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WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
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20M
2M
1M
1M
Active components
Electronic Tube
Semiconductor Device
Diode
transistor
FET
Passive components
Resistors
b) Draw symbol of JFET (n-channel)
Ans: symbol of JFET (n-channel)
capacitor
inductors
2M
WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
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2M
2M
WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
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Junction FET
n-channel FET
2M
MOSFET
P-channel FET
i) Draw symbol of
1) Zener diode
2) LED
Ans:
Zener diode:
2M
(1M each)
LED:
2M
Integrated circuit
Classification based on
active devise
Bipolar Ics
Unipolar Ics
Classification based on
application devise
Linear or
Analog Ics
OP - AMP
Comparator
Digital or
nonlinear Ics
Logic gate
counter
Flip flop
Classification based on
technology
Hybrid
Technology
Monolithic
technology
Bipolar
Unipolar
JFET
MOSFET
3
WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
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2M
Resistors
Linear register
Fixed
Register
Carbon
Wire
Metal
Composition wound film
nonlinear register
variable
Register
potentiometer trimmers
thermistor
LDR
varistor
rheostats
WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
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c) Explain the experimental set up for obtaining the input and output characteristics of NPN
transistor in CE configuration.
4M
ans:
(2 marks for diagram & 1 marks for input and 1 mark for output)
WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
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R1, R2, RE and capacitor CE form the DC biasing and stabilization. VCC is the dc power supply.
primary winding induces the AC signal in the secondary winding which couples this AC output signal
directly to the base of next stage. Hence it is given the name transformer coupled.
e) Draw symbol of varactor diode and describe its operating principle.
Ans:
(2 marks for symbol, 2 marks for working principle)
4M
OR
Working principle:
The varactor , or varicap is a diode that exhibits the characteristics of a variable capacitor. The depletion
region at the p-n junction acts as the dielectric and plates of a common capacitor and is caused to expand
and contract by the voltage applied to the diode. This action increases and decreases the capacitance. The
schematic symbol for the varactor is shown beside. Varactors are used in tuning circuits and can be used
as high-frequency amplifiers.
f) Explain operating principle of crystal oscillator with neat diagram.
ans:
4M
Some crystals found in nature exhibit the piezoelectric effect. When an alternating voltage is applied
across them, vibrate at the frequency of the applied voltage so that conversely if they are forced to
mechanically vibrate, generating an alternating voltage of the same frequency. The main substances that
cause the piezoelectric effect are quartz, rochelle salts and tourmaline.
The crystal is connected here in the circuit as a series element in the feedback path from the collector to
the base. R1 R2 RE provides the necessary dc bias.
WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
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Active components
Electronic tubes
Diodes
Passive components
Semiconductor device
transistor
Resistor
capacitor
inductor
JFET
1M
Passive components: the Passive components is one which does not introduce any gain
1M
b) Draw VI characteristics of zener diode & mark portion used for obtaining constant voltage. 4M
Ans: VI characteristics of zener diode:
WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
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2M
4M
IC = dc IE + ICBO
2M
2M
WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
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PN junction diode
LED
Material used
Silicon , Germanium
b) Explain the working of bridge rectifier with circuit diagram and waveforms.
Ans:
(1m for waveform, 1m for working, 2m for ckt)
WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
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1)
2)
3)
4)
In this circuit four diodes are used which form a bridge, an ordinary transformer is used.
In the +ve half cycle D1, D4 hence current flows through D1, RL and D4 .
In the ve half cycle D2, D3 hence current flows through D1, RL and D4 .
In both the cases current passes through the load resistor in the same direction.
4M
1)
2)
3)
4)
Base emitter junction is forward biased and base collector is reverse biased.
The emitter is common and base is the input terminal, collector is the output terminal.
IE = IB + IC basic equation of transistor.
The holes from emitter are repelled and they move towards the base. Base is lightly doped and
they get attracted by collector which is reverse biased.
5) The current gain for CE mode is = Ic/Ib
d) Draw two stage RC coupled amplifier and explain its working.
Ans:
4M
(2m for ckt, 2m for working)
10
WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
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1) In this method the AC voltage signal developed across the collector load of each stage is coupled
through the capacitor to the base of next stage.
2) The second stage further amplifies this signal.
3) In this way the cascaded stages amplify the signal and overall gain is increased.
