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Batavia,DutchEastIndies
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Bataviawasthenameofthecapitalcityofthe
DutchEastIndies,andcorrespondstothepresent
daycityofJakarta.JustasmodernJakartamayrefer
toeitherthecityitselfortothelargerareaofthecity
withitsgeographicsurroundings,whichtaken
togetherisoneoftheprovincesofIndonesia,so
Bataviacanrefertothecityproperasitthenexisted,
withitsvariousincreasesovertimeinurbanized
acreage,oritcanalsorefertothesurrounding
hinterland.
TheestablishmentofBataviaatthesiteoftherazed
Batavia,circa1780
cityofJayakartabytheDutchin1619ledtothe
DutchcolonythatbecamemodernIndonesia
followingWorldWarII.BataviabecamethecenteroftheDutchEastIndiaCompany'stradingnetwork
inAsia.[1]:10Monopoliesonnutmeg,peppers,clovesandcinnamonwereaugmentedbynonindigenous
cashcropslikecoffee,tea,cacao,tobacco,rubber,sugarandopium.Tosafeguardtheircommercial
interests,thecompanyandthecolonialadministrationthatreplaceditin1799progressivelyabsorbed
surroundingterritory.[1]:10
BatavialiesonthenorthcoastofJava,inashelteredbay,overaflatlandconsistingofmarshlandand
hills,andcrisscrossedwithcanals.Thecityconsistedoftwocenters:OudBataviaorBenedenstad
("LowerCity"),theoldest,thelowestandthemostunhealthypartofthecity,andBovenstad("Upper
City"),therelativelynewercitylocatedonthehighergroundtothesouth.
Bataviawasacolonialcityforabout320yearsuntil1942whentheDutchEastIndiesfellunder
JapaneseoccupationduringWorldWarII.DuringtheJapaneseoccupationandagainafterIndonesian
nationalistsdeclaredindependenceonAugust17,1945,thecitywasrenamedJakarta.[2]Afterthewar,
theDutchname"Batavia"remainedinternationallyrecognizeduntilfullIndonesianindependencewas
achievedonDecember27,1949andJakartawasofficiallyproclaimedthenationalcapitalof
Indonesia.[2]

Contents
1 DutchEastIndiaCompany(16101800)
1.1 Arrival
1.2 EstablishmentofBatavia
1.3 ExpansioneastoftheCiliwung
1.4 Completionofthecitywall
1.5 MassacreofChinese
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1.6 Malaria
1.7 Hinterland
1.8 Society
1.9 CollegeofAldermen
2 DutchEastIndies(18001942)
2.1 AbolitionofCultuurstelsel
2.2 DutchEthicalPolicy
2.3 Nationalrevival
2.4 Independencemovement
3 Japaneseoccupationandnationalrevolutionera(19421949)
4 Mayors
5 BorninBatavia
6 Seealso
7 References
8 Workscited
9 Furtherreading

DutchEastIndiaCompany(16101800)
Arrival
In1595,merchantsfromAmsterdamembarkeduponan
expeditiontotheEastIndiesarchipelago.Underthecommandof
CornelisdeHoutman,theexpeditionreachedBantam,capitalof
theSultanateofBanten,andJayakartain1596totradeinspices.
In1602,theEnglishEastIndiaCompany'sfirstvoyage,
commandedbySirJamesLancaster,arrivedinAcehandsailed
ontoBantam.Therehewasallowedtobuildatradingpostthat
becamethecenterofEnglishtradeinIndonesiauntil1682.[3]:29

Jayakartain1605priortothe
establishmentofBatavia

In1602,theDutchgovernmentgrantedamonopolyonAsian
tradetotheDutchEastIndiaCompany(Dutch:VereenigdeOostIndischeCompagnie(VOC)literally[4]
UnitedEastIndianCompany).[5]:26[6]:384385In1603,thefirstpermanentDutchtradingpostin
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IndonesiawasestablishedinBantam,WestJava.In1610,PrinceJayawikartagrantedpermissionto
DutchmerchantstobuildawoodengodownandhousesontheeastbankoftheCiliwungRiver,opposite
toJayakarta.Thisoutpostwasestablishedin1611.[7]:29
AsDutchpowerincreased,JayawikartaallowedtheBritishtoerecthousesonthewestbankofthe
CiliwungRiver,aswellasafortclosetohiscustomsofficepost,tokeeptheforcesbalanced.
JayawikartasupportedtheBritishbecausehispalacewasatthreatfromtheDutchcannons.
InDecember1618,thetenserelationshipbetweenPrinceJayawikartaandtheDutchescalated,and
Jayawikarta'ssoldiersbesiegedtheDutchfortress,containingthegodownsNassauandMauritius.A
Britishfleetof15shipsarrivedundertheleadershipofSirThomasDale,anEnglishnavalcommander
andformergovernoroftheColonyofVirginia.Afteraseabattle,thenewlyappointedDutchgovernor,
JanPieterszoonCoen(1618),escapedtotheMoluccastoseeksupport(TheDutchhadalreadyovertaken
thefirstofthePortuguesefortstherein1605).Meanwhile,thecommanderoftheDutchgarrison,Pieter
vandenBroecke,alongwithfiveothermen,wasarrestedduringnegotiations,asJayawikartabelieved
thathehadbeendeceivedbytheDutch.Later,JayawikartaandtheBritishenteredintoafriendship
agreement.
TheDutcharmywasonthevergeofsurrenderingtotheBritishwhen,in1619,asultanfromBanten
sentagroupofsoldierstosummonPrinceJayawikarta.Jayawikarta'sfriendshipagreementwiththe
BritishwaswithoutpriorapprovalfromtheBanteneseauthorities.TheconflictbetweenBantenand
PrinceJayawikarta,aswellasthetenserelationshipbetweenBantenandtheBritish,presentedanew
opportunityfortheDutch.
CoenreturnedfromtheMoluccaswithreinforcementson28May1619[8]andrazedJayakartatothe
groundon30May1619,[9]:35therebyexpellingitspopulation.[10]:50OnlythePadroofSundaKelapa
remained.PrinceJayawikartaretreatedtoTanara,theeventualplaceofhisdeath,intheinteriorof
Banten.TheDutchestablishedacloserrelationshipwithBantenandassumedcontroloftheport,which
overtimebecametheDutchcenterofpowerintheregion.

