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Cultura Documentos
among the 17 lakes in Myanmar. Indawgyi Lake in Myitkyina District, Kachin State
is the largest in Myanmar and Indaw Lake in Sagaing Division, is the second largest
lake, 11. Inle Lake is the most important lake in the country by virtue of its
distinguishable economic, social and cultural implications. In addition its nature the
natural wetland enhances a rich and a variety of biodiversity surroundings. It is the
most important water resources for hydroelectricity generation of Lawpita, which is
one of the biggest electric power plant in Myanmar, and agricultural uses for local
people especially hydroponics farming (floating cultivation), tourist attraction of its
beautiful scenery and ecotourism for its biologically rich ecosystems, home for the
race of the Inthas who have a unique way of livelihood and culture, habitat for
resident and migratory water fouls and a variety of aquatic lives altogether account for
those implications.
The present threat to the Inle lake is that the water quality is disturbed by
floating garden using fertilizer and pesticides, eutrophication from nutrients, domestic
effluents into the lake from catchments as well as local residents and non-point
sources of pollution problem are taking place in this region and it needs proper water
quality monitoring programme. Furthermore, Inle Lake has become shallower with
the problems of soil erosion in the watershed area, which is becoming serious due to
over-exploitation of natural resources, loss of vegetation cover by burning and cutting
forest, and unfavorable agricultural practices such as shifting and or slash and burn
cultivation method.
Are there hydrologic water quality thresholds values beyond the quality of
water in Inle Lake?
How did the water surface area change in Inle Lake? Why? and
How do local people and visitors aware of the changes of water quality
and water surface area in Inle Lake?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Concerning the water quality in Myanmar, most of the studies related to the
water quality have been carried out in many areas. Almost all of these studies were
conducted for drinking water quality and also in river water quality. Although there
are many studies concerning water quality, there is still lack of systematic studies on a
water quality of Inle Lake. In addition, another interesting problem is to study the
surface area changes of Inle Lake because it is facing shallowness and more shrinkage
by silting and agricultural extension. This study is typically based on the land cover
changes which finally produced a water surface area changes. These two factors have
strongly related to the perceptions and awareness of people and their activities in Inle
Region.
Definitions
Lakes are an impoundment of water. There are many definitions for lake.
Generally; the lake is defined simply as in "Water Quality Assessment"
(1996.UNESCO, WHO, UNEP) expressed that_
"A lake may be defined as an enclosed body of water (usually fresh water) totally
surrounded by land and with no direct access to the sea".
In general, lakes can be defined as temperate lake and tropical lake as to their
location. Furthermore, lakes can be divided according to their basins origination. A
very comprehensive account of lake origin is given by I.A.E. Bayly and
W.D.Williams, there are many types of lake according to these lake originate that they
can be generally divided as:
(a)Tectonic Lake: basins are formed by movement of the deeper part of the
earth's crust. One such type of lake is formed by tilting or folding movements
reversing the previous drainage system. The fault-scarp lake is also this type of lake.
(b)Volcanic Lake_ those are associated with volcano activity. Maars, volcano
carter lakes, caldera, modified caldera lake, volcano-tectonic lake, collapse of lava
flows lake and volcanic damming lakes are formed by the volcano activity.
(c)Landslide Lake_ are formed when a landslide fills a floor or a valley and
dam a stream. Such lakes are often short-lived since once the lake rises and flows
over the top of the dam the out flowing water may carry away the unconsolidated
materials.
(d)Glacial Lake_ is formed by glacial activity. Kettle lakes, cirque lakes,
piedmont lakes, fjord lake and morainic dams' lakes are in glacial types of lake.
(e)Solution Lake_ are formed in limestone country, water may dissolve away
localized patches of material and from funnel-shaped hollows. The bottom of these
may then become choked with lumps of rock and fine insoluble materials washed in
form the surface so that after rain, water accumulate, and a solution lake or pond
temporarily comes into existence.
(f)Fluviatile Lake_ lake basins have been produced by fluviatile action or
processes associated with rivers. The lateral lake and oxbow lakes are such types of
fluviatile lake.
(g) Dune Lake and lakes in rock basins produced by deflation_ are formed
solely or partially as a result of wind action. Dune barrage lakes, parabolic lake,
In 1996, UNEP, WHO stated that the water quality in " Water Quality
Monitoring: A practical guide to the design and implementation of freshwater quality
studies and monitoring programme" as:
"Water Quality is a term used to express the suitability of water to sustain various
uses or processes".
Organic matter
0.0160
Calcium
0.0222
Magnesium
0.0279
Chlorine
0.0017
Sulphate (So4)
0.0017
Silica
0.0010
0.1030
It was found that Mr. Briggs analyzed the quality status of water in Inle Lake
in 1918. But he has measured some parameters of water quality for only one sample
site on surface water. Although lake's water quality is typically based on measurement
of water samples from its deep center part, this data is a valuable document of
historical background of water quality of the lake. At that time the condition of water
quality of the lake was very good.
One of the previous works was done by Nu Nu Khin (1984), who studied of
"Abundance of Trace Elements in Representative Fish and Vegetables of Inle Area".
In this study, the researcher study only trace elements in water for fish and vegetable.
survey, they collected nine water sample sites from Inle Lake and assessed pH,
Conductivity and Dissolved Oxygen.
These above mentioned studies are related to Inle Lake water quality. But
water quality of the whole lake with spatial and seasonal variation are still lacking.
Furthermore, there are some previous works regarding geology, geography,
botany and zoology with some specific aspects in Inle Lake and some are still under
study. Concerning the environment studies, there is a research of Forest Department
and CDM (Clean Development Mechanism), which proposed as "Preliminary Survey
on Potentiality of Reforestation under Clean Development Mechanism in Myanmar,
with a particular reference to Inle Region" (2000), mentioned land cover and land use
for Inle-Moebye Watershed. In this study, land cover is divided into eleven
classifications.
N
9
4
9
6
9
8
1
0
1
0
2
2
8
2 8
9
2
2 4
2 2
1
0
1 0
1
2
1 2
1
4
1 4
1
6
1 6
1
8
1 8
2
0
2 0
2
4
100
2
6
2 6
9
2
9
4
9
6
9
8
1
0
9645'
9700'
1
0
2
2100'
21
2045'
20
Inle Lake
10
15
2030'
20
2015'
20
20 Miles
The lake is situated at 2900 feet above mean sea level, occupies the central
part of a trough between two mountain ranges, which runs almost from north to south.
This area of the Shan Plateau is formed with mountain ridges which split up and
parallel, formed the flat-bottomed basins or valleys namely, the Thamakhan Basin, the
Heho Basin and the Nyaung Shwe Valley (Yaungshwe Valley), which are separated
from each other by a mountain. It is evident that drainage must be taking place from
these three basins and directly drained into the Inle Lake. Generally, the watershed
can be divided into three parts: the eastern hilly part, the northern part and the western
hilly part, and several streams and rivers flow through these hilly areas and enter into
the lake. The following table shows that the watershed area of Inle Lake which was
characterized by eleven distinct land systems with an area of some 2169 square miles
designated as follow:
Area (sq.mile)
Designation
Area (sq.mile)
Thamakhan Plain
178.6
Pinlaung Range
286.7
Lonpo Plain
116.0
Taunglaylone Range
244.7
487.2
Taunggyi Range
244.7
Mobye Valley
195.3
Kyauktalone Range
241.3
Heho Basin
61.4
Thikaung Ridge
56.2
168.2
Source: Mapping and Land use Planning for Watershed Management, GAF, and March 1996.