4) R1, R2, R1`, R2`, RE, RE` and capacitor CE CE` form the DC biasing and stabilization. VCC is
the dc power supply.
e) Draw the circuit diagram of CLC filter and explain function of each block
4M
Ans:
(2m for ckt, 2m for working)
1)
2)
3)
4)
The pulsating output from the rectifier is applied at the input of CLC filter.
It consists of two parts: shunt capacitor filler C1 and LC filter C2.
The rectifier output first charges the capacitor C1 to the peak value of the rectifier output.
The capacitor tends to hold the charge between successive peaks discharging slowly through L and
RL.
5) The remaining output fluctuations are opposed by the series choke and bypassed to ground through
C2.
f) Draw circuit diagram of direct coupled amplifier and explain its working
4M
Ans:
(2 marks for ckt, 2 marks for working)
1)
2)
3)
4)
11
WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
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5.
b) Differentiate between HWR and FWR depending on any four points of the following:
Ans:
(marks as given in table below)
Sr. No.
Parameters
Half Wave
Full Wave Rectifier
Rectifier
Centre tapped
Bridge
DC Load Current
(i)- mark
or (0.138 Im)
or (0.636 Im)
or
(Idc)
(0.636
Im)
RMS Load Current
(ii)- mark
(iii)- mark
DC Load Power
Im2/
(iv)- mark
(v)- 1 mark
Ripple Factor
Ripple Frequency
1.21
Fin or 50Hz
0.482
2Fin or 100Hz
(vi)- 1 mark
PIV
Vm
2Vm
*RL
4Im2/
*RL
4Im2/ 2
*RL
0.482
2Fin
or
100 Hz
Vm
12
WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
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c) Explain with the help of waveforms operation of Astable Multivibrator using NPN transistor.
Ans:
13
WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
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Circuit Operation:
It is also called as free running relaxation oscillator and is commonly used to generate square
wave.
When DC power supply VCC is switched ON (say at t=0) one of the transistor will start conducting
more than other due to some imbalance in the circuit.
Assume Q1 starts conducting more than that of Q2. Then because of positive feedback transistor
Q1 will be driven in to saturation and transistor Q2 to cut-off.
At t>0, VB1=VBE (sat) and VC1=VCE (sat), VB1 is negative and VC2=VCC.
During time t>0 the capacitor C1 charges towards Vcc through R1. Since the base of Q2 is directly
connected to capacitor C1 as shown in Fig. (a) Therefore Vb1 also increases exponentially towards
Vcc.
As soon as Vb2 increases above cut in voltage Q2 starts conducting. It occurs at t=t1. As the Q2
goes in to saturation, its collector voltage VC2 falls to VCE (sat). The fall in voltage VC2 causes an
equal fall in voltage VB1 and cut-off Q1 and hence voltage Vc1 rises towards Vcc.
At t>t1, VB2=VBE (sat) and VC1=VCC, VB1 is negative and VC2=VCE (sat).
During time t>t1 when Q1 is OFF and Q2 is ON the voltage VB1 rises exponentially.
d) Explain formation of Depletion layer in P-N junction of a diode with neat sketch
Ans:
(2 marks for diagram and 2 marks for Explanation)
At the instant P-N junction formation, the free electrons near the junction in the N- region begin to
diffuse across the junction in to P- region where they combine with holes near the junction.
The result is that N-region loses free electrons this creates a layer of positive charges (pantavalent
ions) near the junction.
The P-region loses holes and the result that there is a negative charges (trivalent ions near the
junction.
The shaded region on both sides of the junction in Fig. below contains only immobile ions and no
free charge carriers such as electrons or holes.
In other words this region is depleted of free charge carriers. Therefore region is called as
depletion region.
Once P-N junction is formed and depletion layer is created the diffusion of free electrons stops.
The positive and negative charges set an electric field
14
WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
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e) Draw neat circuit diagram of transformer coupled amplifier and give its two applications.
Ans:
(2 marks for circuit diagram, 2 marks for any two applications)
Applications:
Transformer coupling is mostly employed for impedance matching.
It is used as final stage. It is used to transfer power to the low impedance lad such as loudspeaker.
For amplification of radio frequency (RF) signal.
In power amplifiers.
f) Explain operating principle of Schottky diode and state its two applications.
Ans:
(1 mark for diagram, 1 mark for principle, 2 marks for any two applications).
When the metal and semiconductor are joined together to form the junction, the electrons in the Ntype material will immediately flow into adjoining metal.