EstablishmentofBatavia
TherewerethreegovernmentaladministrationswithintheBataviaregion.[11]:7Theinitialauthority,
(Dutch:HogeRegeringHighGovernment),wasestablishedin1609.[11]:7Thisbecamethecolonial
government,consistingoftheGovernorGeneralandtheCounciloftheIndies.[11]:7Theurbanorcivil
administrationofthecityofBatavia,(Dutch:CollegevanSchepenenCouncilofAldermen),was
formedin1620.[11]:9Thelocalruraladministration,(Dutch:CollegevanHeemradenDistrictCouncil),
wasformedin1664butbecamefullyfunctionalin1682.[11]:10

Coatofarmsof
Batavia

TheDutchfortressgarrison,whichincludedhiredsoldiersfromJapan,Germany,
Scotia,DenmarkandBelgium,celebrateditstriumph,whilethegodowns
NassauandMauritiuswereexpandedwiththeerectionofanewfortextension
totheeastonMarch12,1619,overseenbyCommanderVanRaay.[12]Coen
wishedtonamethenewsettlement"NieuwHoorn"(afterhisbirthplace,Hoorn),
butwaspreventedfromdoingsobytheboardoftheEastIndiaCompany,the
HeerenXVII.[12]Bataviabecamethenewnameforthefortandsettlement.The
namewasderivedfromtheGermanictribeoftheBatavi,asitwasbelievedat
thetimethatthetribe'smembersweretheancestorsoftheDutchpeople.
Jayakartawasthencalled"Batavia"formorethan300years.

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On2July1619,Coendecidedtoexpandtheoriginalfortintoalargerfortress.Coensentthedraftofthe
KasteelvanBataviatotheNetherlandson7October1619.Thisnewcastlewasmuchlargerthanthe
previouscastle,andtwoofthenorthernbastionswouldlieoverthesea.[13]
TheJavanesepeoplewereprohibitedfromsettlinginBataviafromthetimeofitsfoundationin
1619,[14]:194astheDutchfearedaninsurrection.CoenaskedWillemYsbrandtszoonBontekoe,askipper
fortheDutchEastIndiaCompany,tobring1000ChinesepeopletoBataviafromMacao,butonlya
smallsegmentofthe1000survivedthetrip.In1621,anotherattemptwasinitiatedand15,000people
weredeportedfromtheBandaIslandstoBatavia,butonly600survivedthetrip.

ExpansioneastoftheCiliwung
Fromthebeginningofitsestablishment,Bataviawasplanned
followingawelldefinedlayout.[15]In1619,threetrencheswere
dugtotheeastoftheCiliwungriver,formingthefirstDutch
madecanalsofBatavia.Thesecanalswereperpendiculartothe
Ciliwung,andwerenamedfromsouthtonorth:Leeuwengracht
(usuallywrittenasLeeuwinnegracht,presentJalanKaliBesar
Timur3orJalanKunir),Groenegracht(presentJalanKaliBesar
Timur1),andSteenhouwersgracht(laterAmsterdamschegracht,
BataviaanditseastofCiliwung
expansion.
presentJalanNelayanTimur).[16]TheCastleareastartstothe
northofSteenhouwersgracht,whichbeganwithafieldjusttothe
northofSteenhouwersgracht.[15]Atown'smarket(afishmarket)wasestablishedonthefield.[15][16]The
establishmentofthethreecanalsmadewayfortheexpansionofBataviaontheeastsideofthe
Ciliwung.Thefirstchurchandtownhallwerebuiltc.1622ontheeastbankoftheriver,theexactpoint
ofthisfirstbuildingofthechurchtownhallofBataviaisat60756S1064842E.[15]Thiswas
replacedinthe1630s.
Around1627,thethreecanalswereinterconnected
perpendicularlybyacoconuttreelinedcanalknownas
Tijgersgracht(presentJalanPosKotaJalanLada).A
contemporaryobserverwrites:"AmongtheGrachts,the
Tygersgrachtisthemoststatelyandmostpleasant,bothforthe
goodlinessofitsbuildings,andtheornamentationofitsstreets,
whichaffordaveryagreeableshadowtothosewhopassalong
thestreet".[17]ThePrinsestraat(presentJalanCengkeh),whichin
thebeginningformedthestreetthatleadstotheCastle,were
establishedasanurbancenter,connectingtheCastlesouthgate
withtheCityHall,forminganimpressivevistaontheseatof
government.[15]

