ENERGY EFFICIENT LIGHTING

PRESENTATION PREPARED AND

PRESENTED BY:

ENGR. ARTHUR A. LOPEZ

2000 IIEE National President,
Incumbent IIEE Foundation President &
General Manager, EAGLEngineering Solutions
Corporation

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BACKGROUND:
IIEE PUBLISHED 2 MANUALS ON EFFICIENT LIGHTING.
THE FIRST WAS DEVELOPED IN COOPERATION WITH ELI
AND THE WB-GEF AND CAME OUT IN 2001
THE SECOND WHICH WAS BASICALLY THE 2nd EDITION
OF THE FIRST MANUAL WAS DEVELOPED IN
COOPERATION WITH DOE AND UNDP UNDER THE
PELMAT PROJECT AND CAME OUT IN 2007

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BACKGROUND:
THE MAJOR OBJECTIVE OF THE 2 MANUALS IS TO
REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS COMING
FROM THE ELECTRICITY SECTORS BY CREATING AND
ACCELERATING DEMAND FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT
LIGHTING PRODUCTS

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DEFINITION OF TERMS
LUMINOUS FLUX (F) is the light output of a light
source. Lumen (lm)
LUMINOUS INTENSITY (I) is the measure of light
output in a specified direction. Candela (cd)
ILLUMINANCE (E) is a measure of the amount of
light falling on a surface. It is the average
illumination of a surface. Lux (lx) = lm/m2
LUMINANCE (L) is the brightness of an
illuminated or luminous surface as perceived by
the human eye. cd/m2

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DEFINITION OF TERMS
LUMINOUS EFFICACY (h) the efficiency with
which the electrical power consumed is converted
into light. lm/W
LUMINAIRE EFFICIENCY the ratio between the
luminous flux emitted by the luminaire and the
luminous flux of the lamp (or lamps) installed in
the luminaire

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DEFINITION OF TERMS
COLOR RENDERING the general expression for the
effect of the light source on the color appearance of
objects in conscious or subconscious comparison.
COLOR RENDERING INDEX (CRI) the measure of the
degree of color shift, which objects undergo when
illuminated by the light source. Values for common
light sources vary from 20 to 99. The higher the
number, the better the color rendering or color
appearance (i.e., less color shift or distortion occurs)

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DEFINITION OF TERMS
CORRELATED COLOR TEMPERATURE (CCT) the absolute
temperature (in degrees Kelvin) of the light source. This
indicates visual warmth or coolness. The chromacity of
general lighting lamps falls in the range of 2200 to 7500 K.
For interior lighting, the chromacity values of 4000 K and
above are usually described as cool. Around 3500 K, light
sources have a neutral appearance but, at 3000 K and
below, the lighting effect is usually judged as warm.
Hence, the lower the number, the warmer the light (more
red content) and the higher the number, the cooler is the
light (more blue content).

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COMMONLY USED TYPES OF LAMPS
INCANDESCENT LAMPS produce light by the
passage of an electric current through a filament,
which heats it to incandescence (e.g., tungsten
and tungsten-halogen)
ELECTRIC DISCHARGE LAMPS produce light by
the passage of an electric current through a vapor
or gas, initiating the discharge to fluoresce
Low Intensity Discharge (e.g., Fluorescent)
High Intensity Discharge (e.g., Mercury vapor,
Metal Halide, High & Low Pressure Sodium)

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FOR
MOST
OF
THE
COMMERCIAL,
INSTITUTIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS,
THE BULK OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION COMES
FROM:

AIRCONDITIONING & MOTORS 55% - 70%

LIGHTING
- 30% - 45%

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BACKGROUND:
ALTHOUGH LIGHTING ACCOUNTS ONLY FOR 30
TO 45% OF THE ENTIRE FACILITYS ENERGY
CONSUMPTION, IT IS USUALLY THE FIRST THING
WHERE ONE LOOKS FOR SAVINGS SINCE
CHANGES ARE USUALLY EASY, INEXPENSIVE
AND HAVE A QUICK PAYBACK PERIOD

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INCANDESCENT LAMPS although has

very good color rendering, are very
inefficient because for 100% of the
energy supplied, only 25% is converted
to light, while, the rest of the 75%
energy is converted to heat, which
makes it more of a heater than a light
source

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A high quality CFL can deliver the same

or even more brightness with only
about 25% of the energy needed by
the incandescent lamp. Furthermore,
the CFL has 8 times more operating life
than an incandescent lamp.

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CARBON FOOTPRINT
By replacing an incandescent light bulb with CFL,
you will be reducing about 230 kg. of CO2
(equivalent to 98 liters of gasoline) from the
environment a year for each bulb

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IN A FLUORESCENT LAMP, if we consider
the energy losses due to the various
conversions and transformations occurring
within the tube, we will discover that its
overall efficiency is only around 25%. But,
even with this, it is still 2 to 3 times
greater than the energy transformation
rate of an incandescent lamp.