The whole of Shan States including Inle region is formed with limestone of
early Paleozoic to the Mesozoic Era. Around the lake the rocks are mainly limestone,
dolomites and marls of Ordovician and Permo-Carbonniferous age formation.
Structurally, the lake is bounded by a fault running east to west and can be called as a
graben. Along the western shores of the lake, the composition of silt and sandstone
were deposited. Moreover, the rocks present in the western ridge are of lower
resistance as compared to those in the eastern ridge, which rises more steeply above
sea level of the basin.
10
11
Strictly speaking, numerous streams enter into the lake, there are 29
streamlets, 17 streams from the eastern part, 11 streams from western part and only
one stream from northern part, and these are the major sources of water for Inle Lake.
Among them it receives water from swift streamlets of the eastern mountain range;
many of them dry up in winter and all are very short. None of these streams are of
great size. On the western side, rather larger streams enter by several mouths,
especially Thandaung Chaung (Kalaw Chaung) and Indein Chaung, which is the
major streamlets of the lake, their sources of water is from Pinlaung Ranges and
Kalaw Ranges entering the lake through tributaries and forming as large alluvial fan
and deltas. It is evident that some streams of the watershed, disappeared (underground
stream) while running for some miles at a great distance beneath the surface before
reaching the lake; which is a habit of the rivers of the Shan State. Likewise, in the
northern and northwestern part Namlit Chaung which is one of the major streams,
flow through Yatsauk and Shwe Nyaung Valley before entering the Inle Lake. From
the southern end of the lake, a larger stream, Nam Pilu Chaung flows through the
Sankha Basin into the Loi Kaw Basin, enters the Mobye Reservoir after flowing for
60 miles as Nam Pawn which drained into Thanlwin (Salween) river about 18 52
North latitude.
Due to the location, the climate in the Inle region has a tropical climate. The
annual maximum temperature is in the month of April and minimum temperature is in
the month of January. In Nyaung Shwe Township, the average minimum temperature
is 2.8 C and the average maximum temperature is 36.6 C (Myanmar Agriculture
Service, Nyaung Shwe, 2000). The average annual rainfall for the last 4 years is 855
mm for Nyaung Shwe Township. Not only south-west monsoon brings rainfall into
the region but also waves of whirlwind from South China Sea which brings rainfall in
the late monsoon.
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Kalaw
14.17
16.61
20.30
22.46
23.40
23.24
22.90
22.76
21.84
21.53
18.74
15.68
Nyaungshwe
17.73
19.06
22.81
24.91
24.70
23.61
23.11
22.92
22.90
22.21
20.32
18.15
Pinlaung
13.71
14.94
18.47
20.92
21.89
20.39
19.69
19.89
20.46
19.20
17.46
15.42
Taunggyi
16.00
18.14
20.86
22.74
22.18
21.68
21.21
21.16
21.11
20.74
18.56
16.47
Yaksauk
18.49
20.56
22.76
26.07
27.24
27.83
27.63
27.28
26.96
27.13
23.44
19.97
Total
80.10
89.31
105.20
117.10
119.41
116.75
114.54
114.01
113.27
110.81
98.52
85.69
12
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Kalaw
0.09
0.53
0.73
2.16
5.07
4.15
8.00
8.88
4.90
4.69
2.22
0.30
Nyaungshwe
0.01
0.15
0.27
1.02
3.72
6.16
7.66
10.19
8.28
3.99
2.03
0.22
Pinlaung
0.32
0.56
0.73
2.49
12.81
15.17
16.44
17.53
10.63
6.07
2.27
0.64
Taunggyi
0.20
0.38
0.83
2.12
8.53
6.20
9.55
8.92
9.10
6.33
2.39
0.47
Yaksauk
0.07
0.27
0.73
2.34
4.85
5.14
5.82
7.04
7.17
4.85
1.73
0.44
Total
0.69
1.89
3.29
10.13
34.98
36.82
47.47
52.56
40.08
25.93
10.64
2.07
30.00
800
700
25.00
Rainfall (mm)
20.00
500
15.00
400
300
10.00
Temperature ('c)
600
200
5.00
100
0
0.00
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Months
Nyaung Shwe
Kalaw
Yaksauk
Pinlaung
Taunggyi
Pinlaung
Taunggyi
Kalaw
Nyaungshwe
Yaksauk
aquatic vegetation of floating plants, marshes and weeds are common. According to
Dawan Mohinder Nath,2 "The Botanical Survey of the Southern Shan States With a
note on the Vegetation of the Inle Lake", University of Rangoon), fiftieth Anniversary
Conference: Subtropical Pine Forest are found growing in Kalaw, Aungban,
Taunggyi and their neighborhood; Subtropical Moist Forest with many species covers
the Taunggyi Ridge, Kalaw Hill; Indaing Forest are found on recent alluvium formed
by the Namlet Chaung and along the Shwe Nyaung-Yatsauk; and Subtropical Hill
Savannah Forest are commonly developed on the flat muddy soils in the Nyaung
Shwe basin from Taungni to Shweyanbye and along the foot of the mountain ridges.
Since Inle region is an expansion by agriculture land and settlement which cause the
deforestation.
Shallow lakes tend to be more biologically productive than deep lakes. Inle is
one of the natural shallow lakes, having rich biodiversity. Its wetland is more
remarkable for its various and luxurious biodiversity than other famous lakes in the
world. There are 1688 species of flora; among them 527 species of Traditional
Medicinal Plants, and 217 species of Local Orchids are notable. There are 25 species
of reptile in Inle Lake3. According to the 2003 census data, there may be about 400
species of bird in Inle Lake area and Eastern Sarus Crane is famous and predominant
only in Inle Lake around the world. 52 species of butterfly4, 3 species of turtle5 are
found around the lake. In aquatic animals, there are 23-43 species of fish in the lake,
among them under 2 Genera, 16 species can be found only in Inle Lake in the world6.
Socio-economic Scenario
There are seven townships and nearly all of this area fall into the Inle
catchments. All of these areas are suitable for agriculture, with favorable climatic
conditions, easily accessible to market with fairly high living standard and moderately
population. Total population and density of Inle watershed area is shown in Table 4.
2
3
4
5
6
14
Density (person
Total Population
Kalaw
553.00
137879
249.3
Nyaung Shwe
553.0
163231
295.1
Pindaya
233.50
71151
304.7
Pinlaung
1,295.60
83413
64.4
Ywangan
1,017.90
67306
66.1
Taunggyi
1928.23
272092
141.1
Yaksauk
1874.02
93368
0.01
Table 4 Land use for Inle Watershed by Townships in 2000 (sq. miles)
Land use
Forestland
Townships
Shifting
Multistory
agriculture
Agriculture
Agriculture
Garden
Kalaw
21,028.61
49,256.58
10,183.08
1,930.63
1,649.03
Nyaung Shwe
62,172.69
4,128.75
12,910.90
2,505.90
2,304.83
Pindaya
640.21
9,845.20
3,892.33
134.30
616.19
Pinglaung
35,758.78
28,565.70
2,866.80
2,616.11
124.20
Ywangan
0.00
283.89
73.73
0.00
186.85
Taunggyi
43,426.75
12,246.51
17,504.21
599.26
428.39
Yatsauk
14,228.12
2,120.50
5,388.55
38.90
66.27
15
ecological data, socio-economic data and small research related with Inle Region were
gathered through different offices at Taunggyi, Nyaung Shwe, Yangon and informal
personal interviews were conducted. The main proponent of this research is highlight
on waters and all the fundamental factors are considered on it. In this research, the
study is divided mainly into three parts: water quality, water surface area changes and
facts and perceptions on waters. Generally, an overview of the research design can be
worked out as shown in figure 2.
