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Ann Periodontol
Periodontal Abscess
Huan Xin Meng*
* Beijing Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Periodontal Abscess
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Ann Periodontol
Meng
Pericoronal Abscess
The pericoronal abscess is a localized accumulation of
pus within the overlying gingival flap surrounding the
crown of an incompletely erupted tooth, usually occurring in the mandibular third molar area. The gingival
flap appears red and swollen. The infection may spread
posteriorly into the oropharyngeal area and medially
to the base of the tongue and involve the regional
lymph nodes. Patients usually have a history of pericoronitis and may experience difficulty in swallowing.
The severity of pericoronitis and development of
abscess formation have been associated with increasing proportions of Gram-negative anaerobic pathogens.39
Some patients may also have systemic symptoms such
as fever, leukocytosis, or malaise.1-3
DIAGNOSIS
Periodontal abscesses are the most common type of
abscesses involving the periodontium. A diagnosis of
periodontal abscess should be made after on overall
evaluation and interpretation of the patients chief complaint, medical/dental history, and clinical and radiographic examinations. A periodontal abscess is usually associated with pre-existing periodontitis. Drainage
of the pus may occur during periodontal probing or
without provocation. Most periodontal abscesses occur
interstitially,7 but they do not always drain on the same
surface of the root on which the pocket is present. For
instance, a pocket on the facial surface may give rise
to a periodontal abscess interproximally.1-3 Radiographs and assessment of pulp status may provide
additional information relative to the etiology of the
swelling.4 The percentage of spirochetes as seen by
darkfield microscopy may be of value.16,40
CONCLUSION
A periodontal abscess is a localized purulent infection
of periodontal tissues and can be a common clinical
finding among patients with moderate to advanced periodontitis. The microorganisms in periodontal abscesses
are primarily Gram-negative anaerobic rods, and are
similar to bacteria detected in deep periodontal pockets. However, no specific microorganism has been found
in periodontal abscesses. Several factors are associated with the formation of the acute abscess, including occlusion of the orifice of a deep periodontal pocket,
systemic antibiotic therapy in the absence of periodontal
treatment, and poorly controlled diabetes. The diagnosis of a periodontal abscess is based on information
from patient history and clinical and radiographic examinations. The periodontal abscess needs to be differentiated from gingival abscess and periapical abscesses.
If the abscess is limited to marginal gingiva or interdental papilla with no previous disease, and a foreign
material or trauma exists, the lesion is likely to be a gingival abscess. If the abscessed tooth is nonvital, the
lesion is most likely a periapical abscess. According to
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23. Fleming P, Strawbridge J. Lateral periodontal abscess in
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24. Fuss Z, Bender IB, Rickoff BD. An unusual periodontal
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27. Goldman HM, Cohen DW. Characteristics of periodontal diseases. In: Goldman HM, Cohen DW, eds. Periodontal Therapy, 5th ed. St Louis: C.V. Mosby; 1973:74.
28. Yang BQ. Analysis of bacterial cultures from 40 cases
of periodontal abscess and their drug sensitivity (in Chinese). Chung Hua Kou Chiang Hsueh Tsa Chih 1987;22:
327-328, 369.
29. Chace R, Low SB. Survival characteristics of periodontally-involved teeth: A 40-year study. J Periodontol 1993;
64:701-705.
30. Helovuo H, Hakkarainen K, Paunio K. Changes in the
prevalence of subgingival enteric rods, staphylococci
and yeasts after treatment with penicillin and erythromycin. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1993;8:75-79.
31. Ueta E Osaki T, Yoneda K, Yamamoto T. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in odontogenic infections and
oral candidiasis: an analysis of neutrophil suppression.
J Oral Pathol Med 1993;22:168-174
32. Lalla E, Lamster IB, Schmidt AM. Enhanced interaction
of advanced glycation end products with their cellular
receptor RAGE: Implications for the pathogenesis of
accelerated periodontal disease in diabetes. Ann Periodontol 1998;3:13-19.
33. Brownlee M. Glycation products and the pathogenesis of
diabetic complications. Diabetes Care 1992;15:1835-1843.
34. Schmidt AM, Weidman E, Lalla E, et al. Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) induce oxidant stress in the
gingiva: A potential mechanism underlying accelerated
periodontal disease associated with diabetes. J Periodont
Res 1996;31:508-515.
35. Abrams H, Cunningham CJ, Lee SB. Periodontal
changes following coronal/root perforation and formocresol pulpotomy. J Endod 1992;18:399-402
36. Croft LK. Periodontal abscess from enamel pearl. Oral
Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1971;32:154.
37. Chen R-J, Yang J-F, Chao T-C. Invaginated tooth associated with periodontal abscess. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral
Pathol 1990;69:659.
38. Meng H-X. Periodontic-endodontic lesions. Ann Peridontol 1999;4:84-89.
39. Mombelli A, Buser D, Lang NP, Berthold H. Suspected
periodontopathogens in erupting third molar sites of periodontally healthy individuals. J Clin Periodontol 1990;17:
48-54.
40. el-Sayed JM, Zahran FM. A bacteriologic aid in the differential diagnosis of periapical and periodontal abscesses.
Egypt Dent J 1995;41:1007-1012.
Send reprint requests to: Dr. Huan Xin Meng, Beijing Medical University, School of Stomatology, Weigongcun, Haidian
District, Beijing 100081 China. Fax: 86-10-6217-3402; email: hxmeng@public.east.cn.net