Q.

No
1.

VI sem ECE
Digital Communication
Assignment for Jan-May 2016.
Questions
Consider the set of signals

2E

cos(2f c t i ),
s i (t ) T
4
0, elsewhere

0t T

where i = 0, 1, 2, 3 and fc is an integer multiple of 1/T

2.

3.

(a)

Determine the dimensionality, N of the signal set.

(b)

Determine set of orthonormal basis functions to represent this set of signals.

(c)

Determine the coefficients sij of the signals si(t). Also give the signal

constellation diagram.
Obtain the orthonormal basis set for the given s1(t) and s2(t).

2, 0 t 2
s1 (t)
0, Otherwise
4, 0 t 1
.
s2 (t)
0, Otherwise

Energy signals s1(t) and s2(t) are represented with two basis functions and their vector
representations respectively are, s1=[2 1], s2=[2 -1]. Find the distance between s1 and

4.

s2, and also their signal energies.

Consider a signal s(t) = Asinc(t/T) defined over the interval - < t<. Determine and
make a neat plot of the output of a filter having impulse response h(t) = sinc(t/T) from
- < t < if the signal s(t) is given as input. Can we say that h(t) is a matched filter for

5.

s(t)? Give reasons for your answer.

The two signals s1(t) = - s2(t) = e-t

for t 0, and

=0

elsewhere.

Are transmitted with equal probability over a channel with additive white Gaussian
noise of zero mean and power spectral density N0/2. The receiver bases the decision on
the received signal over the interval 0 t 2. Determine the minimum attainable
probability of error at the receiver output.

6.

The signals g1(t) = 10 cos(100t) and g2(t) = 10 cos(50t) are both sampled at times t n
= n/fs, where n = 0, 1, 2, .., and fs = 75 samples per second. Show that the two

7.

sequences of samples thus obtained are identical. What is this phenomenon called?
The signal x(t)= 12 cos(800t)cos2(1800t) is ideally sampled at 4600 samples per
second. What is the minimum allowable sampling frequency? What is the range of
permissible cutoff frequencies for the ideal lowpass filter to be used for reconstructing

8.

the signal?
Figure shows the spectrum of a message signal g(t). The signal is sampled at a rate
equal to Determine and sketch the spectrum of the resulting PAM signal.

9.

G(f
)

For the spectrum of band-pass signal shown below, check the band-pass sampling
40
0

f (Hz)
theorem for (i) fs-400
= 45 kHz, (ii) fs = 50 kHz. Also indicate
if and how the signal can be

recovered.
G (f)

-2 5

10.

-1 5

15

25

f, k H z

a / 2, 0 t T / 2
A signal s(t) of duration T sec is defined as, s(t )
a / 2, T / 2 t T
(i)

Determine the impulse response of a filter matched to this signal and sketch it as

a function of time.
11.

(ii) What is the peak value of output?

Two signals s1(t) and s2(t) are defined over the interval 0 < t < T. Express these signals
in terms of orthonormal basis functions. Plot the orthonormal basis functions.

s 2(t)

s 1(t)
4

12.

T /2

1, 0 t T
Consider a signal s(t) defined by s(t )
.
0, otherwise
It is proposed to approximate the matched filter for this signal by a low-pass RC filter
defined by the transfer function H ( f )
where f 0

1
1 j( f / f 0 )

1
the cut-off frequency of the RC filter is.
2RC

Determine the optimum value of f0 for which the RC filter becomes the best
approximation for matched filter.
Determine the peak output signal to noise ratio, assuming noise is AWGN of zero
mean and power spectral density N0/2.
Determine by how many decibels the transmitted energy be increased so that the
13.

performance becomes same as that of perfectly matched filer

Consider a pulse s(t) defined by
1
0

s( t )

0 tT
elsewhere

where f0 = 1/2RC is the 3-dB bandwidth of the filter.

(a)

Determine the optimum value of f0 for which the RC filter provides the best

approximation to the matched filter.

(b)

Assuming an additive white noise of zero mean and power spectral density N 0/2,

what is the peak output signal to noise ratio?

(c)

By how many decibels must the transmitted energy be increased so at to realize

the same performance as the perfectly matched filter?

14.