Water Quality
Field Measurement
Laboratory Test
Perceptions on Environment
esp: Water Quality & Water
Surface Area Changes
Structured Interviews
Open Talks
Questionnaire Survey
investigations are field measurements with test kits for some parameters and some
water sample are taken in bottles and measured in laboratory. From the experimental
results, the quality of water in Inle Lake was compared with WHO Standard. In this
study, chemical investigations have been made to assess the quality of water data
obtained from nine different sampling sites in Inle Lake. Field observations and
collections of water samples are done three times in the three seasons. (Figure 5)
Literature Survey on
Water quality
On Field Measurement
with Text-kit
Preliminary Survey
Laboratory
Operations
Sample Collection
(Field Measurement)
- Seasonal Changes
- Spatial Changes
Assessment of
Water Quality
Figure 5 Flow Chart for Assessment on Changes of Water Quality in Inle Lake
Source: Author
GIS and Remote Sensing technique is used to obtain water surface area
changes and land cover changes. First, field observations on some of the ground
check in the watershed area were taken with GPS (Global Positioning System) and
checked for land cover condition. Technical work included, digitizing the topographic
map (Datum: Indian 1954), making projection on ENVI software and edit the physical
and rivers watershed boundary in Geomedia Software. Second, land cover
classification was calculated with supervised classification and maximum likelihood
17
Topographic Map
(Scanning and
Conversion to
Digital Format)
Ground Truth
Data
Satellite Data:
Landsat 7 ETM
Image Processing
Georeference Image to Map
(Rectifications)
Georeference Geographic
(Lat/Lon), Projection
Datum: Indian 1954
Image Processing
Digital Classification (Supervised)
Algorithm (Maximum likelihood)
Land Cover
Data (2000)
Land Cover
Data (2005)
18
Visitors Perception
Construction of Questionnaires
- Perceptions on water
- Perceptions on management
- Suggestions
Structural Interviews
(150 Persons)
Structured Interviews
(150 persons)
Questionnaires Survey
(50 persons)
Figure 7 Flow Chart for Assessment of Facts and Perceptions of Waters of Inle
Lake Area
Source: Author
19
i.
ii.
Department,
Education
Agriculture
Departments,
and
Agriculture
Irrigation
Department,
Department,
Medical
20
CHAPTER 1
CHANGES OF WATER QUALITY IN INLE LAKE
Fresh water is a finite resource, essential for agriculture, industry and even
human existence (1996, UNEP, WHO). The characteristics of water body are different
in sea, river, ground water and lake and reservoir. All forms of water quality are
affected by natural and human activities in global scale. The affect of human
influences as well as natural process are widespread and varied in the degree of bodies
of water.
Water body
Hydrological
Dilution
Evaporation
Surface water
Ground water
Surface water
Volatilisation
Adsorption/desorption
Diffusion
Photo degradation
Redox reaction
Dissolution of particles
Precipitation of minerals
Ionic exchange
Ground water
Primary production
Surface water
Bioaccumulation
Biomagnifications
Physical
Chemical
Biological
Water quality is a term used here to express the suitability of water to sustain
various uses or process. Any particular use will have certain requirements for the
21
ii.
iii.
iv.
Flood Control
v.
vi.
Indeed, lakes are important and valuable recourses of both human and other form
of lives. Therefore, the main purposes of this study are to investigate the present status
of water quality in Inle Lake spatially and temporally, to assess whether the status of
water quality in Inle Lake is beyond the quality of thresholds value or not and to study
the influencing factors effecting on the water quality of Inle Lake.
Ra infa ll (m m )
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Months
Nyaung Shwe
Kalaw
Pinlaung
Taunggyi
Yaksauk
Figure 1.1 Average Monthly Rainfall of Inle Lake Watershed Area from 1990 to
2005
There are 29 streams which are draining into the Inle Lake. Most of the
streams flow from the watershed area except some small streams that disappeared into
the underground which the usual phenomena of the limestone area, then appeared
again after running for a few miles distance beneath the surface. Some of the streams
which enter the Inle Lake dried up in the cold season and summer, especially in the
eastern part of the lake. They are very short. In the western part, most of the main
streams of Inle Lake flow into the lake. Streams entering into the Inle Lake and their
watershed area are shown in Table 1.2 and Figure 1.2.
23
River
Lakeboundary
W atershed Boundary
10 Miles
Table 1.2 Streams Flowing into the Inle Lake and their Catchments Areas
sr
Stream(Chaung)
Catchments
sr
Stream(chaung)
(Sq. Mile)
1
Namlit Chaung*
Catchments
(Sq. Mile)
528
10
2.5
11
2.5
Nam Zi Chaung
13
12
Ye Pu Chaung
16
13
Mae Za Li Chaung
11
Wartaw Chaung
1.5
14
Ye Pok Chaung
28
Tapyaypin Chaung
15
Da Li Chaung
16
Tale Oo Chaung
13
17
19
6.5
Tanakha Chaung
2.5
Indein Chaung
312
Ye Pe Chaung
136
17.5
4.5
10
Ye Oo Chaung
1.5
11
Pauktaw Chaung
Thandaung Chaung
256
Among these streams, Nantlit Chaung (with 528 sq miles), Indein Chaung
(with 312 sq miles), Thandaung Chaung (with 256 sq miles) and Ye Pe Chaung (with
136 sq miles) are the biggest catchments. Nantlit Chaung is originated in northern part
of the watershed area, near Yauk Hsauk Township and passes through the Nyaung
Shwe Basin which is occupied by the whole agriculture land and finally enters into
the lake. In the western part, Thandaung Chaung, Indein Chaung and Ye Pe Chaung
pass through Thamakan Plain, Lonpo Plain and Heho Basin which are forest land,
intensive agriculture and settlement area and finally reach to the lake with delta
formation.
25
Consuming
Contaminating
Domestic use
Yes
Yes
Livestock watering
Yes
Yes
Irrigation
Yes
Yes
Aquaculture
Yes
Yes
Commercial fisheries
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Food processing
Yes
Yes
Textile industry
Yes
Yes
Water transportation
Yes
Yes
No
No
Recreation
No
Yes
26
1.2.1.1. Temperature
The most desirable drinking water are consistently cool and do not have
temperature fluctuations of more than a few degrees. Temperature varies with
seasonally and the annual water temperature range is only 2-3 C at the surface even
less at depth greater than 30 m. In shallow lakes, there is always a constant diurnal
temperature variation.
Temperature is nearly uniform in the morning, stratification occurred in the
afternoon and it destroyed during the night. Most individuals find that water having a
temperature between 10- 15 C is palatable. (1998. David Conwell)
1.2.1.2. Turbidity
The presence of suspended materials such as clay, silt, finely divided organic
materials, planktons and other particulate materials in water is known as turbidity.
Turbidity is of great important one because of the aesthetic considerations and
pathogenic organisms can hide or in the tiny colloidal particles. It is determined by
reference to a chemical mixture that produces a reproducible refraction of light.
The measurement unit is TU (Turbidity Unit) or NTU (Nephlometric
Turbidity Unit). Turbidity in excess of 5 TU is easily detectable in a glass of water
and its use usually objectionable for aesthetic reasons.
