1.

Introduction of cement
1.1 When was cement Begin?

Throughout history, cementing materials have played a vital role and were
used widely in the ancient world. The Egyptians used calcined gypsum as a
cement and the Greeks and Romans used lime made by heating limestone
and added sand to make mortar, with coarser stones for concrete.
The Romans found that a cement could be made which set under water and
this was used for the construction of harbours. This cement was made by
adding crushed volcanic ash to lime and was later called a "pozzolanic"
cement, named after the village of Pozzuoli near Vesuvius.
In places where volcanic ash was scarce, such as Britain, crushed brick or tile
was used instead. The Romans were therefore probably the first to
manipulate systematically the properties of cementitious materials for
specific applications and situations.

1.2 What is cement ?

Cement is a hydraulic powder material, which reacts with water to produce
strength-bearing lattices. The mixture of aggregates, cement and water is
concrete. The strength and durability of concrete makes it one of the most
useful materials developed by man. The chemistry and mineralogy of cement
is complex. In simple terms, cement is a manmade mineral structure created
at high temperatures, mainly comprising lime (CaO), Silica (SiO 2) and oxides
of aluminium and iron (Al2O3and Fe2O3).

1.3 The Scope of cement

The cement industry plays a major role in meeting society's needs for
housing and infrastructure. Cement, the glue that holds concrete together, is
a key ingredient of economic development. Concrete becomes our offices,
factories, homes, schools, hospitals and roads, as well as our underground
water and drainage pipes, bricks and blocks, and the mortar that bonds them
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together. None of these things could be built without cement. There is

currently no other material that can replace cement or concrete in terms of
effectiveness, price and performance for most purposes.
In 2008, global cement production stood at 2.8 billion tonnes, up 3.4% from
the previous year. The growth mainly stems from emerging economies which
are striving to meet their rapidly growing demand for housing and
infrastructure. Moreover, from 2010 onwards more people will be living in an
urban as opposed to a rural environment. It is vitally important that the
infrastructure that is put in place to
support this is as sustainable as
possible - buildings which can last a
hundred years and which are highly
energy-efficient. Concrete is at the
present time the only building
material capable of delivering on
this. However, cement production is
also energy-intensive: it accounts for
around 5% of global anthropogenic
emissions of carbon dioxide, and affects a wide range of sustainability issues,
including climate change, emissions to air and water, natural resource
depletion and worker health and safety. Today, the challenge for the cement
industry is to balance growing demand for cement with the need to forge a
more sustainable cement industry.

Uses of cement
Cement is a very useful binding material in construction. The applications of
cement over various fields of construction have made it a very important civil
engineering material. Some of the numerous functions of cement are given
below.
1. It is used in mortar for plastering, masonry work, pointing, etc.
2. It is used for making joints for drains and pipes.
3. It is used for water tightness of structure.
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4. It is used in concrete for laying floors, roofs and constructing lintels,

beams, stairs, pillars etc.
5. It is used where hard surface is required for the protection of exposed
surfaces of structures against the destructive agents of the weather and
certain organic or inorganic chemicals.
6. It is used for precast pipes manufacturing, piles, fencing posts etc.
7. It is used in the construction of important engineering structures such as
bridges, culverts, dams, tunnels, light houses etc.
8. It is used in the preparation of foundations, water tight floors, footpaths
etc.
9. It is employed for the construction of wells, water tanks, tennis courts,
lamp posts, telephone cabins, roads etc.

Types of Cement.
Types of
Cement
Rapid
Hardening
Cement

Composition

Purpose

Increased Lime content

Quick setting
cement

Small percentage of
aluminium sulphate as
an accelerator and
reducing percentage of
Gypsum with fine
grinding
Manufactured by
reducing tri-calcium
aluminate
It is prepared by
maintaining the
percentage of tricalcium
aluminate below 6%
which increases power
against sulphates
It is obtained by
grinding the clinkers
with about 60% slag
and resembles more or
less in properties of
Portland cement

Attains high strength in early

days it is used in concrete
where form work are removed
at an early stage.
Used in works is to be
completed in very short period
and concreting in static and
running water

Low Heat
Cement
Sulphates
resisting
Cement

Blast Furnace
Slag Cement

It is used in massive concrete

construction like gravity dams
It is used in construction
exposed to severe sulphate
action by water and soil in
places like canals linings,
culverts, retaining walls,
siphons etc.,
It can used for works economic
considerations is predominant.