ThecoconuttreelinedTijgersgracht
ofBatavia,thelongestandthemost
pleasantcanalofBataviauntilits
modificationin1632.

ThiseasternsettlementofBataviawasprotectedbyalongcanal
totheeastofthesettlement,formingalinkbetweenthecastle
moatandtheCiliwungriverbend.ThiscanalwasnotparallelwithTijgersgrachtbutslightlyangled.The
overallconstructionofthecanaltookmorethan160,000reals,andthesewerepaidnotbytheCompany,
butmainlybytheChineseandotherEuropeanspartlybecausetheCompanyhadspendforthe
strengtheningoftheCastle(whichwasdonebyslavesandprisoners).[15]Thisshortlivedoutercanal
wouldberedesignedfewyearsaftertheSiegeofBatavia.

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Completionofthecitywall
TotheeastofBatavia,SultanAgung,kingoftheMataram
Sultanate(16131645)attainedcontrolofmostofJavaby
defeatingSurabayain1625.[5]:31OnAugust27,1628,Agung
launchedtheSiegeofBatavia.[9]:52Inhisfirstattempt,he
sufferedheavylosses,retreated,andlaunchedasecondoffensive
in1629.[5]:31[9]:5253ThisalsofailedtheDutchfleetdestroyed
hissuppliesandships,locatedintheharborsofCirebonand
Tegal.[9]:53Mataramtroops,starvinganddecimatedbyillness,
retreatedagain.[9]:53SultanAgungthenpursuedhisconquering
ambitionsinaneastwarddirection[9]:53andattackedBlitar,
PanarukanandtheKingdomofBlambanganinEasternJava,a
vassaloftheBalinesekingdomofGelgel.[9]:55

MapofBataviaafterSpecx
completionofthecitywall.

Followingthesiege,itwasdecidedthatBataviawouldneedastrongerdefensesystem.Basedonthe
militarydefensiveengineeringideasbySimonStevin,aFlemishmathematicianandmilitaryengineer,
governorgeneralJacquesSpecx(16291632)[10]:463designedamoatandcitywallthatsurroundedthe
cityextensionsofthecitywallsappearedtothewestofBataviaandthecitybecamecompletely
enclosed.Thecitysectionwithinthedefenselineswasstructuredaccordingtoagridplan,crisscrossed
withcanalsthatstraightenedtheflowoftheCiliwungriver.
In1656,duetoaconflictwithBanten,theJavanesewerenotallowedtoresidewithinthecitywallsand
consequentlysettledoutsideBatavia.OnlytheChinesepeopleandtheMardijkerswereallowedtosettle
withinthewalledcityofBatavia.In1659,atemporarypeacewithBantenenabledthecitytogrowand,
duringthisperiod,morebambooshacksappearedinBatavia.From1667,bamboohouses,aswellasthe
keepingoflivestock,werebannedwithinthecity.Meanwhile,thecityprogressivelybecamean
attractionformanypeopleandsuburbsbegantodevelopoutsidethecitywalls.

MassacreofChinese
TheBatavianhinterland'ssugarindustrydeterioratedinthe
1730s.[11]:169[18]:29Therewerenumerousunemployedpeopleand
growingsocialdisorder.[11]:169In1739,10,574registered
ChinesewerelivingintheOmmelanden.[11]:53Tensionsgrewas
thecolonialgovernmentattemptedtorestrictChinese
immigrationbyimplementingdeportationstoCeylonandSouth
Africa.[8]TheChinesebecameworriedthattheyweretobe
thrownoverboardtodrownandriotserupted.[8][19]:9910,000
Chineseweremassacredbetween9October1740and22
October.[8]Duringthefollowingyear,thefewremainingChinese
inhabitantsweremovedtoGlodok,outsidethecitywalls.[20]

EngravingofthemassacreofChinese
peopleinBataviaonOctober9,1740

Malaria

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Inthe18thcentury,Bataviabecameincreasinglyaffectedbymalariaepidemics,asthemarshareaswere
breedinggroundsformosquitos.[21]ThediseasekilledmanyEuropeans,resultinginBataviareceiving
thenickname,"HetkerkhofderEuropeanen"("thecemeteryoftheEuropeans").[22][23]Wealthier
Europeansettlers,whocouldaffordrelocation,movedtosouthernareasofhigherelevation.[19]:101
Eventually,theoldcitywasdismantledin1810.