The total dissolved solids content of portable waters usually ranges from 20 to
1000 mg/L (2003. Sawyer et al.).
1.2.1.4. Conductivity
Conductivity is a measure of water's ability to conduct an electric current
which linked to the concentration of mineral salts in solution. Conductivity is
controlled by the degree to which these salts dissociate into ions.
Conductivity is measured using a specific electrode and is expressed in microsiemens per centimeter (S-1). Natural rivers and lakes have conductivity between 10
and 1000 S cm-1.
1.2.1.5. Alkalinity
A parameter related to pH is alkalinity, or the buffering capacity of the water
against acids. Water that has a high alkalinity can accept large does of an acid without
lowering the pH significantly. Water with low alkalinity, can experience a drop in the
pH with only a minor addition of hydrogen iron. The concentration of hydroxyl ions
is negligible compared to carbonate and bicarbonate.
Alkalinity is a measure of the ability of water to neutralize H- ions. It is often
calculated as the sum of the carbonate and bicarbonate ion concentrations in mg/L.
1.2.2.1. pH
pH is a term used rather universally express the intensity of the acid or
alkaline condition of a solution. Moreover, the pH of a solution is a measure of
hydrogen ion concentration, which in turn, is a measure of its acidity. It is a way of
expressing the hydrogen-ion concentration, or more precisely, the hydrogen-ion
activity (2003. Sawyer et. al).
The measurement of pH is now almost universally by electronic. The most
acceptable rate for drinking water is pH 7.
28
1.2.2.2. Nitrate
Nitrogen is an important element in biological reactions. Nitrogen usually
becomes available to the aquatic in the form of nitrate ions (NO3). The sources of
nitrogen are from agriculture. Organic nitrogen may be in high energy compounds
such as amino acids. Ammonia is one of the intermediate compounds formed during
biological metabolism and together with organic nitrogen, is concerned as an indicator
of recent pollution. Aerobic decomposition (oxidation) eventually produces nitrate
(NO2) and finally nitrate (NO3) from organically bond nitrogen and ammonia. A high
nitrate and low ammonia nitrogen suggests that pollution occurred, but sometime
before.
1.2.2.3. Phosphate
Phosphorus compound is important in the aquatic environment and their
measurement of total phosphates was indicated as Lake Eutrophication. Phosphorus in
waste water may be either organic or inorganic. All phosphorus in nature by
biological action will revert to inorganic forms to be again used by plants in making
high- energy materials. The sources of phosphorus are from human waste, municipal
waste water and synthetic detergents.
1.2.2.4. Arsenic
While arsenic is a highly toxic substance, it does not readily accumulate in the
food chain of ecosystems, although elevated level may be found in some fish. It may
be found as a result of minerals, contamination by industrial discharge, or runoff from
the application of insecticide.
29
to be filled. Lakes can be subject to several influences that cause water quality to vary
from place to place and from time to time (1996.Jamie Bartram and Richard Balance).
As a general rule, samples should be taken from each section of a lake which
can be regarded as homogeneous water mass. A small lake with single water mass
may be described by a single sampling station. If only sample is taken, it should be
located at the deepest part of the lake where oxygen deficits are likely to be greatest
(1996. UNESCO, WHO, UNEP).
The sampling of lakes for the purposes of assessing of water quality is a
complex process. As Inle Lake is a natural shallow lake and its depth varies
seasonally with the deepest part is 20 feet in rainy season and 12 feet in summer. In
this study, water samples were collected at (9) sample points (see in Figure 1.3) with
consideration for some factors as follow:
N
INLE LAKE
v
v v
v
v
v
v
12 Miles
Sample Sites
Watershed Boundary
Inle Lake
River
Sample 1
Sample 2
Sample 4
Sample 5
Sample 7
Sample 9
Sample 8
Position
Coordinate
Thangdaung Spring
Code
N 20 32' 18.4"
S.S.1
Elevation
3090 ft
E 96 49' 34.8"
2
Ywama Village
N 20 29' 32.8''
Indein Stream
S.S.2
2948 ft
N 20 27' 32.5"
Myaynigone Village
S.S.3
2921 ft
At the month
N 20 32' 14.5"
S.S.4
E 96 55' 30.5"
Kela Village
N 20 30' 8.3"
2918 ft
S.S.5
2915 ft
S.S.6
E 96 54' 39.3"
Rest House
N 20 34' 32.4"
2918 ft
S.S.7
2899 ft
quality
Inflow
water
quality
Outflow
water
quality
(Southern)
S.S.8
2946 ft
E 96 55' 16.3"
9
water
impact
Inflow
(Eastern)
E 96 53' 39.3"
7
of N 20 31' 6.9"
Tale-U Stream
quality
(Western)
E 96 50' 38.5"
5
water
E 96 50' 38.5"
4
Inflow
(Western)
E 96 53' 19''
3
Reasons
N 20 39' 0.17"
S.S.9
E 96 55' 36.8"
2837 ft
There are some differences between lake and river to assess the quality of
water. The quality of water in rivers is usually measured horizontally but quality of
water in lake is measured vertically according to their physical characteristics such as
temperature, turbidity, etc. Naturally, lakes are stratified with three layers or three
zones. These are
1. the epilimnion or surface water of constant temperature (usually warm) mixed
throughout by wind and wave circulation,
2. the deeper high density water or hypolimnion (this is usually much colder,
although in tropical lakes the temperature difference between surface and
bottom water may be 2-3 C), and
3. a fairly sharp gradational zone between the two which is defined as the
metalimnion.
33
The name metalimnion is not commonly used and the gradation is normally
referred to as the thermocline. The thickness of the epilimnion may be quite substantial,
and it is dependent on the lake surface area, solar radiation, air temperature and lateral
circulation and movement of the surface water. Commonly, it extends about 10 meter
depth but in large lakes it can extend up to 30 meter depth. Stratification in very shallow
lake is generally rare since they have warm water mixing throughout their water column
due to wind energy input. However winter and cold water stratification can occur even
in the shallowest lakes under certain climatic conditions.
E p il i m ni on
Thermocline
Hypolimnion
4
8
12
16
20
24
Since Inle Lake is a natural shallow lake in tropical area, it has some limitation
to define stratification because the shallowest part of the lake's water body is only 1.4
feet (0.5 meter) but in rainy season the water body has more increased about 6 feet
more (1.8 meter) than the summer condition. Therefore, in this study water samples
were collected with three layers of surface layer (layer a), one meter depth layer (layer
b) and the deepest of the layers (layer c).
Besides, three layers water samples is intended for some parameters such as
pH, Temperature, Turbidity, Conductivity, TDS, DO, COD and took samples for one
layer of Nitrate, Phosphate, Alkalinity, Arsenic, Total Coliform. For seasonal changes,
water samples were taken in April (28.4.2006 to 30.4.2006) for summer water quality
condition, in August (2.9.2006 to 4.9.2006) for rainy season and in December
(5.12.2006 to 7.12.2006) for cold season water quality condition.
1.3.2.1. Temperature
Temperature of the water sample was measured by Water Analyzer
(HORIBA- Sensor of Water Quality Monitor, Made in Korea).
1.3.2.2. Turbidity
The turbidity of the water sample was measured by Water Analyzer
(HORIBA- Sensor for Water Quality Monitor, Made in Korea).