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High Alumina
Cement

White Cement

Coloured
cement
Pozzolanic
Cement

Air Entraining
Cement

Hydrographic
cement

It is obtained by melting
mixture of bauxite and
lime and grinding with
the clinker it is rapid
hardening cement with
initial and final setting
time of about 3.5 and 5
hours respectively
It is prepared from raw
materials free from Iron
oxide.
It is produced by mixing
mineral pigments with
ordinary cement.
It is prepared by grindin
pozzolanic clinker with
Portland cement
It is produced by adding
indigenous air
entraining agents such
as resins, glues, sodium
salts of Sulphates etc
during the grinding of
clinker.
It is prepared by mixing
water repelling
chemicals

It is used in works where

concrete is subjected to high
temperatures, frost, and acidic
action.

It is more costly and is used for

architectural purposes such as
pre-cast curtain wall and
facing panels, terrazzo surface
etc.,
They are widely used for
decorative works in floors
It is used in marine structures,
sewage works, sewage works
and for laying concrete under
water such as bridges, piers,
dams etc.,
This type of cement is
specially suited to improve the
workability with smaller water
cement ratio and to improve
frost resistance of concrete.
This cement has high
workability and strength

Field tests for cement.

There are some field tests which gives some basic idea about the quality of
the cement without elaborate facility of laboratory in the field. Field tests on
cements are carried to know the quality of cement supplied at site. It gives
some idea about cement quality based on colour, touch and feel and other
tests. These tests are as given under
(1) The colour of the cement should be uniform. It should be typical cement
colour
grey colour with a light greenish shade. This is not always a
reliable test. But it gives an indication of excess lime or clay and the degree
of burning.
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(2) The cement should be free from any hard lumps. Such lumps are formed
by the absorption of moisture from the atmosphere. Any bag of cement
containing such lumps should be rejected.
(3) The cement should feel smooth when touched or rubbed in between
fingers. If it is felt rough, it indicates adulteration with sand.
(4) If hand is inserted in a bag of cement or heap of cement, it should feel
cool and not warm.
(5) If a small quantity of cement is thrown in a bucket of water, the particles
should float for some time before it sink.
(6)Date of manufacture should be seen on the bag. It is important because
the strength reduces with age.
(7) A thick paste of cement with water is made on a piece of glass plate and it
is kept under water for 24 hours. It should set
and not crack.
(8) The briquettes with a lean or weak mortar
are made. The size of briquette may be about
75 mm x 25 mm x 12 mm. The proportion of
cement and sand may be 1: 6. The briquettes
are immersed in water for a period of 3 days. If
cement is of sound quality, such briquettes will
not be broken easily and it will be difficult to convert them into powder form.
(9) A block of cement 25 mm x 25 mm and 200 mm long is prepared an it is
immersed for 7 days in water. It is then placed on supports 150 mm apart and
it is loaded with a weight of 340 N. The block should not show signs of failure.
A thick paste of cement with water is made on a piece of thick glass and it is
kept under water for 24 hours. It should set and not crack.

Laboratory tests for cement.

The exhaustive tests are carried out in laboratory to decide precisely the
equal The extreme care should be taken to collect the sample of cement.
order to make a representative sample, it is desirable to collect in nearly
portions as follows:

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when cement is loose: it should be taken from at least 12 points from or

heaps(2) when cement is in bags: It should be taken from at least 12
different bags or packages.
The quantity of cement so collected is intimately mixed and the final sample
of cement weighing at least 50 N is prepared. It is then stored in air-tight
container till the tests are started.
Following are the purposes of testing of cement.
to determine the physical and chemical properties of cement and to regulate
the various stages in the manufacturing process as a slight difference in the
process of manufacture of cement may cause a great difference in the quality
of cement also To understand the behaviour of cement after its use on the
works.
Following are the standard tests for cement:
Chemical composition
Fineness
Compressive strength
Tensile strength
Consistency
Setting times
Soundness

sustainability of various types of cement

Cement is a major part of todays construction industry which demands
solutions that consider both economical and ecological aspects. Cement
manufacturers are continuously striving to achieve more efficient and
environmentally-friendly production methods. Sika offers cost-effective
concepts for a more ecologically friendly production of so-called green
cement. Green materials can be considered as materials that use less natural
resources and energy and generate less CO2. Despite using optimised and
sophisticated processes, green cements still emit large amounts of CO2. To
improve the ecological balance of cement, every possible initiative to make
cement greener needs to be considered.