Hinterland
Theareaoutsidethewalls(Dutch:Ommelandenthesurroundingarea)[11]wasconsideredunsafeforthe
nonnativeinhabitantsofBatavia.Theareawasanimportantsourceoffoodcropsandbuilding
materials.[11]TheVOCsetupalocalgovernment(Dutch:CollegevanHeemradenDistrictCouncil)in
1664,butthisonlybecamefullyfunctionalin1682.[11]:10ThemarshareaaroundBataviacouldonlybe
fullycultivatedwhenanewpeacetreatywassignedwithBantenin1684.Countryhouseswere
subsequentlyestablishedoutsidethecitywalls.TheChinesepeoplebeganwiththecultivationof
sugarcane[11]:6[24]andtuak,withcoffeealateraddition.
Thelargescalecultivationcauseddestructiontotheenvironment,inadditiontocoastalerosioninthe
northernareaofBatavia.Maintenanceofthecanalwasextensiveduetofrequentclosuresandthe
continuousdredgingthatwasrequired.
Otherthancountryhouses,mostpeopleintheOmmelandenpeoplelivedinvarioussingleethnithicy
kampungs,eachwithitsownheadman.[11]:5[25]

Society
BataviawasfoundedasthetradeandadministrativecenteroftheDutchEastIndiaCompanyitwas
neverintendedtobeasettlementfortheDutchpeople.CoenfoundedBataviafortrade,withcity's
inhabitantstakingcareoftheproductionandsupplyoffood.Asaresult,therewasnomigrationofintact
DutchfamiliesandtherewerefewDutchwomeninBatavia.Amixedsocietywasformed,as
relationshipsbetweenDutchmenandAsianwomendidnotusuallyresultinmarriage,andthewomen
didnothavetherightofgoingwithmenwhoreturnedtotheDutchRepublic.Thissocietalpattern
createdamixedgroupofmestizodescendantsinBatavia.Thesonsofthismixedgroupoftentraveledto
Europetostudy,whilethedaughterswereforcedtoremaininBatavia,withthelatteroftenmarrying
DutchEastIndiaCompany(VOC)officialsataveryyoungage.
AstheVOCpreferredtomaintaincompletecontroloveritsbusiness,alargenumberofslaveswas
employed.Bataviabecameanunattractivelocationforpeoplewhowantedtoestablishtheirown
businesses.
ThewomeninBataviadevelopedintoanimportantfeatureofthesocialnetworkofBataviatheywere
accustomedtodealingwithslavesandspokethesamelanguage,mostlyPortugueseandMalay.
Eventually,manyofthesewomeneffectivelybecamewidows,astheirhusbandsleftBataviatoreturnto
theNetherlands,andtheirchildrenwereoftenremovedaswell.Thesewomenwereknownassnaar
(string).
MostofBatavia'sresidentswereofAsiandescent.ThousandsofslaveswerebroughtfromIndiaand
Arakanand,later,slaveswerebroughtfromBaliandSulawesi.Toavoidanuprising,adecisionwas
madetofreetheJavanesepeoplefromslavery.ChinesepeoplemadeupthelargestgroupinBatavia,
withmostofthemmerchantsandlabourers.TheChinesepeoplewerethemostdecisivegroupinthe
developmentofBatavia.Therewasalsoalargegroupoffreedslaves,usuallyPortuguesespeaking
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AsianChristians,thatwasformerlyundertheruleofthe
Portuguese.Thegroup'smembersweremadeprisonersbythe
VOCduringnumerousconflictswiththePortuguese.Portuguese
wasthedominantlanguageinBataviauntilthelate18thcentury,
whenthelanguagewasslowlyreplacedwithDutchandMalay.
Additionally,therewerealsoMalays,aswellasMuslimand
HindumerchantsfromIndia.
Initially,thesedifferentethnicgroupslivedalongsideeachother
however,in1688,completesegregationwasenacteduponthe
indigenouspopulation.Eachethnicgroupwasforcedtolivein
itsownestablishedvillageoutsidethecitywall.Therewere
JavanesevillagesforJavanesepeople,Moluccanvillagesforthe
Moluccans,andsoon.Eachpersonwastaggedwithatagto
identifythemwiththeirownethnicgrouplater,thisidentitytag
wasreplacedwithaparchment.Reportingwascompulsoryfor
intermarriagethatinvolveddifferentethnicgroups.
WithinBatavia'swalls,thewealthyDutchbuilttallhousesand
canals.CommercialopportunitiesattractedIndonesianand
DepictionofaBalineseslavein
especiallyChineseimmigrants,withtheincreasingpopulation
BataviafromBaliChroniclesby
numberscreatingaburdenuponthecity.Inthe18thcentury,
WillardHanna,CornelisdeBruyn
morethan60%ofBatavia'spopulationconsistedofslaves
artist.Toavoidarevoltofthepeople
workingfortheVOC.Theslavesweremostlyengagedto
ofJava,manycooliesandslaveswere
undertakehousework,whileworkingandlivingconditionswere
employedfromplacesoutsideJava,
generallyreasonable.Lawswereenactedthatprotectedslaves
suchasBali,theMoluccas,India,and
againstoverlycruelactionsfromtheirmastersforexample,
China.
Christianslavesweregivenfreedomafterthedeathoftheir
masters,whilesomeslaveswereallowedtoownastoreand
makemoneytobuytheirfreedom.Sometimes,slavesfledandestablishedgangsthatwouldroam
throughoutthearea.
ThoughfromthebeginningoftheVOCestablishmentBataviabecamethepoliticalandadministrative
centeroftheDutchEastIndiesaswellasthemajorportinSoutheastAsiantrade,thepopulationofthe
cityproperremainedrelativelysmall.Intheearly1800s,estimatesofitspopulationwerestillsmaller
thanthatofSurabaya,thoughitwouldovertakethatcitybytheendofthatcentury:thefirstcomplete
censussurveyof1920returnedapopulationof306,000,comparedto192,000forSurabaya,158,000for
Semarangand134,000forSurakarta.Bythenthepopulationgrewfast,astenyearslateritexceededhalf
amillion.[26]