1.3.2.4. Conductivity
The conductivity of the water sample was measured by Water Analyzer
(HORIBA- Sensor of Water Quality Monitor, Made in Korea).
1.3.2.5. Alkalinity
Alkalinity of the water sample was measured by with direct reading titrator.
1.3.2.4. pH
The pH value of the water sample was measured by Water Analyzer
(HORIBA- Sensor for Water Quality Monitor, Made in Korea).
35
1.3.2.7. Nitrate
Nitrate of the water sample was measured by Cadmium Reduction Method.
1.3.2.8. Phosphate
Phosphate of the water sample was measured by Ascorbic Acid Reduction
Method.
1.3.2.9. Arsenic
Arsenic of the water sample was measured by with Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometry Method.
37
8.60
8.50
8.51
7.9
7.5
7.3
5
54
35
2.52
.17
0
918
8.63
8.63
3.01
0.24
0
+2400
8
68
8.2
7.8
184
40.4
40.7
260
260
+2400
2.87
.03
0
16
65
7.2
7.2
8.37
8.09
120
37.7
28.3
180
180
36
11
22.2
21.1
17:45
S.S.5
+1609
0
.19
0
22
79
4.1
5.2
8.02
8.02
240
40.8
32.0
260
270
14
15
22.1
22.3
17:00
S.S.6
38
21.9
21.4
21.5
130
430
680
220
230
240
33.7
35.3
36.2
160
22.5
22.6
37
13
15:25
11:49
S.S.4
15:30
10:00
Time
Physical Characteristic
Temperature
a
23.7
22.4
(C)
b-1m
23.5
22.1
c
23.0
Turbidity
a
180
150
(NTU)
b-1m
190
160
c
200
TDS(mg/l)
a
350
260
b-1m
350
280
c
340
Conductivity
a
53.8
40.5
(m s/m)
b-1m
53.0
32.0
c
53.0
Alkalinity (ppm) a
230
200
Chemical Characteristic
pH
a
8.05
8.51
b-1m
8.05
8.50
c
8.04
DO
a
7.0
7.5
(mg/l)
b-1m
6.7
7.3
c
6.6
COD
a
4
16
(mg/l)
b-1m
54
76
c
32
Nitrate(ppm)
b
0
0
Phosphate(ppm) b
1.24
0.36
Arsenic (ppm)
b
0
0
Biological Characteristic
Total Coliform
a
+2400
+2400
*Weather Condition: Storm and raining
S.S.1
S.S.3
Layer
S.S.2
Sample
+2400
7.58
8.39
8.42
5.7
6.5
7.1
26
51
38
2.87
.26
0
21.3
21.2
21.3
9
10
13
230
200
200
35.0
31.0
31.1
148
9:30
S.S.7
NA
8.70
8.88
8.64
7.6
7.9
7.3
50
68
42
0
.17
0
23.1
23.3
22.8
6
7
8
220
190
200
31.9
29.9
30.6
128
14:40
S.S.8
+1609
0
.24
0
56
60
6.4
6.7
8.23
8.47
200
47.0
46.9
130
300
93
170
22.6
22.8
15:20
S.S.9
10
0.01
7.0-8.5
250
0.15-15.0
1.000
50
0-0.5
10.0
6.5-9.2
400
mg/l
50-1500
25
WHO Standard
Drinking Potable
Table 1.5 Physical, Chemical and Biological Characteristics of Water Quality of Inle Lake from 28. 3.2006 to 30.3. 2006
Layer
Time
Physical Characteristic
Temperature
a
(C)
b
c
Turbidity
a
(NTU)
b
c
TDS
a
(mg/l)
b
c
Conductivity
a
(m s/m)
b
c
Alkalinity (ppm) a
Chemical Characteristic
pH
a
b
c
DO
a
(mg/l)
b
c
a
COD
b
(mg O2/l)
c
Nitrate (ppm)
b
Phosphate (ppm) b
Arsenic (ppm)
b
Biological Characteristic
Total Coliform
b
*Weather Condition: Raining
Sample
0
0.29
0
35
80
4
59
6.0
6.1
7.90
8.10
210
31.7
29.8
210
190
150
210
23.6
23.7
S.S.2
7.95
7.92
7.92
7.1
7.0
7.0
4
52
30
0
0.44
0
27.8
28.0
27.6
540
560
590
150
150
150
23.5
23.8
23.7
200
S.S.1
35
7.65
8.05
8.14
8.3
8.0
8.0
24
48
32
2.00
0.39
0
28.2
28.0
28.0
25
53
54
260
240
240
41.0
36.7
36.5
145
S.S.4
7.10
6.90
7.20
5.7
4.3
3.1
4
60
26
3.05
0.17
7.0
26.0
25.4
25.1
19
22
21
270
240
230
41.5
37.0
36.2
115
S.S.5
250
7.10
7.40
8.10
8.2
8.1
8.0
9
39
33
2.98
0.24
0
23.3
23.1
23.1
500
450
430
200
190
180
31.6
28.9
27.1
190
S.S.3
39
7.66
7.82
7.70
2.1
3.2
3.8
27
70
20
0
0.24
0
26.3
25.7
27.4
40
41
62
230
220
330
35.1
34.3
52.1
225
S.S.6
35
7.50
7.30
7.80
2.6
4.1
4.6
30
45
35
3.0
024
0
26.7
26.5
26.5
18
19
26
210
230
200
32.5
35.1
30.9
145
S.S.7
8.85
9.02
8.99
8.5
9.0
8.7
48
59
39
0
0.21
0
27.5
26.4
25.8
26
30
34
180
170
170
27.2
26.8
26.5
120
S.S.8
25
7.77
7.90
8.01
6.3
6.4
6.2
50
55
20
1.0
0.55
0
29.1
29.2
28.8
190
160
130
430
220
210
34.8
33.3
32.8
220
S.S.9
10 mg/l
0.01
7.0-8.5
250
0.15-15.0
1.000
mg/l
50 mg/l
0-0.5
10.0
6.5-9.2
400
mg/l
50-1500
25
WHO Standard
Drinking Potable
Table 1.6 Physical, Chemical and Biological Characteristics of Water Quality of Inle Lake from 2.9.2006 to 4.9.2006
Layer
8.25
8.58
8.66
8.4
8.0
7.8
30
0
0
2.0
0.20
0
250
8.76
8.81
8.85
8.0
8.0
7.8
24
0
0
0
0.20
0
350
8.29
8.00
8.02
6.5
6.9
7.0
26
22
0
0
0.23
0
20.0
19.6
19.4
250
220
190
230
260
220
45.1
43.6
42.7
200
S.S.3
20.8
20.5
20.4
130
130
160
300
280
280
44.5
41.6
41.3
215
S.S.2
21.1
20.9
20.9
100
68
73
360
390
410
56.7
58.4
63.0
200
S.S.1
Nitrate (ppm)
b
Phosphate (ppm) b
Arsenic (ppm)
b
Biological Characteristic
Total Coliform
b
550
Weather Condition: shiny and fine
Time
Physical Characteristic
Temperature
a
(C)
b
c
Turbidity
a
(NTU)
b
c
TDS
a
(mg/l)
b
c
Conductivity
a
(m s/m)
b
c
Alkalinity (ppm) a
Chemical Characteristic
pH
a
b
c
DO
a
(mg/l)
b
c
COD
(mg O2 /l)
Sample
40
8.25
8.23
8.01
5.2
5.9
4.1
2
0
0
3.0
0.10
0
20.1
20.6
20.0
24
23
36
310
260
260
32.4
31.4
33.0
110
S.S.5
40
250
8.02
8.02
8.10
4.0
4.4
4.5
6
0
6
0
0.24
0
21.3
21.1
20.9
31
33
38
230
260
260
47.2
39.7
39.3
220
S.S.6
350
7.93
8.00
8.90
4.9
5.3
5.0
25
5
0
2.0
0.29
0
19.5
20.1
20.1
23
37
25
210
200
210
35.5
40.5
33.5
150
S.S.4
20
7.93
8.00
8.90
2.6
3.9
4.2
8
0
0
3.0
0.20
0
19.5
20.1
20.1
23
37
25
230
260
220
35.5
40.5
33.5
150
S.S.7
8.25
8.50
8.25
8.9
8.9
8.0
4
0
27
0.9
0.18
0
22.8
22.4
21.3
60
38
40
260
230
230
40.3
35.5
35.0
120
S.S.8
95
8.20
8.30
8.50
6.9
6.7
6.3
22
0
23
1.0
0.40
0
20.2
20.4
20.9
240
220
210
320
320
380
54.9
52.4
52.4
200
S.S.9
10 mg/l
0.01
50 mg/l
0-0.5
10.0
250
400
mg/l
0.15-15.0
50-1500
1.000
mg/l
6.5-9.2
25
7.0-8.5
WHO Standard
Drinking Potable
Table1.7 Physical, Chemical and Biological Characteristics of Water Quality in Inle Lake from 5.12.2006 to 7.12. 2006
1.4.1. Temperature
According to the results of water quality in April (see in table. 1.5),
Temperature variation of lake is important because vertical measurement of lake
temperature formed thermocline and it influences on DO and aquatic life. The
weather condition of the collection time, in April was storm, windy and raining.
