IC 241: Materials Science for Engineers

Dr. Viswanath Balakrishnan

IIT Mandi

Course Overview & Introduction

Module - I

Lecture I
Feb 16, 2016

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Todays agenda

Surprise quiz (not for credit 4 slides)

Some advice on taking this course (Policy)
Learning objective of the course
Course Outline (Contents and Evaluation)
What is materials science?
Why it is important?
Video

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Materials Science for Engineers

(IC course)
What is Materials Science?
Why Materials Science for
Computer Engineers?
Electrical Engineers?

Mechanical Engineers?
I ask for 3 hours per week and I will make sure that you enjoy and benefit from
this course -----It will be useful whatever you do in the future!
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Are you familiar with these?

- Atoms/ Periodic Table
- Bonding
- Amorphous, Polycrystals, Single crystals
- Crystal structures, planes, direction
- Defects in crystals
- Metals, Ceramics, Polymers, Composites
- Electrical properties of metals & semiconductors
- Mechanical properties, Thermal Properties
- Nanomaterials, Superconductors, Energy
efficient materials/devices
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Are you familiar with these?

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What materials you choose to make a car?

Steel?

Plastics?

Glass?
Wood?

It may look obviousBut WHY certain materials

behave in certain fashion?
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About Class ..
Time:

Tuesday : 10 am
Wednesday : 8 am
Friday : 9 am

Teaching Assistants: Pawan Kumar, Ankita Mathur, Piyush

Practical aspects/demos: 4 classes
Office hours:

at least three 2 hour sessions in the

semester for any doubts/clarifications

Your participation in class room is very important. Do not

live in silence, ask questions and participate in discussions.
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Learning outcomes of IC 241

YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO
Explain the principles of science and engineering in application of materials

Analyze the structure, microstructure of materials

Construct the phase diagrams of industrially important materials
Correlate the structure, processing and properties of materials
Plot and describe the stress-strain diagrams of materials
Explain electrical properties of materials
Describe how the size affect the properties of materials
Identify and decide the material selection for a given application
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Course Materials:
1. Textbooks:
- Materials Science and Engineering - An Introduction by
William D. Callister
- Materials Science and Engineering - First Course by
V. Raghavan
2. Online materials
- Online course materials, videos etc
3. Research articles in journals
- Authentic articles of some of the concepts/fields
- Review articles on applications
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Evaluation
Assignments (Expt-1 & report + Expt- 2 & report)------( 5 + 5)

- Quiz (2+1) ---------------------------------------------(20+ 20 + 50)

- Class attendance -----( around 90%)------No marks but
important and useful to get better learning & grades!
Absent (medical/other emergency) will be dealt individually.
Academic success is directly proportional to time dedicated
My goal is to make you learn the subject and score high
grades in this course .

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Materials Science Let us see the video and discuss it further tomorrow

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Announcements:

Class Representatives for 3 branches

1.
2.
3.
4.

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B. Tech (Computer) ------ Harshit 314

B. Tech (Electrical)---------Akshy - 240
B. tech (Mechanical) -----Padam- 327
Neha (Computer) --------Neha- 113

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Lecture II & III

Feb 17 & Feb 19, 2016
Learning Outcome (Today)
- Explain Materials Science and Engineering
- Classify and describe different materials
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What is Materials Science & Engineering?

Material science is the discipline investigating the relationships that exist

between the structures and properties of materials.

Material Engineering is the discipline of designing or engineering the

structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties based on
established structure-property correlation.
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Materials Science and Engineering

Processing means different ways for shaping materials into
useful components or changing their properties.
Structure means a description of the arrangements of atoms
or ions in a material. This could also include
- Electronic Structure
- Crystal Structure
- Microstructure
Composition means the chemical make-up of a material.
Synthesis is the process by which materials are made from
naturally occurring or other chemicals
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Tetrahedron of Materials Science

2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning

Application of the tetrahedron of materials science and engineering to

sheet steels for automotive chassis. Note that the microstructuresynthesis and processing-composition are all interconnected and
affect the performance-to-cost ratio
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Historical Perspective
Materials impacted to the human civilization to great extent

Stone
Stone, wood, clay,
Bone, skins, etc

Bronze
Cu- Sn alloy

Iron Advanced
Materials?
Fe and Steel

This is not just the material evolution but the result of massive
technological development and hardship of millions
Think of bronze coin of Rs 1/What are the things required to make one?
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Why change materials?