CollegeofAldermen
On24June1620twoCompanyofficialsandthreefreecitizensorburgherswereappointedtothefirst
CollegevanSchepenenCollegeofAldermen.[27]

DutchEastIndies(18001942)
AftertheVereenigdeOostIndischeCompagnie(VOC)wentbankruptandwasdissolvedin1800,the
BatavianRepublicnationalizeditsdebtsandpossessions,expandingalloftheVOC'sterritorialclaims
intoafullyfledgedcolonynamedtheDutchEastIndies.Bataviaevolvedfromthesiteofthecompany's
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regionalheadquartersintothecapitalofthecolony.
In1808,HermanWillemDaendelsmovedthetowncenterfrom
JakartaOldTown(today'sKotaTua)tolessswampy,higher
groundtothesouthintheareawhichwasknownasWeltevreden
(today'sGambir).Bataviatherebybecameacitywithtwo
centers:Kotaasthehubofbusiness,wheretheofficesand
warehousesofshippingandtradingcompanieswerelocated,and
Weltevreden,thenewhomeforthegovernment,military,and
shops.ThesetwocenterswereconnectedbytheMolenvliet
Canalandaroad(nowGajahMadaRoad)thatranalongsidethe
waterway.[28]DuringtheBritishinterregnum(18111816),
DaendelswasreplacedbyStamfordRaffles.[3][29]:115122[30][31]:25

Bataviain1840,showingthegrowth
ofthecitytothesouthofoldBatavia.

Afterthe1740massacre,itbecameapparentovertheensuing
decadesthroughaseriesofconsiderationsthatBatavianeeded
Chinesepeopleforalonglistoftrades.[32]:49ConsiderableChineseeconomicexpansionoccurredinthe
lateeighteenthcentury,andby1814therewere11,854Chinesepeoplewithinthetotalof47,217
inhabitants.[32]:49
Thecitybegantomovefurthersouth,asepidemicsin1835and1870encouragedmorepeopletomove
farsouthoftheport.Thisperiodinthe19thcenturyconsistedofnumeroustechnologicaladvancements
andcitybeautificationinitiativesinBatavia,earningBataviathenickname,"DeKoninginvanhet
Oosten",or"QueenoftheEast".

AbolitionofCultuurstelsel
TheDutch:CultuurstelselCultivationSystemwasagovernment
policyinthemidnineteenthcenturywhichrequiringaportionof
agriculturalproductiontobedevotedtoexportcrops.Indonesian
historiansrefertoitasIndonesian:TanamPaksaEnforcement
Planting.TheabolitionoftheCultuurstelselin1870ledtothe
rapiddevelopmentofprivateenterpriseintheDutchIndies.
Numeroustradingcompaniesandfinancialinstitutions
establishedthemselvesinJava,withmostsettlinginBatavia.
JakartaOldTown'sdeterioratingstructureswerereplacedwith
offices,typicallyalongtheKaliBesar.Theseprivatecompanies
ownedormanagedplantations,oilfields,ormines.Thefirst
railwaylineinJavawasopenedin1867andurbancenterssuch
asBataviabegantobeequippedwithrailwaystations.[33]Many
schools,hospitals,factories,offices,tradingcompanies,andpost
officeswereestablishedthroughoutthecity,whileimprovements
intransportation,health,andtechnologyinBataviacausedmore
andmoreDutchpeopletomigratetothecapitalthesocietyof
MapofBataviain1897
BataviaconsequentlybecameincreasinglyDutchlike.
InternationaltradeactivityoccurredwithEuropeandtheincrease
ofshippingledtotheconstructionofanewharboratTanjungPriokbetween1877and1883.[34]The
DutchpeoplewhohadneversetfootonBataviawereknownlocallyasTotoks.Thetermwasalsoused