Since injected carriers have very high kinetic energy compared to the electrons of the metal they
are called as hot carriers.
Electrons are injected in to a region (metal) where electrons only are the majority carriers.
The heavy flow of electrons in to metal creates region near the junction surface which is depleted
of carriers.
This is similar to depletion region.
15
WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
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When forward bias voltage is applied the strength of the negative barriers (depletion region) will
reduce.
Due to this, a heavy flow of electrons across the junction will begin.
Applications:
To rectify very high frequency (above 300 MHz) signal.
As a switching device in digital computer.
In clipping and clamping circuit.
In mixing and detecting circuits used in communication systems.
In low power schottky Transistor-Transistor Logic (schottky TTL) circuits.
In low voltage power supply circuits.
6.
Widening of depletion region: due to movement of electrons and holes away from the junction width
of depletion region increases.
Increase in barrier potential: due to more number of ions present opposite side the barrier potential
will increase.
The increased potential barrier prevents the flow of charge carriers across the junction and hence
current does not flows.
16
WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
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b) Draw the block diagram of regulated power supply and explain function of each block.
Ans:
(2 marks for diagram and 2 marks for function of each block)
A D.C. regulated power supply which maintains the output voltage constant irrespective of a.c. mains
fluctuations or load variations is known as regulated D.C. power supply.
Input Step down transformer: Step down transformer decreases the input voltage of 230 V A.C. in to
suitable voltage handled by the next stages of rectifier, filter and voltage regulators.
Rectifier: The bridge rectifier converts the transformer secondary A.C. voltage in to pulsating D.C.
voltage.
Filter: The shunt capacitor filter reduced the pulsation in the rectifier D.C. voltage. Filter converts
pulsating D.C. in to pure D.C.
Voltage regulator: It reduces the variations in the filtered output voltages. It keeps output voltage
nearly constant weather the load current changes or there is change in input A.C. voltage.
c) Explain thermal runaway phenomenon in a BJT.
Ans:
(2 marks for diagram and 2 marks for explanation)
+1)
The collector leakage current ICBO is dependent on temperature. The flow of collector current
produces heat in transistor.
This raises transistor temperature and if no stabilization is done, the collector leakage current ICBO
also increases.
It is clear from the above equation the if ICBO increases, the collector current Ic increases.
The increased Ic will raise the temperature of transistor which in turn will cause ICBO to increase.
This effect is cumulative and in a matter of seconds the Ic may become very large causing transistor to
burn out.
The self-destruction of unsterilized transistor is known as thermal runaway.
17
WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
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Operation:
When Vcc supply is switched ON one of the transistor will start conducting more than the other then
because of feedback action, this transistor will be driven into saturation and the other to cut-off.
Assume that Q1 is ON and Q2 is OFF. It is a stable state of circuit.
A negative pulse applied to set input will turn OFF the transistor Q1 and Q2 switches ON.
Suppose positive pulse is applied at the reset input. It will cause Q2 to conduct. As Q2 conducts its
collector voltage falls and it cut-offs Q1. This Q1 is OFF and Q2 is ON.
Now if positive pulse is applied at the set input, it will switch the circuit back to its original stable state
i.e. Q1 is ON and Q2 is OFF.
e) Explain working of N-channel JFET.
Ans:
(2 marks for diagram and 2 marks for explanation)
When a voltage is applied between the drain and source with a dc supply voltage (VDD) the electrons
flows from source to drain through the narrow channel existing between the depletion regions.
This constitutes ID and direction is from drain to source.
The value of drain current is maximum, when no external voltage is applied between gate and source
and is designated by IDSS.
18
WINTER 13 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
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When VGS is applied as shown in Fig. (a), the reverse biased at gate-source junction is increased.
As a result of this, the depletion regions are widened. This reduces effective width of the channel and
hence reduces ID.
When VGS is increased further, a stage is reached at which two depletion regions touch each other as
shown in Fig. (b).
At this VGS the channel is completely blocked or pinched off and ID is reduced to zero.
The gate-source voltage (VGS) at which the drain current is zero is called pinch off voltage.
f) Calculate VDC and current IDC flowing through 100 resistor connected to 240v supply through
HWR.
Ans:
(Marks distribution as given below)
Given Data:
1)
(1 mark)
2)
(1 mark)
3)
(1 mark)
4)
(1 mark)
19