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AGAIN, IN A FLUORESCENT LAMP, THE

KIND OF PHOSPHOR COATING WITHIN THE
TUBE CAN ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO BETTER
EFFICIENCIES, which is shown in the next
Table

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TRIPHOSPHOR lamps
HALOPHOSPHOR lamps.

has

longer

service

life

than

The higher luminous efficiency of the TRIPHOSPHOR lamp

guarantees from 23 to 30% more light than a HALOPHOSPHOR
lamp for the same power.
Furthermore, the decline in luminous flux (i.e., lumen
maintenance) of the TRIPHOSPHOR is tangibly lower than the
conventional HALOPHOSPHOR fluorescent lamps. After 12,000
hours of operation or more, the remaining luminous flux of
TRIPHOSPHOR is still equal to 90% of the original value, as
compared to only about 70% for a HALOPHOSPHOR
fluorescent lamp.
TRIPHOSPHOR lamps also has better color rendering.

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IN BUYING COMPACT OR LINEAR FLUORESCENT
LAMPS AND BALLASTS:
MAKE SURE THAT YOU LOOK FOR THE PS
(Local or Imported) OR AN ICC (Imported)
MARK SO THAT YOU WILL BE ASSURED OF ITS
SAFETY, AND
THE YELLOW LABEL SO YOU WILL BE ASSURED
OF ITS PERFORMANCE.

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ENERGY EFFICIENT BALLASTS
Poor quality electromagnetic ballast can account
for as high as 30% of the lamp and ballast total
energy consumption, while a good quality one
can account for only 15%.

An electronic ballast accounts for only 5-10%,

however, its cost can go as high as 6 to 10 times
that of an electromagnetic one.

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BALLAST CONSIDERATION
To attain optimum lamp and ballast operation
the lamp wattage should always match with
the ballast wattage rating.
Further, lamp wattage and lamp starting
requirement must always be matched to
ensure optimum lamp and ballast operation

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POWER QUALITY CONSIDERATIONS
Most magnetically-ballasted CFL lamps have a THD
between 15% and 25%
Most electronically-ballasted CFL lamps may have
a significantly higher THD
Distortion on the sinusoidal waveform may also be
associated with a reduced power factor
There is a presence of the 3rd (180 Hz) harmonics
in CFLs which may cause overheating on the
neutral line of 3-phase systems
But, generally, this is not a practical problem for
CFLs because of the relatively small size of the load
imposed by these lamps in proportion to the total
building load

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AMBIENT TEMPERATURE AND LAMP ORIENTATION
CONSIDERATIONS FOR CFLs
CFLs usually produce rated lumens at 25C with lamp
base up. However, their lumen outputs drop to 80% of
their rated lumens at 50C
On the other hand, under identical ambient
temperatures (25C), a CFL in a horizontal or base up
orientation will produce about 20% more lumens than a
lamp in a base down position

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NEWER LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES
Retrofit T5 Linear Fluorescent Lamps (LFL)
Advantages vs. Conventional T12 or T10 LFL
With built-in energy saving electronic ballasts
Relatively longer life up to about 50% more
Higher luminous flux output for some using triphosphor
coating
Higher efficacy, thereby, more energy saving saves
from 13 - 200% without sacrificing illumination level
depending on the kind of ballast and phosphor coating
of the existing lighting system

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NEWER LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES
Induction (Electrodeless) Lamps
Super long life can last up to several years of operation
Quick start
No Flicker
Auto restart
Higher efficacy, thereby, more energy saving saves as
much as 60% - 70% without sacrificing illumination level
Excellent color rendering (CRI: over 80)
Environment friendly due to very long replacement
period

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NEWER LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
Does not need color filters capable of emitting light of
an intended color
Focused light output. Does not require external
reflectors to focus the light
Extremely high reliability against mechanical shocks and
vibrations
Its casing is hard to break and extremely durable
Safer. Do not generate appreciable amounts of ultraviolet and infrared
Does not abruptly burn-out. Fails by dimming over time

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Light Emitting Diode (LED) (Continuation)
Extremely long operating hours 3 or 4 times as long as
linear fluorescent lamps and 45 times longer than
incandescent lamps
Gives off less heat than incandescent lamps with similar
light output
Lights up very quickly and will achieve full brightness in
approximately 0.01 seconds, which is 50 times faster
than a CFL
Reduced maintenance
Environment friendly Does not contain mercury, glass,
filaments or gases

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LEDs: The Future of Lighting

LEDs are finding their way into many new
applications within the lighting community. Research
by dozens of companies is underway to deploy LEDs
even further. The ultimate goal is to move these
special light sources into common usage for general
lighting, wherever applicable.