Show that when a stationary message process (strictly band limited) is reconstructed
from the sequence of its samples taken at a rate equal to 2w, where w is the highest
frequency component, the reconstructed process equals the original process in the

15.

mean-square sense for all time

. Three signals s1 (t ) , s 2 (t ) and s 3 (t ) are equi-probable and are given by,
s1 (t )

2
4t
cos
,
T
T

0t T

s 2 (t )

2
8t
cos
,
T
T

0t T

s3 (t )

2
12t
cos
,
T
T

0t T

Sketch the signal space diagram and decision boundaries for the signal set.
Show that the signal space can be reduced to have two dimensions.
16.

a / 2, 0 t T / 2
A signal s(t) of duration T sec is defined as, s(t )
a / 2, T / 2 t T
(i)

Determine the impulse response of a filter matched to this signal and sketch it as

a function of time.
17.

(ii) What is the peak value of output?

A digital communication system uses two signal 4e-t and e-t to transmit binary data. If
the signal interval is T seconds, devise a matched filter receiver to receive the data

18.

with minimum probability of error.

Show that, for the bipolar format, the autocorrelation function R A(n), that is, E[AkAk-n]
is zero for n > 1, where Ak is a random variable representing the kth bit of the input

19.

binary sequence. Assume statistically independent and equally likely message bits.
An analog signal is sampled, quantized and encoded into a binary PCM wave. The
number of representation levels used is 128. A synchronizing pulse is added at the end
of each code-word representing a sample of the analog signal. The resulting PCM
wave is transmitted over a channel of bandwidth 12 kHz using a binary PAM system
with a raised cosine spectrum. The roll-off factor is unity.
a)

Find the rate (in bits per second) at which information is transmitted through the

channel.
b)

Find the rate at which the analog signal is sampled. What is the maximum

20.

possible value for the highest component of the analog signal?

The binary data 011100101 are applied to the input of a modified duobinary system.
(i) Construct the modified duobinary coder output and corresponding receiver output
with and without a precoder at the transmitter.
(ii) Suppose that due to the error during transmission, the level produced by the third

21.

digit is reduced to zero, construct the new receiver output without a precoder.
Explain with neat sketch a complete precoded duobinary scheme. Encode and transmit
the binary sequence 1101001 in precoded duobinary scheme. Assume 1 = +1V and 0 =

22.
23.

- 1V.
Determine the power spectral density of the polar quaternary format of NRZ type,
based on the natural code. Assume statistically independent and equally likely message
bits.
Answer the following.
Q1.A. In built synchronization is achieved using -------type waveform coding
technique
B. One baud is equal to -----------number of bits per second
Q2. The discrete autocorrelation function RA(n) for a bipolar signaling scheme is ---Q3. Construct the RZ bipolar signaling format for the binary sequence 011010110
Q4. Given the binary sequence 011011001, Construct the polar OCTAL NRZ format
using Gray code
Q5. Write the time domain and frequency domain expressions for the basic pulse
used to achieve zero ISI
Q6. AThe bandwidth requirement using Raised cosine spectrum as a basic pulse
shape is
)

iv. None of these

State true or false:

i. Correlation coding technique increases bandwidth requirement.
24.

ii. Eye pattern is used to study ------- in a baseband communication system

Assuming that video signals have a bandwidth of 4 MHz, and assuming that the
sampling is done at twice the Nyquist rate, determine the memory size required in bits
to store a two hour video program if the quantizer used has 256 levels of

25.

representation.
Consider a signal s(t) = Asinc(t/T) defined over the interval - < t<. Determine and

make a neat plot of the output of a filter having impulse response h(t) = sinc(t/T) from
- < t< if the signal s(t) is given as input. Can we say that h(t) is a matched filter for
26.

s(t)? Give reasons for your answer.

The square wave x(t) of the Figure 1 of constant amplitude A, period T 0, and delay td,
represents the sample function of a random process X(t). The delay is random,
described by the probability function
fT(td) =
a)

- T0 Td T0 .

0,
otherwise
Determine the probability density function of the random variable X(t k) obtained

by observing the random process X(t) at time tk.

b) Determine the mean and autocorrelation function of X(t) using ensembleaveraging.
c) Determine the mean and autocorrelation function of X(t) using time-averaging.
d) Establish whether or not X(t) is stationary. In what case it is ergodic?

27.

a). Explain the frequency division multiple access(FDMA) and compare it with
TDMA.
b). A PCM system uses a uniform quantizer followed by a 7-bit binary encoder. The bit
rate of the system is equal to 50 106 bits/second.
(i). What is the maximum message bandwidth for which the system operates
satisfactorily?
(ii). Determine the output signal to quantizing noise ratio when the full load sinusoidal

28.

modulating wave of frequency 1MHz is applied to the input

A baseband binary data transmission system uses a format known as binary pulse
position modulation in which a bit 1 is represented by placing a pulse of amplitude
a from time T/2 to 0 and a pulse of zero amplitude from 0 to T/2 while bit 0 is
represented by placing a pulse of amplitude zero from T/2 to 0 and a pulse of
amplitude a from time 0 to T/2. Determine the power spectral density of the data

being transmitted and also evaluate the probability of bit error if AWGN of zero mean
29.

and two sided PSD No/2 corrupts the signals.