Example : Mechanical behavior

High Strength & Low weight

Performance
Cost
The requirements are keep changing
and materials engineering become
important to address the modern
needs and challenges.
- Energy
- Environmental
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Classification of Materials
(6 materials that changed the world)
Metals and Alloys (Crystalline, Metallic Bonding)
Ceramics (Crystalline, Ionic Bonding, Partially Covalent)
Glasses (Non crystalline, Ionic Bonding)
Polymers (plastics), Thermoplastics and Thermosets
(Non crystalline, Covalent and weak van der Waals bonding)
Semiconductors (Crystalline, Covalent Bonding)
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Composite Materials (Mixture of above materials)

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Introducing Metals
Metallic Materials have :
1). High strength and
formability
2). Ductility (plastic
deformation)

Suspension bridge
(Steel)

Most of the bridges and

high rising buildings are
constructed with steels.

Golden Gate Bridge, connecting San Francisco and Martin

County, opened on May 27, 1937, as the longest suspension
bridge of 2,737 meters.
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Introduction to Materials for Engineers, F. Shackelford

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The length between towers :800m

World 5th longest cabled bridge

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Incheon Bridge (6 lanes) : Songdo , South Korea

Total length : 21.38, Length over the sea : 12.12

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Periodic table of the elements. Those elements that are

inherently metallic in nature are shown in color

The shaded elements are inherently metallic and basis for the
various engineering alloys, from Fe, Al, Mg, Ti, Ni, Zn, Cu and etc.

Introducing Ceramics
Metal oxides, MxOy, are called
ceramics
. Chemically stable
Refractory
}
. Very high melting point
. high strength but very brittle
Used in high temperature, corrosive
environments, various furnaces, chemical
processing systems.
Example : Al2O3 (alumina), Mpt. = 2020oC,
transparent, becomes translucent with impurity.

Miscellaneous with characteristic

resistance to damage by high
temperatures and corrosive environments
are used in a variety of furnaces and
chemical processing systems.

Can ceramics be used for engine in

replace of metal? Ceramics are eliminated
from structural use because of its severe
brittleness.

Ceramic compounds indicated by a combination of metallic

elements with nonmetallic elements
Metallic Elements

Nonmetallic ceramic
forming elements

Ceramics are usually oxides. However, silicon nitride (Si3N4) is an important nonoxide ceramic
used in a variety of structural applications. Some ceramics are chemical compounds made up of
one of the five nonmetallic materials, C, N, O, P or S. Very many variety of ceramic materials can
be formed. (C, N, P, S are forming none-oxide ceramics with metallic elements.)
(Here Si and Ge are included as metallic elements in this classification, because they form ceramics.)

Introducing Glasses
Schematic comparison of the atomic-scale
structure of (a) a ceramic (crystalline) and
(b) a glass (noncrystalline).

Crystalline ceramics

Different from metals and ceramics,

glasses are noncrystalline materials.

Noncrystalline glass

(Nonmetal atom : o, metal atom : )

Glasses continued
The general term for noncrystalline
solids with composition comparable
to those of crystalline ceramics is
GLASS.
Most common glasses are silicates;
ordinary window glass is
approximately 72% silica (Si02) by
weight, with the balance of materials
being primarily sodium oxide (Na2O)
and calcium oxide (CaO).

Some common silicate glasses for

engineering applications. (Transparent
and chemically stable)

Properties : transmit visible light as

well as ultraviolet and infrared
radiation, chemical inertness, and
brittleness.

Optical Fibers (glass)

A major revolution in the field of telecommunication has occurred with
the transition from traditional metal cable to optical glass fibers.

Digital data can be transmitted as laser

light pulses rather than as the electrical
signals used in copper cables.

Glass fibers are excellent examples of

PHOTONIC MATERIALS, in which signal
transmission occurs by photons rather than
by the electrons of electronic materials.
The small cable on the right contains 144 glass
fibers and can carry more than three times as
many telephone conversations as the traditional
(and much larger) copper-wire cable on the left.

Introducing Polymers
Polymers brought major impact of modern
engineering technology on everyday life.
Plastics is an alternative name of polymers
because of their extensive formability
during fabrication.
Polymers are long-chain molecules
composed of many (100s, 1,000s etc)
mers bonded together.

Engineered polymers are typically

inexpensive and are characterized by
ease of formation and adequate
structural properties.

Polymer is very attractive with its

lightweight and low-cost.

Periodic table with the elements associated

with commercial polymers in color.