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toidentifynewChinesearrivals,todifferentiatethemfromthePeranakan.Manytotoksdevelopeda
greatlovefortheIndiescultureofIndonesiaandadoptedthisculturetheycouldbeobservedwearing
kebayas,sarongs,aswellassummerdresses.[35]
Bytheendofthe19thcentury,thepopulationofthecapitalBatavianregencynumbered115,887
people,ofwhich8,893wereEuropeans,26,817wereChineseand77,700wereindigenousislanders.[36]
Asignificantconsequenceoftheseexpandingcommercialactivitieswastheimmigrationoflarge
numbersofDutchemployees,aswellasruralJavanese,intoBatavia.In1905,thepopulationofBatavia
andthesurroundingareareached2.1million,including93,000Chinesepeople,14,000Europeans,and
2,800Arabs(inadditiontothelocalpopulation).[37]Thisgrowthresultedinanincreaseddemandfor
housingandlandpricesconsequentlysoared.Newhouseswereoftenbuiltindensearrangementsand
kampungsettlementsfilledthespacesleftinbetweenthenewstructures.Thissettlementsproceeded
withlittleregardforthetropicalconditionsandresultedinoverlydenselivingconditions,poor
sanitation,andanabsenceofpublicamenities.[28]In1913,theplaguebrokeoutinJava.[28]
Alsoduringtheperiod,OldBataviaabandonedmoatsandrampartsexperiencedanewboom,asthe
commercialcompanieswerereestablishedalongtheKaliBesar.[28]Inaveryshortperiodoftime,the
areaofOldBataviareestablisheditselfasanewcommercialcenter,with20thcenturyand17thcentury
buildingsadjacenttoeachother.

DutchEthicalPolicy
TheDutchEthicalPolicywasintroducedin1901,expandingeducationalopportunitiesforindigenous
populationoftheDutchEastIndies.In1924alawschoolwasfoundedinBatavia.[38]Thecitys
populationinthe1930censuswas435,000.[10]:50TheUniversityofBataviawasestablishedin1941and
laterbecametheUniversityofIndonesia.[38]In1946,theDutchcolonialgovernmentestablishedthe
NoodUniversiteit(EmergencyUniversity)inJakarta.In1947,thenamewaschangedtoUniversiteitvan
Indonesi(UVI)(IndonesiaUniversity).FollowingtheIndonesianNationalRevolution,thegovernment
establishedastateuniversityinJakartainFebruary1950namedUniversiteitIndonesia,comprisingthe
BPTRIunitsandtheformerUVI.ThenamewaslaterchangedintoUniversitasIndonesia(UI).

Nationalrevival
MohammadHusniThamrin,amemberofVolksraad,criticizedtheColonialGovernmentforignoring
thedevelopmentofkampung("inlander'sarea")whilecateringfortherichpeopleinMenteng.Thamrin
alsotalkedabouttheissueofFarmingTaxandtheothertaxesthatwereburdensomeforthepoorer
membersofthecommunity.

Independencemovement
In1909,Tirtoadisurjo,agraduateofOSVIA(TrainingSchoolforNativeOfficials),foundedtheIslamic
CommercialUnion(SarekatDagangIslamiyah)inBataviatosupportIndonesianmerchants.Branchesin
otherareasfollowed.In1920,TjokroaminotoandAgusSalimsetupacommitteeinBataviatosupport
theOttomancaliphate.[38]
In1926,espionagewarnedtheDutchofaplannedrevoltandPKIleaderswerearrested.AndriesC.D.
deGraeffreplacedFockasgovernorgeneralanduprisingsinBatavia,Banten,andPrianganwere
quicklycrushed.[38]ArmedCommunistsoccupiedtheBataviatelephoneexchangeforonenightbefore
beingcaptured.TheDutchsentprisonerstoBandenandtoapenalcolonyatBovenDigulinWestIrian
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(WestNewGuinea)wheremanydiedofmalaria.[38]OnJuly4,1927SukarnoandtheStudyClub
foundedtheIndonesianNationalistAssociationwhichbecametheIndonesianNationalistParty(PNI)
andlaterjoinedwiththePartaiSarekatIslam,BudiUtomo,andtheSurabayaStudyClubtoformthe
UnionofIndonesianPoliticalAssociations(PPPKI).[38]AyouthcongresswasheldinBataviaon
October1928andthegroupsbeganreferringtothecityasJakarta.TheydemandedIndonesian
independence,displayedtheredandwhiteflag,andsangtheIndonesiannationalanthemwrittenbyW.
R.Supratman.TheDutchbannedtheflag,thenationalanthem,andthetermsIndonesiaand
Indonesian.[38]

Japaneseoccupationandnationalrevolutionera(19421949)
OnMarch5,1942,BataviafelltotheJapanese.TheDutch
formallysurrenderedtotheJapaneseoccupationforcesonMarch
9,1942,andruleofthecolonywastransferredtoJapan.Thecity
wasrenamedJakarta.
TheeconomicsituationandthephysicalconditionofIndonesian
citiesdeterioratedduringtheoccupation.Manybuildingswere
vandalized,asmetalwasneededforthewar,andmanyiron
statuesfromtheDutchcolonialperiodweretakenawaybythe
Japanesetroops.Civilbuildingswereconvertedintointernment
campswhereDutchpeoplewereimprisoned.