Therefore the variation of temperature was not much different in all the sample sites
as well as in vertical measurements. Some of the sample sites, temperature slightly
decreases to layer c and in some sample sites layer b and layer c are not significantly
different.
1.4.2. Turbidity
The most prominent spatial variation characteristic of water in Inle Lake is
turbidity. Maximum turbidity level was found in sample 4, Myaynigone Village,
located at the mouth of Thangdung Stream with the value of 130 NTU for layer a, 430
NTU for layer b, 680 NTU for layer c and minimum turbidity was in sample 8, Rest
House, located at the middle part of the lake or open space of the lake, with the value
of 6 NTU for layer a, 7 NTU for layer b, 8 NTU for layer c. In comparing the inflow
water quality of sample 1(Thangdaung River) with sample 3 (Indain River), before
reaching the lake, sample 1or Thandaung Stream carries many substances which
causes turbidity 180 NTU for layer a, 190 for NTU layer b, 200 NTU for layer c but
sample 3 or Indain Stream has less turbidity 37 NTU for layer a, 13 NTU for layer b.
The reason for lesser turbidity of sample 3 is due to the construction of silt trapping
dam at the upper part of the Indain Stream. This data represents that the turbidity
causes sedimentation and it deposits at the mouth of Thandaung Stream, near
Myaynigone Village (sample 4). Turbidity is significantly varied with these inflowing
water and lake water condition, in sample 5 with 36 NTU for layer a and 11 NTU for
layer b.
1.4.4. Conductivity
In Inle Lake, conductivity was not significantly varied within the entire sample
sites. The value of conductivity lies between 20 to 50 m s/m.
1.4.5. Alkalinity
Alkalinity has between 100 ppm to over 200 ppm. Among the water sample
sites, maximum Alkinnity was found in sample 6 and sample 1 with the value of 240
ppm and 230 ppm. But minimum alkalinity occurred in sample 5 with the value of
120 ppm. This value showed that the water is more alkaline than acidity.
1.4.6. pH
Value for the pH is not significantly different from one sample to another. In
vertical measurements, layer a, layer b and layer c were slightly different, e.g. in
sample 7 or out flowing water, pH value was 7.58 for layer a, 8.39 for layer b and
8.42 for layer c, and pH value of sample 8 or Rest House (central point of the lake)
was 8.70 for layer a, 8.88 for layer b and 8.42 for layer c.
1.4.7. Nitrate
Nutrient of nitrogen and phosphate is one of the important variables of lake's
water quality. In this work, nitrates of all samples are different. Sample 1 or
Thangdaung Stream, sample 2 or Ywama Village, sample 6 or Kela Village , sample
8 or Rest House and sample 9 or Nyaung Shwe Jetty have no nitrate. Nitrate is
found at sample 3 or Indain Stream, sample 4 or near Myaynigone Village, sample 5
or mouth of Tale-U Stream and sample 7 or between Inya and Taungto Village. First,
Sample 1 at Thandaung Chaung has no nitrate but it passes through the agriculture
land and settlement area and arriving at sample 4, near Myaynigone Village, nitrate
reached to 2.52 ppm. In winter and rainy season, see table 1.6 and table 1.7, nitrate
was found at sample 3 or Indain Stream, sample 4 or Myaynigone Village, sample 5
or Tale-U Village, sample 7 or between Taungto and Inya Villages and, sample 8 or
Rest House and sample 9 or Nyaung Shwe Jetty.
1.4.8. Phosphate
Phosphate was found in every sample in Inle Lake. The phosphate distribution
in Inle Lake was between 0.03 to 1.34 ppm. The maximum rate was found at sample 1
42
or Thandaung Chaung and the minimum rate was found at the sample 5 Tale U
Village or at the mouth of inflow water quality from eastern part.
1.4.9. Arsenic
Arsenic is one of the trace elements of water quality. In Inle Lake, there is no
significant arsenic in all the samples sites. But arsenic was found in sample 5 (mouth
of Tale-U Stream) in only in rainy season.
43
Table 1.8 Spatial and Temporal Variations of Some Water Quality Parameters
(Between Bird Watching and Rest House) in 4th August, 2006
Sr
Location
1 Bird Watching
N 20 36' 15.4"
E 96 54' 1.01"
Time
Tem:
DO
(*)
mg/l
Condu:
Turbity
TDS
m s/m
NTU
mg/l
6:30
25.1
25.2
25.2
1.3
2.7
2.7
7.20
7.63
7.80
34.5
32.0
31.5
31
28
43
220
210
210
12:30
27.1
26.0
25.6
25.7
25.7
25.6
24.9
25.3
25.1
25.3
25.6
25.6
29.2
27.7
26.3
26.3
25.7
27.4
26.2
27.2
26.3
4.4
2.9
2.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
1.5
2.8
2.7
8.2
7.8
7.6
8.1
8.7
5.2
6.3
6.4
6.2
8.4
8.4
8.5
7.93
7.96
7.89
7.77
7.79
8.01
7.72
7.88
7.83
8.21
8.50
8.78
8.53
8.91
8.50
8.85
9.02
8.99
7.80
8.50
8.77
32.0
31.8
31.9
24.8
33.3
32.8
34.1
32.6
32.3
30.5
28.3
27.8
28.3
28.2
28.6
27.2
26.8
26.5
31.4
27.8
26.9
24
27
41
190
160
130
34
29
26
28
27
27
24
38
37
26
30
34
23
22
24
210
210
210
430
220
210
230
220
210
200
280
180
190
180
190
200
180
180
200
180
180
18:30
24:30
2 Rest House
pH
6:00
N 20 34' 32.4"
E 96 55' 16.3"
12:00
18:00
24:00
44
Water quality can be varied with spatially and temporally. In this study, some
of the water quality was varied with different situation on samples. Tables 1.8 and 1.9
showed that the measurement of some water quality parameters variation in two
different places: at Bird Watching Center and at Rest House.