Small number of elements (6 elements) are involved for the formation of

commercial polymers and most of polymers are simply compounds of
hydrogen and carbon. Some other polymers contain oxygen (e.g., acrylics),
nitrogen (nylon), fluorine (fluoroplastics) and silicon (silicones).

Polymers (Nylon)
Nylon is a member of the family of
synthetic polymers known as polyamides
invented in 1935 at the DuPont Co.
Nylon was the first commercially successful
polymer and was initially used as bristles in
toothbrushes (1938) followed by the highly
popular use as an alternative to silk
stockings (1940), and nylon became the
focus of an intensive effort during the early
stages of WWII to replace the diminishing
supply of Asian silk for parachutes and
other military supplies. (beginning of
INSTRON)
Since its development during W W II, nylon
fabric remains the most popular material of
choice for parachute designs.

Introducing Composites
Composites are another set of materials made up of some combination of individual
materials from the previous categories materials with their own bonding characteristics.

Examples include helmet, tire, bullet proof,

bone etc
The excellent example is fiberglass, the
composite of glass fibers embedded in a
polymer matrix.
Characteristic of good composites is
producing a product that is superior to
either of the components separately.
It has both high strength and excellent
flexibility.
Example of a fiberglass composite
composed of microscopic-scale
reinforcing glass fibers in a polymer
matrix.

Kevlar reinforcement is a popular application in modern highperformance tires. In this case, the durability of sidewall reinforcement
is tested along concrete ridges at a proving ground track.

Composites
continued
Kevlar fiber
reinforcements provide
significant advances
over traditional fibers
for polymer-matrix
composites.

Kevlar is a DuPont trade name for poly p-phenyleneterephthalamide (PPD-T), a

para-aramid fiber. Also, at the same time, substantial progress has been made in
developing new polymer matrices, such as PEEK and PPS which have the
advantages of increased toughness and recyclability. Therefore, Kevlar-reinforced
polymers to be composites are used in pressure vessels and tires.
The strength-to-weight ratio of Kevlar is five times higher than that of
structural steels.

Announcements
- Forming groups for assignments/activities
- Attendance Proxy is forbidden
- Minute Paper
Things you liked most (clear)
Things you didnt like (not clear)
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Lecture 4
Feb 23, 2016
Learning Outcome
- Semiconductors
- Advanced Materials with Applications

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Introducing Semiconductors
Electrical conductivity falls in between the metals and insulators

Periodic table with the elemental semiconductors in dark color (Si, Ge, Sn) & those
elements that form semiconducting compounds in light color. The semiconducting
compounds are composed of pairs of elements from columns III and V (e.g., GaAs) or
from columns II and VI (e.g., CdS).

(a) Typical microcircuit containing a complex

array of semiconducting regions.
(Micrograph courtesy of Intel Corporation)

(b) A microscopic cross section of a single

circuit element in (a)

Evolution of computers

Second generation was 1959-1965

Use of transistors

Third generation was 1965-1971

IC used
1946-1959 First Generation
Vacuum tube technology

Fourth generation was 1971-1980

VLSI technology used
Fifth Generation, 1980-onwards

Over 10,000 vacuum tubes occupied

Around 93 square meters of space
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ULSI microprocessor based

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- Over 7500 citations

- 4 data points

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Computer will be sold in shops!

This may look obvious but it was in 1965 ; around 20 year

before the commercial PC available in market (1984)
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CdSe Quantum dots

(Semiconductor)

Emission colors based on

size (varied from 1 10 nm)
Photoluminescence spectra
Of CdSe quantum dots
Materials 2010, 3, 2260-2345
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Application of Quantum dots

(Semiconductors)

Photovoltaic solar cells

Bio imaging
QD-LEDs, color display
Photodetector

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Advanced Materials
Materials that are utilized in high-technology (or high-tech) applications are
sometimes termed advanced materials.
High Technology (CD, Computers, fiber optics, space craft, lasers, IC, magnetic
storage, LCD, LED etc)

- Nanomaterials (Quantum dots, Catalysis)

- Smart Materials (Shape memory alloys, Functional surfaces)
- Biomaterials
- Energy Materials
Energy efficient & Environment friendly materials
are the need of the present and future
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Smart Materials
Sense changes in their environments and then respond
to these changes in predetermined manners

Smart Surfaces
Properties can be
significantly changed in
a controlled fashion by
external stimuli, such as

Components :
Sensors, Actuators

Materials :
Shape memory alloys
Piezoelectric ceramics
Magnetostrictive
materials
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Stress,
Temperature,
Moisture,
pH,
Electric or Magnetic
fields.

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