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Despite the importance of the cement, the production process emit large
amounts of greenhouse gases, most notably carbon dioxide, the main culprit
in the occurrence of global warming, where the production of one ton of
cement in emissions cause about tons of this gas, and appreciates the
research that the process manufacturing of cement in the world contribute
about 5% of the total carbon dioxide a negative impact on the Earth's
environment emissions.
Many researches have been conducted in order to make adjustments to the
cement manufacturing process in order to reduce gas emissions from
industry, and suggested that added about 50% of the industrial Buzlana (coal
ash or slag iron) to cement, which reduces carbon dioxide emissions, which
will resulting from the provision of burning fuel for cement clinker, and will
reduce the mixing water required for the formation Buzlanah concrete. Also
use the carbon dioxide emitted from power plants in the cement industry
through this gas mixing with salt water to produce carbonate necessary for
the cement industry, which will reduce the amount of limestone used.
The company "Ceramics" in Virginia specialized in providing alternatives to
traditional cement companies, has been used a sort of industrial Buzlana a fly
ash that is collected by special filters from the combustion gases in power
plants by burning coal, where the ash is finely very, US facilities and produces
about seventy million tons of it a year, and get rid of this ash in landfills, has
Seeratak company benefited from the ash by mixing some special for the
production of a type of cement additives, and concrete that cement proved to
be stronger than concrete traditional cement
This cement is characterized by a number of important qualities, resistance
and natural resistance and continuity of salts in the soil and groundwater
factors, as well as the lack of porosity and impermeability and resistance to
thermal cracks that plague conventional cement.

source properties and different applications of cement

It is always desirable to use the best cement in constructions. Therefore, the
properties of a good cement must be investigated. Although desirable
cement properties may vary depending on the type of construction, generally
a good cement possesses following properties (which depend upon its
chemical composition, thoroughness of burning and fineness of grinding).
Provides strength to masonry.
Stiffens or hardens early.
Possesses good plasticity.

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An excellent building material.

Easily workable.
Good moisture-resistant

Function and limits of cement:

Following are the Advantages of high alumina cement:
The initial setting time of this cement is more than 3% hours. The final
setting time is about 5 hours. It therefore allows more time for mixing and
placing operations.
It can stand high temperatures. and It evolves great heat during setting.
And It is therefore not affected by frost. And It resists the action of acids in a
better way. It sets quickly and attains higher ultimate strength in a short
period.
Its strength after 1 day is about 40 N/mm2 and that after 3 days is about 50
N/mm Its setting action mainly depends on the chemical reactions and hence
it is not necessary to grind it to fine powder.
Following are the disadvantages of high alumina cement:
The extreme care is to be taken to see that it does not come in contact with
even traces of lime or ordinary cement. It cannot be used in mass
construction as it evolves great heat and as it sets soon. It is costly.
Advantages and disadvantages of white cement:
The strength of white cement is lower than that of ordinary Portland cement.
It is not liable to cause staining because it has low content of soluble alkalis.
It is four times costlier than ordinary Portland cement.
Following are the Advantages of pozzolana cement .
It attains compressive strength with age. It can resist action of sulphates. It
evolves less heat during setting. It imparts higher degree of water tightness.
It parts plasticity and workability to the mortar and concrete prepared from
it. It is cheap.
and It offers great resistance to the expansion. it possesses higher tensile
strength
Following are the disadvantages of Pozzolana cement:
Its compressive strength in early days is less it possesses less resistance to
the erosion and weathering action.
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Following are the Advantages of rapid hardening cement:

As it sets rapidly, the construction work may be carried out speedil The
formwork of concrete can be removed earlier and it can therefore be used
frequently It obtains strength in a short period. The compressive strength at
the end of one day is about 11.50 N/mm2 and that at the end of 3 days is
about 21 N/mm2. Similarly the tensile strength at the end of one day is
about 2 N/mm2 and that at the end of 3 days is about 3 N/mm It is light in
weight. It is not damaged easily The structural members constructed with
this cement may be loaded earlier .this cement requires short period of
curing The use of this cement allows higher permissible stresses in the design
It therefore results in economic design.

Conclusion.
Summary
In summary, Cement is a hydraulic powder material, which reacts with water to
produce strength-bearing lattices. moreover, Cement is a very useful binding
material in construction. However there are different type of cement like White
Cement and High Alumina Cement . also There are some tests for cement
firstly is Field tests It gives some idea about cement quality based on colour.
and secondly is Laboratory tests. The exhaustive tests are carried out in
laboratory to decide precisely the equal The extreme care should be taken to
collect the sample of cement.

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http://civilblog.org/2014/03/30/field-tests-on-cement-for-quality-controlpurpose/

http://civiltoday.com/civil-engineering-materials/cement

http://www.wbcsdcement.org/index.php/en/about-cement
http://civiltoday.com/civil-engineering-materials/cement/10-cementingradients-with-functions
https://translate.google.com.om/translate?
hl=ar&sl=en&u=http://www.wbcsdcement.org/&prev=search
http://civiltoday.com/civil-engineering-materials/cement
http://theconstructor.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/field-tests-oncement.
http://www.sika.com/en/cement-redirect/sika-cementsolutions/sustainability-cement.html
http://civilblog.org/2014/03/30/field-tests-on-cement-for-quality-controlpurpose/

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.Field tests on cement.[Online] Available

http://theconstructor.org/building/field-tests-on-cement/7406/
[Accessed on 29th oct2014

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