Table 1.9 Spatial and Temporal Variations of Some Water Quality Parameters
(Between Bird Watching and Rest House) in 5th December, 2006
Sr
1
Location
Bird Watching
N 20 36' 15.4"
E 96 54' 1.01"
Rest House
N 20 34' 32.4"
E 96 55' 16.3"
Time(*)
Tem:
C
DO
mg/l
pH
Condu:
(m s/m)
Turbidly
(NTU)
TDS
mg/l
6:30
21.7
20.1
19.9
5.7
3.5
3.5
8.07
7.93
7.95
43.7
39.5
38.5
29
27
25
290
260
250
12:30
21.6
20.5
19.8
2.4
5.7
3.1
7.96
8.02
8.01
39.2
38.2
38.0
180
140
110
260
250
250
18:30
21.7
20.1
19.9
5.7
3.5
3.5
8.07
7.93
7.95
43.7
39.5
38.5
29
27
25
290
260
250
24:30
19.4
19.8
19.8
1.6
3.5
2.9
7.84
7.93
7.95
38.8
37.8
38.2
23
25
23
250
250
250
6:00
20.2
20.7
21.0
7.4
7.5
7.6
8.42
8.65
8.65
36.6
34.3
33.6
22
21
23
240
220
220
12:00
22.7
22.6
22.2
7.2
7.9
8.1
8.48
8.75
8.81
38.8
34.1
32.0
26
57
59
250
220
220
18:00
22.8
22.4
21.3
8.9
8.9
8.0
8.25
8.50
8.25
40.3
35.5
35.0
60
38
40
260
230
230
24:00
21.0
21.1
21.2
8.7
8.4
6.6
8.72
8.75
8.55
38.0
34.0
33.4
20
20
20
250
220
220
At Bird watching Center site, there is very thick algae bed but at Rest House
site, there is thin algae bed. Between these two different algae weed beds, pH,
temperature, conductivity, turbidity, TDS and DO are different in value with spatially
and temporally.
45
46
Temperature ( C)
< 21
21.1 - 22
> 22
No Data
TDS (mg/L)
< 150
151 - 250
> 251
No Data
Turbidity (NTU)
< 50
50 - 200
> 200
No Data
pH
Conductivity (m s/m)
< 30
31 - 40
> 41
No Data
Alkalinity (ppm)
< 100
101 - 200
> 200
No Data
< 8.3
8.31 - 8.6
> 8.61
No Data
12 M
DO (mg/L)
< 6.1
6.1 - 7.0
> 7.0
No Data
Phosphate (ppm)
< 0.167
0.167 - 0.304
> 0.304
No Data
Arsenic (ppm)
0
No Data
Nitrate (ppm)
< 2.5
2.51 - 3
> 3.01
No Data
Coliform (MPN/1
< 1500
1501 - 2100
> 2100
No Data
Temperature (C)
< 25
25.1 - 27
> 27.1
No Data
Conductivity (m s/m)
< 28
28 - 33
> 33
No Data
Turbidity (NTU)
< 180
180- 210
>210
No Data
Alkalinity (ppm)
< 150
150- 200
> 200
No Data
Extract from
< 180
181 - 210
> 210
No Data
pH
< 7.6
7.6 - 8.3
> 8.3
No Data
DO (mg/L)
< 5.1
5.2- 7.0
> 7.0
No Data
Phosphate (ppm)
< 0.297
0.297- 0.42
> 0.42
No Data
Arsenic (ppm)
<4
4-6
>6
No Data
Nitrate (ppm)
< 1.0
1.0- 2.0
> 2.0
No Dat
Coliform (MPN
1 - 250
251 - 500
500 - 900
No Data
Figure 1.6 (b) Distributions of Water Quality Variables for Rainy Season
Source: Based on Analysis Data (b layer)
Temperature ( C)
< 20
20 - 21
> 21
No Data
Conductivity (m s/m)
< 38.4
38.4 - 45.3
> 45.3
No Data
Turbidity (NTU)
< 70
71- 160
> 161
No Data
Alkalinity (ppm)
< 150
151 - 200
> 201
No Data
TDS (mg/L)
< 290
291 - 380
> 381
No Data
pH
< 8.27
8.27 - 8.54
> 8.54
No Data
Figure 1.7 (a) Distributions of Water Quality Variables for Cold Season
Source: Based on Analysis Data (b layer)
DO (mg/L)
< 5.5
5.5- 7.2
> 7.2
No Data
Phosphate (ppm)
< 0.2
0.2 - 0.3
> 0.3
No Data
Arsenic (ppm)
0
No Data
Nitrate (ppm)
<1
1- 2
>2
No Data
Coliform (MPN/ 1
< 150
150- 300
> 300
No Data
1.5.1. Sample 1
Sample 1 was taken from Thangdaung Stream. It is one of the inflowing water
to the lake from the western part of the lake. This sample was collected for the
purpose to measure the water quality of inflowing water into the lake. Temperature of
in this sample was 23.7C for layer a, 23.5C for layer b and 23.0C for layer c. The
temperature was decreasing to the layer c. The temperature of water in the rainy
season was 5 C greater than that of summer condition. But in the cold season, the
temperature was 2 C lower than that of summer.
Turbidity was the highest in the rainy season with 540 NTU for layer a, 560
NTU for layer b and 590 NTU for the layer c. The lowest value was in the cold season
53
with 100 NTU for layer a, 68 NTU for layer b and 73 NTU for layer c. Total
Dissolved Solid was the highest in the cold season with 360 g/l for layer a, 390 g/l for
layer b and 410 g/l for layer c and in summer 350 g/l for layer a, 350 g/l for layer b
and 360 g/l for layer c. The lowest in rainy season was 150 g/l for all layers because
of dilution.
The maximum value of pH was found in the cold season with 8.29 for layer a,
8.00 for layer b and 8.02 for layer c and in summer 8.05 layer a, 8.05 for layer b and
8.04 for layer c. The minimum value was found in rainy season. Conductivity was the
highest in the cold season and summer over 50 m s/m and the lowest in rainy season
with about 20 m s/m.
Alkalinity was not much different and has within around 200 ppm. Nitrogen
was not found in all three seasons but phosphate was found in all three seasons and
the highest in summer. This figure shows that inflowing water of Thangdaung Stream
has more phosphate than nitrogen. This is because of types of utilization of fertilizers
in the watershed area. Arsenic was not found in this sample in all three seasons.
Dissolved oxygen (DO) was not different in all three seasons. COD was the
highest in the cold season with 26 mg/l for layer a, 22 mg/l for layer b and 0 mg/ l for
layer c and COD for summer and rainy season was the same condition in this sample
site.
Total Coliform was very prominent characteristics of seasonal changes. The
highest amount of Total Coliform was found in summer with +2400 MPN/100 ml.
But it decrease to 80 MPN/100 ml in rainy season. See in table 1.10.
1.5.2. Sample 2
This sample was collected at Ywama Village. It represents the lake water
which comes from Indain Chaung and concentrated at one of the most populated
areas. In this sample, temperature was not much different between these three seasons
and it value was between 20 and 23 C for all layers.
Turbidity, TDS, conductivity and alkalinity were also not much different in
these three seasons. The turbidity was found in 150 to 210 NTU for all seasons. TDS
was found about 0.30 g/l. Arsenic and nitrate were not found in this sample.