For a full scale sinusoidal modulating signal with amplitude A, show that (SNR)o dB

30.
31.

= 1.76 + 20 log L in a PCM system, where L = number of quantizing levels.

What is aliasing error? Suggest the methods of avoiding aliasing error.
A PCM system uses a uniform quantizer followed by a 7-bit binary encoder. The bit
rate of the system is equal to 50 106 bits/second.
(i). What is the maximum message bandwidth for which the system operates
satisfactorily?
(ii). Determine the output signal to quantizing noise ratio when the full load sinusoidal

32.

modulating wave of frequency 1MHz is applied to the input

A PCM system uses a uniform quantizer followed by a 7-bit binary encoder. The bit
rate of the system is equal to 50 106 bits/second.
(i). What is the maximum message bandwidth for which the system operates
satisfactorily?
(ii). Determine the output signal to quantizing noise ratio when the full load sinusoidal

33.

modulating wave of frequency 1MHz is applied to the input

Derive an expression for probability of error for coherent detected binary PSK and if

34.

the channel through which the transmission takes place is corrupted by AWGN.
The purpose of a radar system is basically to detect the presence of a target, and to
extract useful information about the target. Suppose that in such a system, hypothesis
H0 is that there is no target present, so that the received signal x(t) = w(t), where w(t) is
white Gaussian noise of zero mean and power spectral density N 0/2. For hypothesis
H1, a target is present, and x(t) = s(t) + w(t), s(t) is an echo produced by the target.
Assuming that s(t) is completely known, evaluate the following probabilities:
(a)

The probability of false alarm defined as the probability that the receiver decides

a target is present when it is not.

(b)
35.

The probability of detection defined as the probability that the receiver decides a

target is present when it is.

Prove that the Inverse Fourier transform of the frequency function p(f) in practical
case of Nyquist criterion for distortionless transmission is p(t)=sinc(2wt)[cos(2t)/

36.

(1-1622t2)].
For a (6,3) systematic linear block code, the three parity check bits C 4, C5 and C6 are
formed from the following equations:

C4 =

d1

C 5 = d1

d2

C6 =

d1

i.

d3
d3
d2

Write down the generator matrix G.

ii. Construct all possible code words.

iii. Suppose that the received word is 010111. Decode this received word by finding
37.

the location of the error and the transmitted data bits.

Consider a random process X(t) defined X(t)=sin(2fct) in which the frequency fc is
a random variable uniformly distributed over the interval [0, W]. Show that X(t) is
nonstationary. Hint: Examine specific sample functions random process X(t) for the

38.

frequency f=W/4, W/2, and W.

Consider the sinusoidal process
X(t)=A cos(2fct)
where the frequency fc is constant and the amplitude A is uniformly distributed:
fA () = 1,

01
0,

39.

otherwise

Determine whether or not this process is strictly stationary.

Prove the following two properties of the autocorrelation function R X() of a random
process X(t): If X(t) contains a DC component equal to A, then R X() will contain a
constant component equal to A2. If X(t) contains a sinusoidal component, then R X()

40.
41.

will also contain a sinusoidal component of the same frequency.

Derive channel capacity theorem.
Consider (7, 1) repetition code. Evaluate the syndrome s for the following error
patterns,
i.

42.
43.
44.

All the 7 possible single-error patterns.

All the 14 possible double-error patterns.
What are Linear Block codes? Explain with an example in detail.
Explain Hamming codes in detail with an example.
One period of a periodic binary sequence is as given by 1000001110101111. Identify

45.

whether this is a maximum length sequence. Give reasons for your answer.
An LDM system operates with a sampling frequency of 30 kHz. If a sinusoidal signal

ii.

x(t), normalized so that x(t) 1 whose frequency is 3 kHz, is applied, what value of
46.

minimizes the slope overload?

In a binary data transmission using duo-binary conversion fliter without a pre-coder,
the received sample value {ck} were found to be 2

-2

-2

-2

-2

0.

The starting bk was 1.

a)

Do you feel there is an error in these values?

b)

If there is an error, can you guess the correct {bk} sequence? Is this unique?

c)

If the obtained {bk} sequence is not unique, write down all possible correct {bk}

sequences.
47.

Note: More than one error in {ck} sequence is extremely unlikely.