SketchoftheJapaneseentryinto
Batavia

AfterthecollapseofJapanin1945,theareawentthroughaperiodoftransitionandupheavalduringthe
Indonesiannationalstruggleforindependence.DuringtheJapaneseoccupationandfromtheperspective
oftheIndonesiannationalistswhodeclaredindependenceonAugust17,1945,thecitywasrenamed
Jakarta.[2]In1945,thecitywasbrieflyoccupiedbytheAlliesandthenwasreturnedtotheDutch.The
Dutchname,Batavia,remainedtheinternationallyrecognizednameuntilfullIndonesianindependence
wasachievedandJakartawasofficiallyproclaimedthenationalcapital(anditspresentname
recognized)onDecember27,1949.[2]

Mayors
ThecityofBataviahadamayor(burgemeester)from1916to1947.
GJBishop(19161920)
H.vanBreen(19201920)Acting
A.MeijRoos(19201933)
EAVoorneman(1933to19??)
A.Th.Boogaardt(Actingin1941)
EAVoorneman(1941to1942)
A.Th.Boogaardt(19451947)

BorninBatavia
ReinoutWillemvanBemmelen,geologist
BenBot,Dutchdiplomatandgovernmentminister
HuibertBoumeester,rower
TonkeDragt,writerandillustratorofchildren'sliterature
BoudewijndeGroot,singer/songwriter
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MichelvanHulten,politician
YvonneKeuls,writer
TacoKuiper,investigativejournalistandpublisher
PieterMijer,GovernorGeneraloftheDutchEastIndies,18661872
CarelJanSchneider,knownbythepseudonymF.Springer,aDutchforeignservicediplomatand
writer
FrancisSteinmetz,officerintheRoyalNetherlandsNavywhoescapedfromColditz
FransTutuhatunewa,presidentoftheRepublicofSouthMaluku(internationallyunrecognized)
EddydeNeve,memberofthefirstNetherlandsnationalfootballteam

