Absorption

(Fig. 10.6-5 or 10.6-6)

contact with complete phase separation Leaching generally refers to the
It is used for counter current extraction
5. Calculate GG from capacity
only at
following the immersion method. The
removal of a substance from a solid Leaching by Percolation Through
parameter (this is at flooding)
the exits from the unit.
Moving bed :
solid material is transported by the
via a liquid extraction media.
6. Using suitable % of GG at flooding
Series of perforated baskets, arranged as mixer on the tray until it reaches the

The process may

for actual GG (typically 50-70%,
The advantages of stage type contactors
open sector where the solid material
in a bucket elevator
be used either for
but varies). Determie GL.
include simplicity of
falls down on the next tray. The screw
the production of a Solid is fed into top basket on the
When Liquid-liquid extraction is carried design, no axial mixing, and high stage
7. Calculate cross sectional area of
conveyor at the outlet withdraws the
concentrated
downward side and is discharged
out in a test tube or flask the
tower from GG and total gas
efficiency.
extracted solid material (underflow) and
solution of a
from the top basket on the upward
two immiscible phases are shaken
Flowrate
These units are large and bulky due to
prevents the flowing out of the solution
valuable solid
side
together to allow molecules to
separation performed after each stage.
material,or
Solvent sprayed on to the solid which is from the extractor.
partition (dissolve) into the preferred
in order to remove an insoluble
about to be discarded, and passes
solvent phase.
In differential extractors, the two phases solid ,such as a pigment ,from a
Supercritical Fluid Extraction ;
downwards
are always in
soluble material with which it is
Solvent is finally allowed to flow down Lower viscosity than liquid
continuous contact. Differential
contaminated.
through the remaining baskets in co- Gas like permeation of solid structures
extractors are compact and
3 Common Process in Leaching :
Higher density than gas
current flow
required minimal floor space.
(a) Dissolving the soluble constituent.
Higher solubility than gas
(b) Separating the solution, so formed,
The solid material is extracted
from the insoluble solid residue.
according to the immersion method. Replace Organic Solvents with water or
(c) Washing the solid residue in order to Screw conveyors are installed in the
CO2
free it of unwanted soluble matter or to extractor for transporting the solid
Substances easily degraded by heat can
obtain as much of the soluble material
Main Stages in LLE
material.
be extracted
as possible as the product.
(a) Bringing the feed mixture and the
Again the solvent flows counter
Non-toxic for use in food products
2 Main Categories of Leaching
solvent into
current to the solid materials through
Non-reactive and Non-flammable
Percolation :"Liquid Added to Solids"
intimate contact,
the extractor.
Environmentally safe
The solvent is contacted with the solid
(b) Separation of the resulting two
Reduce post processing steps
in a continuous
phases
Batch plant for extraction of oil
or
batch
method.
This
method
is
The initial capital cost is higher ->high
(c) Removal and recovery of the solvent
from seeds :
What is the goal of absorption or
popular for in-place ore leaching or
from each
stripping operations?
Consists of a vertical cylindrical vessel pressure equipments
large scale leaching. Popular for
phase.
Maximum extraction with 100%
divided into two sections by
extreme amounts of solids.
After Extraction Process :
efficiency (i.e. actual # of stages =
slanting partition.
Dispersed Solids : "Solids Added to
It is possible to combine stages (a) and
theoretical)
Upper section is filled with the charge Change Conditions to alter Phase
Liquid-Liquid Extraction &
Liquid"
(b) into
High throughput (low residence time)
Behavior
of seeds which is sprayed with
Leaching
The solids are usually crushed into
Smallest and simplest possible system
Reduce Solubility by lowering the
fresh solvent via a distributor
What is Liquid-liquid extraction (or a single piece of equipment such as a
small pieces before being contacted
column which is then operated
(low capital)
pressure
solvent
Solvent
percolates
into
the
bed
of
solids
2 jenis mixer-settler :
with solvents. This is a popular
continuously.
Equilibrium Phase comes out of
extraction)?
and drains into the lower
a) Separate mixer-settler
leaching method when an especially
How do we accomplish this?
The separation of the components of a
solution
compartment
(b) Combined mixer-settler
high recovery rate
Reasons of using LLE Process
Choose the right absorbing (liquid) or
liquid
can economically justify the typically
stripping (gas) phase
mixture by treatment with a solvent in Low relative volatility (< 1:3)
Common
Application :
Dispersed
Solid
Leaching
:
higher operating
(equilibrium and immiscibility)
Removal of a nonvolatile component
which
Decaffeination of coffee and tea.
Solids that form impermeable beds,
cost (Ex/ gold extraction).
Optimize column diameter and height
one or more of the desired components High heat of vaporization
either
before
or
during
leaching
,
are
Spice
extraction.
Leaching by Percolation Through
Maximize contact area/volume within Flooding pressure drop given by:
is
treated
Thermally-sensitive components
Deodorizations of oils and fats.
Stationary Solid beds :
How to calculate limiting flow rates preferentially soluble.
column WITHOUT flooding
Dilute concentrations
Extraction of vegetable oil from seeds
Is done in a tank with a perforated false by dispersing them in the solvent by
the column or making it unreasonably and column diameter
Two streams result from this contact: Classification of LLE Equipment
mechanical agitation in a tank or flow
andgrains
bottom
to
support
the
solids
and
1. Select a suitable packing material
slow
a) Extract is the solvent rich solution (a) stage-wise contactors, in which the
mixer.The leached residue is then
permit
drainage
of
the
solvent.
Antioxidants from plant materials
with Fp (random or structured)
containing the desired extracted solute.
separate from the strong solution by
Solids are loaded into the tank,sprayed
2. Select a suitable GL/GG ratio and a b) Raffinate is the residual feed solution equipment includes a series of physical
Denicotination
of tobacco
settling or filtration. Small quantities
stages in which the phases are mixed
total gas flowrate
with solvent until their solute content can be leached batchwise in this way in Extractions of herbal medicine
What is Leaching?
containing little solute.
and separated
3. Calculate Pflood
is reduced.
LLE Principle
an agitated vessel with a bottom
(b) differential contactors, in which the
4. Calculate capacity (i.e. flow)
drawoff for settled residue.
phases are continuously brought into
parameter at Pflood from correlation
Common
assumptions:
Dilute and immiscible gas-liquid
phases L and V streams are
constant from stage to stage
Concentrated or miscible L and V
streams can increase or
decrease from stage to stage
How will this affect the number of
theoretical stages?
Are the analytical equations still
valid?