unbearable smell of smoke, the excruciating pain of being hung by his hands, and the
metal irons burning into his skin. He hopelessly wondered if he would ever taste Zhane's sweet lips again
or smell the scent of her perfume.
Results/Outcome
This section presents the results of the treatment plan used in the study. After hearing all of the
details, the courts agreed to allow Mubilajeh and Zhane to remain in the United States . Due to the
psychoanalytic therapy process used by Dr. Dahl, our diagnosis of Mubilajeh's PTSD showed itself to be
valid. Dr. Dahl's strategy was successful and Mubilajeh was able to remember the details of his traumatic
experience.
Cognitive, Behavioral and Couple Therapy later used in the treatment process also provided
successful results. Mubilajeh learned to overcome the fear and horror of his past traumatic
experience. The anxiety caused by these emotions was gradually overcome, as was the sexual disorder.
Conclusion
The author hopes that the case study presented here has communicated some of the issues and
concerns associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The author also hopes to show the damaging
effects that patients may suffer as a result of this disorder. Such individuals are often doubly
handicapped. Our hypothesis that Mubilajeh's sexual disorder was actually a result of PTSD caused by a
past experience proved to be valid. Mubilajeh was not only suffering from severe psychological problems
caused by PTSD, but psychological problems from his sexual disorder as well. With a helpful, caring
doctor and a therapeutic treatment program he was able successfully recover.
References
Barlow, D., & Durand, M. (1999). Abnormal Psychology: Anxiety Disorders (pp. 138-144). New York:
State University of New York.
Hyde, J., & DeLarnater, I. (1997). Understanding Human Sexuality: Sexual Disorders (pp. 468-49 1).
Madison: University of Wisconsin.
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Introduction
Identify the key problems and issues in the case study.
Formulate and include a thesis statement, summarizing the outcome of your analysis in 12
sentences.
Background
Set the scene: background information, relevant facts, and the most important issues.
Demonstrate that you have researched the problems in this case study.
Alternatives
Outline possible alternatives (not necessarily all of them)
Explain why alternatives were rejected
Constraints/reasons
Why are alternatives not possible at this time?
Proposed Solution
Provide one specific and realistic solution
Explain why this solution was chosen
Support this solution with solid evidence
Concepts from class (text readings, discussions, lectures)
Outside research
Personal experience (anecdotes)
Recommendations
Determine and discuss specific strategies for accomplishing the proposed solution.
If applicable, recommend further action to resolve some of the issues
What should be done and who should do it?