Seealso
KotaTuaJakarta
ListofcolonialbuildingsandstructuresinJakarta

References
1.VickersA.AHistoryofModernIndonesiaCambridgeUniversityPress,2005.ISBN0521542626
2.WaworoentoeWJ.JakartaEncyclopaediaBritannica,IncaccessiondateAugust30,2015.[1]
(http://www.britannica.com/place/Jakarta)
3.RicklefsMC.AHistoryofModernIndonesiasincec.1200PalgraveMacmillan,4thedition,Sep10,2008.
ISBN9781137149183
4.Liebenberg,ElriDemhardt,Imre(2012).HistoryofCartography:InternationalSymposiumoftheICA
Commission,2010.Heidelberg:Springer.p.209.ISBN9783642190872."TheUnitedDutchEastIndia
Company(VereenigdeOostIndischeCompagnieorVOCinDutch,literally"UnitedEastIndian
Company")..."
5.DrakeleyS.TheHistoryofIndonesia.Greenwood,2005.ISBN9780313331145
6.deVriesJ,vanderWoudeA.TheFirstModernEconomy.Success,Failure,andPerseveranceoftheDutch
Economy,15001815.CambridgeUniversityPress,1997.ISBN9780521578257
7.RicklefsMC.AHistoryofModernIndonesiasincec.1200.MacMillan,2ndedition,1991ISBN0333576896
8.GimonCA.SejarahIndonesia:AnOnlineTimelineofIndonesianHistory.gimonca.com2001.[2]
(http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/sejarah02.shtml)
9.RicklefsMC.AHistoryofModernIndonesiasincec.1200PalgraveMacmillan,3rdedition,2001.ISBN
9780804744805
10.CribbR,KahinA.HistoricalDictionaryofIndonesia.TheScarecrowPress,Inc.2ndeditionISBN
9780810849358
11.Kanumoyoso,B.Beyondthecitywall:societyandeconomicdevelopmentintheOmmelandenofBatavia,
16841740Doctoralthesis,LeidenUniversity2011[3](https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/17679)
12."Batavia".DeVOCsite(inDutch).deVOCsite.20022012.Retrieved27November2012.
13.deHaan1922,p.445.
14.LucassenJ,LucassenL.GlobalisingMigrationHistory:TheEurasianExperience(16th21stCenturies).
Brill,2014.ISBN9789004271364
15.deHaan1922,p.467.
16.Bollee,KaartvanBatavia1667.
17.GunawanTjahjono1998113.
18.KnightGR.Sugar,SteamandSteel:TheIndustrialProjectinColonialJava,18301885Universityof
AdelaidePress,2014.ISBN9781922064998
19.WardK.NetworksofEmpire:ForcedMigrationintheDutchEastIndiaCompany.CambridgeUniversity
Press,2009.ISBN9780521885867
20.Vaisutis,JustineMartinkus,JohnBatchelor,Dr.Trish(2007).Indonesia.LonelyPlanet.p.101.
ISBN9781741798456.RetrievedDecember11,2014.
21.vanderBrugPH.MalariainBataviainthe18thcentury.TropicalMedicineandInternationalHealth.1997
volume2,issue9,pages892902.PMID9315048
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22.PolsH.NotesfromBatavia,theEuropeans'graveyard:thenineteenthcenturydebateonacclimatizationin
theDutchEastIndiesJHistMedAlliedSci2012volume67,issue1,pages120148.DOI
10.1093/jhmas/jrr004PMID21317422
23.vanEmden,,F.J.G.W.S.B.Klooster(1964).WillemBrandt,ed.KleurigmemoriaalvandeHollanders
opOudJava.A.J.G.Strengholt.p.146.
24.Bluss,L.StrangeCompany.Chinesesettlers,mestizowomenandtheDutchinVOCBatavia.Dordrecht:
FlorisPublication,1986.
25.deHaan1922,p.469.
26.HiroyoshiKano,GrowingMetropolitanSuburbia:AComparativeSociologicalStudyonTokyoand
(https://books.google.com/books?id=w1lRf5kNH4QC&pg=PA5),YayasanOborIndonesia,2004,pp.56
27.RobsonMcKillopR.(translator)TheCentralAdministrationoftheVOCGovernmentandtheLocal
InstitutionsofBatavia(16191811)anIntroduction.HendrikE.NiemeijerHE.[4](http://www.sejarah
nusantara.anri.go.id/media/userdefined/pdf/brillvocinventaris_niemeijeren.pdf)
28.GunawanTjahjono1998109.
29.HanniganT.ABriefHistoryofIndonesia:Sultans,Spices,andTsunamis:TheIncredibleStoryofSoutheast
Asia'sLargestNation.TuttlePublishing,2015.ISBN9780804844765
30.HanniganT.RafflesandtheBritishInvasionofJava.MonsoonBooks,2013.ISBN9789814358859
31.NationalInformationAgency.Indonesia2004anofficialhandbook.RepublicofIndonesia.
32.DobbinC.AsianEntrepreneurialMinorities:ConjointCommunitiesintheMakingoftheWorldEconomy
15701940.Richmond:Curzon.1996ISBN9780700704040
33.GunawanTjahjono1998116.
34.Teeuwen,Dirk(2007).LandingstagesofJakarta/Batavia.
35.Nordholt,HenkSchulteMImamAziz(2005).Outwardappearances:trend,identitas,kepentingan(in
Indonesian).PTLKiSPelangiAksara.p.227.ISBN9789799492951.RetrievedAugust20,2011.
36.Teeuwen,DirkRendezVousBatavia(Rotterdam,2007)(http://www.rendezvous
batavia.nl/photogallery/sundak/sundakelapa.pdf)Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20110724163711/http://www.rendezvousbatavia.nl/photogallery/sundak/sunda
kelapa.pdf)July24,2011,attheWaybackMachine.
37.Oosthoek'sGellustreerdeEncyclopaedie(1917)
38.BeckS.SouthAsia18001950:IndonesiaandtheDutch18001950(http://www.san.beck.org/2011
Indonesia18001950.html)

Workscited
deHaan,F.(1922).OudBatavia1.Batavia:G.Kolff&Co,KoninklijkBataviaaschGenootschapvan
KunstenenWetenschappen.
GunawanTjahjono,ed.(1998).Architecture.IndonesianHeritage6.Singapore:ArchipelagoPress.
ISBN9813018305.
KaartvanhetKasteelendeStadBataviainhetJaar1667[MapoftheCastleandtheCityBataviainyear
1667](Map)(DenHaaged.).50rhijnlandscheroeden(inDutch).CartographybyJ.J.Bollee.G.B.Hooyer
andJ.W.Yzerman.1919.

Furtherreading
Batavia:QueenCityoftheEastG.Kolff&Company,1925
TheSocialWorldofBatavia:EuropeanandEurasianinDutchAsia
(https://books.google.com/books?
id=geKdIDLcUvUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Batavia&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAWoV
ChMIqKewjty8xwIVgiYeCh2ZTADd#v=onepage&q=Batavia&f=false)byJeanGelmanTaylor,
UniversityofWisconsinPress,January1,1983
TheArchivesoftheKongKoanofBatavia,editedbyLeonardBlusse,MenghongChen,Brill,
January1,2003accountsoftheChineseIndonesianexperienceinBatavia
JakartaBatavia:socioculturalessays(https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9067181390)C.D.
Grijns,P.Nas
Lombard,Denys.Lecarrefourjavanais.Essaid'histoireglobale
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