Contents

Preface to the Fourth Edition

1

ix

Rock as a Material
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5

Introduction
Joints and faults
Rock-formingminerals
The fabric of rocks
The mechanical nature of rock

2 Analysis of Stress and Strain

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Definition of traction and stress
2.3 Analysis of stress in two dimensions
2.4 Graphical representations of stress in two dimensions
2.5 Stresses in three dimensions
2.6 Stress transformations in three dimensions
2.7 Mohrs representation of stress in three dimensions
2.8 Stress invariants and stress deviation
2.9 Displacement and strain
2.10 Infinitesimal strain in two dimensions
2.11 Infinitesimal strain in three dimensions
2.12 Determination of principal stresses or strains from

measurements
2.13 Compatibility equations
2.14 Stress and strain in polar and cylindrical coordinates
2.15 Finite strain
3 Friction on Rock Surfaces
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Amontons law
3.3 Friction on rock surfaces
3.4 Stick-slip oscillations

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3.5

Sliding on a plane of weakness

73

3.6

Effects of time and velocity

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CONTENTS

Deformation and Failure of Rock

4.1 Introduction
4.2 The stress-strain curve
4.3 Effects of confining stress and temperature
4.4 Types of fracture
4.5 Coulomb failure criterion
4.6 Mohrs hypothesis
4.7 Effects of pore fluids
4.8 Failure under true-triaxial conditions
4.9 The effect of anisotropy on strength

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100
103

Linear Elasticity
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Stress-strain relations for an isotropic h e a r elastic
solid
5.3 Special cases
5.4 Hookes law in terms of deviatoric stresses and strains
5.5 Equations of stress equilibrium
5.6 Equations of stress equilibrium in cylindrical and spherical
coordinates
5.7 Airy stress functions
5.8 Elastic strain energy and related principles
5.9 Uniqueness theorem for elasticity problems
5.10 Stress-strain relations for anisotropic materials

106

Laboratory Testing of Rocks

6.1 Introduction
6.2 Hydrostatic tests
6.3 Uniaxial compression
6.4 Triaxial tests
6.5 Stability and stiff testing machines
6.6 True-triaxial tests
6.7 Diametral compression of cylinders
6.8 Torsion of circular cylinders
6.9 Bending tests
6.10 Hollow cylinders

145

7 Poroelasticityand Thermoelasticity
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Hydrostatic poroelasticity
7.3 Undrained compression
7.4 Constitutive equations of poroelasticity
7.5 Equations of stress equilibrium and fluid flow
7.6 One-dimensional consolidation
7.7 Applications of poroelasticity
7.8 Thermoelasticity

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137

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168

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CONTENTS

vii

8 Stresses around Cavities and Excavations

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Complex variable method for two-dimensional elasticity

205

problems
Homogeneous state of stress
Pressurized hollow cylinder
Circular hole in a rock mass with given far-field
principal stresses
Stresses applied to a circular hole in an infinite rock mass
Stresses applied to the surface of a solid cylinder
Inclusions in an infinite region
Elliptical hole in an infinite rock mass
Stresses near a crack tip
Nearly rectangular hole
Spherical cavities
Penny-shaped cracks
Interactions between nearby cavities

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214

8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11
8.12
8.13
8.14
9

Inelastic Behavior
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Plasticity and yield
9.3 Elastic -plastic hollow cylinder
9.4 Circular hole in an elastic - brittle -plastic rock mass
9.5 Perfectly plastic behavior
9.6 Flow between flat surfaces
9.7 Flow rules and hardening
9.8 Creep
9.9 Simple rheological models
9.10 Theory of viscoelasticity
9.1 I Some simple viscoelastic problems

205

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22 1
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23 1
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250
252

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279

10 Micromechanical Models
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Effective moduli of heterogeneous rocks
10.3 Effect of pores on compressibility
10.4 Crack closure and elastic nonlinearity
10.5 Effective medium theories
10.6 Sliding crack friction and hysteresis
10.7 Griffith cracks and the Griffith locus
10.8 Linear elastic fracture mechanics
10.9 Griffith theory of failure

28 1

11 Wave Propagation in Rocks

11.1 Introduction
11.2 One-dimensional elastic wave propagation
11.3 Harmonic waves and group velocity
11.4 Elastic waves in unbounded media

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314

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CONTENTS

11.5 Reflection and refraction of waves at an interface

11.6 Surface and interface waves
1 1.7 Transient waves
11.8 Effects of fluid saturation
1 1.9 Attenuation
1 1.10 Inelastic waves
12

Hydromechanical Behavior of Fractures

Introduction
Geometry of rock fractures
Normal stiffness of rock fractures
Behavior of rock fractures under shear
Hydraulic transmissivity of rock fractures
Coupled hydromechanical behavior
Seismic response of rock fractures
Fractured rock masses

12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8

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388
394

13 State of Stress Underground

13.1 Introduction
13.2 Simple models for the state of stress in the subsurface
13.3 Measured values of subsurface stresses
13.4 Surface loads on a half-space: two-dimensional theory
13.5 Surface loads on a half-space: three-dimensionaltheory
13.6 Hydraulic fracturing
13.7 Other stress-measurementmethods

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408
41 1
415

14 Geological Applications
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Stresses and faulting
14.3 Overthrust faulting and sliding under gravity
14.4 Stresses around faults
14.5 Mechanics of intrusion
14.6 Beam models for crustal folding
14.7 Earthquake mechanics

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431
434

References

439

Index

469