It is forecasted that by 2015, 50% of the

artificial lighting sources, will be LEDs.

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LED Lamps are more than 3 times

efficient and has up to 10 times more
operating life than CFLs. It is also
dimmable
The light output of LED Lamps are
focused or directed to within a range
of 120 degrees, hence, do not rely on
luminaires to concentrate its light

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In LED Lamps, waste heat is

produced during the conversion of
electricity into light and, if not
properly removed from the lighting
system, may potentially damage the
LEDs. The heat removal is usually
accomplished through carefully
engineered heat sinks.

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Since the Electronic Control Gear

(ECG) or the Drive Circuit of LED
Lamps are composed of mostly
electronic components, it is most
sensitive to heat and, therefore, the
most vulnerable part of the LED
Lamp

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WHEN SPECIFYING, COMPARING OR
PURCHASING LED LAMPS:
Useful Life based on Lumen Maintenance
(LM70/L70) of the entire lighting system (i.e.,
including its electronic control gear)
Operating Temperature Range (Min. & Max.) and its
effect on useful life
Warranty Terms
Photometric Data
When comparing costs, they should be based on
the complete lighting system

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LIGHTING AUDIT:
A DETAILED, SYSTEMATIC EVALUATION OF THE
EXISTING CONDITIONS OF LIGHTED SPACES AND
THE PERFORMANCE OF LIGHTING SYSTEMS.

THE AUDIT IS CHARACTERIZED BY DETAILED

DATA COLLECTION, MEASUREMENTS, AND AN
IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF THE DATA.

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PURPOSES OF LIGHTING AUDIT:
To
gather
information
concerning
the
characteristics and the current condition of lighting
systems and the lighted environment.
To quantify the potential monetary savings and
benefits for the owner/occupants.
To determine if lighting upgrade is possible within
the constraints (time & budget) imposed by the
building establishment owner or operator.

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TYPES OF LIGHTING AUDIT:
WALK-THROUGH AUDIT
INTERMEDIATE OR PRELIMINARY AUDIT
COMPREHENSIVE OR DETAILED AUDIT

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WALK-THROUGH LIGHTING AUDIT:
The simplest type and the shortest period
Performed while walking through a building
Little analysis beyond simple payback, and a
brief report describes the existing systems,
outlines the proposed improvements, and
reports the estimated payback and payback
period.

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INTERMEDIATE OR PRELIMINARY AUDIT:
Hybrid of the Walk-Through and the
Comprehensive or Detailed Audit
The financial analysis is more than simple
payback but may not include a full-scale lifecycle costing procedure
Reports usually include equipment inventories,
power densities, limited evaluation of upgrade
or relighting alternatives and payback

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COMPREHENSIVE OR DETAILED AUDIT:
Performed in the highest level of detail.
Focus is on visual tasks and workers
productivity, lighting equipment types and
quantities, and the possible lighting quality
improvements that can be implemented.
Extensive analysis is performed, including life
cycle costing

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EVALUATING LIGHTING SYSTEMS:
1) PERFORMING A LIGHTING AUDIT
2) IDENTIFYING
OPPORTUNITIES
FOR
IMPROVEMENT
3) CALCULATING SAVINGS AND POTENTIAL
PAYBACK

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LIGHTING SYSTEM COSTS:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Lighting Energy Cost

Replacement Lamp Cost
Lamp Replacement Labor Cost
Ballast Replacement Cost
Maintenance Cost

Total of Above Costs = O & M Cost

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LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS USING 18 W LED RETROFIT
(LED has at least 30,000 hours of life as against the Linear
Fluorescent Lamp, which has about 8,000 - 10,000 hours)
Replacement of existing 2x36W T8FL with
Existing
Replacement
2x18W LED Linear Tube
2x36W FL
2x18W LED
Number of Fixtures (2x36W T8FL)
174
174
Total Lamp & Ballast wattage
84
36
Total Lighting Load (kW)
14.616
6.264
Difference in kW/hour
8.352
Energy Consumption @ 30,000 hrs (kWh)
438,480
187,920
Energy Savings @ 30,000 hours (or about
10 years @ 3000 hours/year)
250,560
Life Cycle Energy Savings @ P10/kWh
2,505,600
Avoided cost on the replacement of Linear
Fluorescent Lamps during the life of the LED
Linear Tube (3 x 174 x 2 x P75/unit)
78,300
TOTAL COST SAVINGS OVER LIFE CYCLE
2,583,900
INVESTMENT COST ON LED LINEAR TUBES
348 Units of LED Linear Tubes @ P2,500 each
870,000
Payback Ratio
0.34
PAYBACK PERIOD (YEARS)
3.37
PAYBACK PERIOD (MONTHS)
40.40

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THANK YOU