A convolutional encoder has a single shift register with two stages, three modulo-2
adders, and an output multiplexer. The generator sequences of the encoder are as
follows: g(1)=(1, 0, 1), g(2)=(1, 1, 0), g(3)=(1, 1, 1). Draw the block diagram of the

48.

encoder.
Explain the principles of direct sequence spread spectrum and frequency hopping
(both slow and fast frequency hopping) spread spectrum communication systems.

49.

Include suitable diagrams and waveforms as required.

The binary data stream 001101001 is applied to the input of Duo binary system
a) Construct the Duo binary coder output and corresponding receiver output without a
precoder.
b) Suppose that owing to error during transmission the level at the receiver input

50.
51.

produced by second digit is reduced to zero. Construct the new receiver output.
Discuss the drawbacks of delta modulation system. Explain how they are minimized?
Consider the sinusoidal process
X(t)=A cos(2fct)
where the frequency fc is constant and the amplitude A is uniformly distributed:
fA ()= 1,
0,

52.

01
otherwise

Determine whether or not this process is strictly stationary.

Explain the transition probability diagram of a binary symmetric channel.
If the input binary symbols 0 and 1 occur with equal probability. Find the probabilities
of the binary symbols 0 and 1 appearing at the channel output.
If the input binary symbols 0 and 1 occur with probability 0.25 and 0.75.Find the

53.

probabilities of the binary symbols 0 and 1 appearing at the channel output.

Consider the (7, 4) Hamming code. Show that the generator matrix G and parity check

54.

matrix H of the code satisfy the condition HGT = 0 or GHT = 0.

An analog signal having 4 kHz bandwidth is sampled at 1.25 times the Nyquist rate,

and each sample is quantized into one of 256 equally likely levels. Assume that the
successive samples are statistically independent.
What is the information rate of this source?
Can the output of this source be transmitted without error over an AWGN channel with
a bandwidth of 10KHz and an SNR of 20dB?
Find the SNR required for error free transmission for part (ii)
Find the bandwidth required for an AWGN channel for error- free transmission of the
55.

output of this source if SNR is 20dB.

Code the following source symbols with any variable length coding method

56.

Source Symbol
probability
S0
0.3
S1
0.25
S2
0.2
S3
0.15
S4
0.05
S5
0.05
The purpose of a radar system is basically to detect the presence of a target, and to
extract useful information about the target. Suppose that in such a system, hypothesis
H0 is that there is no target present, so that the received signal x(t) = w(t), where w(t) is
white Gaussian noise of zero mean and power spectral density N 0/2. For hypothesis
H1, a target is present, and x(t) = s(t) + w(t), s(t) is an echo produced by the target.
Assuming that s(t) is completely known, evaluate the following probabilities:
a) The probability of false alarm defined as the probability that the receiver decides a
target is present when it is not.
b)

57.

The probability of detection defined as the probability that the receiver decides

a target is present when it is.

Determine the power spectral density of the polar quaternary format of NRZ type,
based on the natural code. Assume statistically independent and equally likely message

59.

bits.
Draw the block diagram and explain the base band binary PAM system and explain the
inter-symbol interference
What is a pseudo noise sequence? How is it generated? Explain with an example and

60.

verify the properties.

The bandwidth of input signal to PCM is restricted to 4KHz. The input varies from

58.

-3.8V to +3.8V and has the average power of 30mW. The required signal to noise ratio

is 20dB. Assuming uniform quantization, calculate the number of bits required per
61.

sample.
Explain with neat sketch a complete precoded duobinary scheme. Encode and transmit

62.

the binary sequence 1101001 in this scheme. Assume 1 = +1V and 0 = - 1V.
A discrete memory-less source X has five symbols x1, x2, x3, x4 and x5 with
probabilities p(x1)=0.16, p(x2)=0.19, p(x3)=0.10, p(x4)=0.40 and p(x5)=0.15. Construct

63.

Shannon-Fanon code for X and calculate the efficiency of the code.

Determine the output SNR in a delta modulated system for a 1 KHz sinusoidal
sampled at 32 KHz without slope overload and followed by a 4 KHz post

64.

reconstruction filter.
Explain the transmitter and receiver section of spread spectrum in which the carrier
hops from randomly from one frequency to another for the input binary data

65.

01111110001001111010.
Explain the frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and compare it with time

66.

division multiple access (TDMA). What is CDMA?

A PN sequence is generated with a feedback shift register of length N = 15 which is
clocked at 10 MHz. Find the following: a) chip duration, b) PN sequence length, c)
period of PN sequence, and d) frequency separation of spectral lines.