For pH value, the highest in the cold season with 8.76 for layer a, 8.82 for
layer b and 8.85 layer c and the lowest in rainy season with 7.90 for layer a, 8.10 for
layer b.
54
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) was not significantly different within these three
seasons, the highest value in the cold season with 8.0 mg/l for layer a, 8.0 mg/l for
layer b and 7.8 mg/l for layer c.
The significant changes was Total Coliform, with the maximum value was in
summer with +2400 MPN/100ml and the minimum value was in rainy season 35
MPN/100 ml. Table 1.11.
1.5.3. Sample 3
Sample 3 was collected from Indain Chaung, one of the biggest streams and it
flow from the western part of the lake. It has silt trapping dam. In this sample, the
temperature of winter was only 2 or 3 C less than summer and rainy season.
The significant variation was turbidity in this sample site. Turbidity was 37
NTU layer a, 13 NTU for layer b in summer, but turbidity was dramatically increased
to 540 NTU for layer a, 450 NTU for layer b and 430 NTU for layer c in rainy season.
In the cold season, it was still turbid with 250 NTU for layer a, 220 NTU for layer b
and 190 NTU for layer c.
TDS was not much varied for three seasons. pH value was the lowest in rainy
season with 7.10 for layer a, 7.40 for layer b and 8.10 for layer c and nearly the same
condition in summer and the cold season from 8.2 to 8.6.
Conductivity was not significantly varied around 30 to 40 m s/m and also
alkalinity was nearly the same value in three seasons with around 200 ppm.
In this sample sites, nutrients of nitrate and phosphate were found in all
seasons that nitrate was the highest in rainy season with 2.98 ppm and phosphate was
not significantly varied and the value was around .20 ppm.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) was found that the variation was not much different.
The maximum COD was found in rainy season with the value of 9 mg O2/ l for layer
a, 39 mg O2/ l for layer b and 33 mg O2/ l for layer c.
Similar to other samples, Total Coliform was varied with seasons, the highest
was in summer with +2400 MPN/100ml and coliform was the same condition for both
rainy and cold season. Table 1.12.
55
1.5.4. Sample 4
This sample was collected near Myaynigone Village. The water source is from
Thandaung Chaung, on western part of the lake, and enters to the lake as 5 tributaries
and delta formation.
In this sample, temperature was not different for the three seasons. The
temperature is the highest in the rainy season with 28.2C for layer a, 28.0C for layer
b and 28.0C for layer c because of it was influenced by weather condition the
collection time. pH value was the same for the other samples, the lowest in rainy
season with 7.65 for layer a, 8.05 for layer b and 8.14 for layer c.
Conductivity, Alkalinity and TDS are not much varied with seasons, the value
were within 220 g/l to 260 g/l. Turbidity varied with seasonal in which the maximum
rate was found in summer because it was raining in this time with the value of 136
NTU for layer a, 430 NTU for layer b and 240 NTU for layer c.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) was lowest in the cold season with 4.9 mg/l for layer
a, 5.3 mg/l for layer b and 5.0 mg/l for layer c, compare to the rainy season of 8.3
mg/l for layer a, 8.0 mg/l for layer b and 8.0 mg/l for layer c.
COD was the highest in rainy season with 24 mg O2/ l for layer a, 48 mg O2/ l
for layer b and 32 mg O2/ l for layer c. The lowest COD was in the cold season with
the value of 25 mg O2/ l for layer a, 0 mg O2/ l for layer b and 0 mg O2/ l for layer c.
Nitrate and phosphate was found in all seasons and it was not significantly
varied. The value of nitrate was between 2.00 ppm to 2. 52 ppm and the value of
phosphate were between 0.17 ppm to 0.39 ppm. Arsenic was not found in this sample.
Total Coliform was varied with season, in which the lowest in rainy season
with only 35 MPN/100ml. Table 1.13.
1.5.5. Sample 5
Sample 5 was collected from Tale-U Village. Actually this sample was taken at
the mouth of Thale-U Stream, one of the inflowing water from the eastern part of the
lake. In this sample, temperature of all seasons was varied according to weather
condition. The highest temperature was found in rainy season and the lowest was
found in winter.
Turbidity was not significantly changed with seasons in this sample site, with
the values 10 and 30 NTU. Similarly, TSD was not also significantly varied around
200 g/l and conductivity was between 20 ms/m and 40 ms/m.
56
Nutrients of nitrate and phosphate were found in every season but they are not
much varied: nitrate value was between 2ppm to 3 ppm and phosphate value was
between 0.03 ppm to 0.17 ppm.
Dissolved Oxygen was found within 3 mg/l to 7. 2 m g/l: the highest in
summer and the lowest in the cold season. COD was the highest in summer with the
value of 16 mg O2/ l for layer a, 65 mg O2/ l for layer b and the lowest in the cold
season with 2 mg O2/ l for layer a, 0 mg O2/ l for layer b, 0 mg O2/ l for layer c.
Arsenic was found in rainy season with the value of 7.0 ppm in this sample
and it is the only one sample that arsenic was found.
Similar to other samples, Total Coliform was the highest in summer with
+1200 MPN/100ml and the lowest in rainy season with 0 MPN/100ml. Table 1.14
1.5.6. Sample 6
This sample collected at Kela Village was intended for representing the water
is near intensive floating garden. In this sample, temperature varied seasonally. The
maximum temperature was in rainy season with the value of 26.3C for layer a, 25C
for layer b and 27C for layer c. The minimum temperature was in winter with the
value of 29.5C for layer a, 20.1C for layer b and 20.1C for layer c.
pH value was the lowest in the rainy season with 7.50 for layer a, 7.30 for
layer b, 7.80 for layer c and the lowest in summer and the cold season.
TDS and conductivity of this sample were not much different. Alkalinity was
nearly the same; the value was within 220ppm to225 ppm.
For nutrients such as nitrate and phosphate; nitrate was not found in this
sample but phosphate was found and the highest value was found in rainy and the
cold season of 0.24 ppm.
Dissolved oxygen (DO) was the lowest in rainy season with 2.1 mg/l for layer
a, 3.2 mg/l for layer b, 3.8 mg/l for layer c and the highest in the cold season and
summer. COD was the highest in rainy season with 27 mg O2/ l for layer a, 70 mg
O2/ l for layer b and 20 mg O2/ l for layer c and the lowest COD can be found in the
cold season with the value of 6 mg O2/ l for layer a, 0 mg O2/ l for layer b, and 6 mg
O2/ l for layer c.
The maximum Total Coliform can be found in summer with the value of
+1609 MPN/100ml and there was no coliform in the rainy season in this sample site.
Table 1.15.
57
1.5.7. Sample 7
Out flowing water of Inle Lake was represented by in sample 7. This sample
was collected between Taungto Village and Inya Village. In this sample, temperature
varied with seasonally. The highest temperature was observed in the rainy season with
the value of 26.7C for layer a, 26.5C for layer b, 26.5C for layer c and the lowest
temperature was observed in the cold season with the value of 19.5C for layer a,
20.1C for layer b and 20.1C for layer c.
Turbidity and TDS were not varied significantly: the value of turbidity was
within 9 NTU to 27 NTU and the value of TDS was within 200 g/l to 260 g/l for all
three seasons.
Conductivity and turbidity was nearly the same value for all seasons. Nitrate
and phosphate of nutrients were found in this sample and nitrate value was within 2
ppm to 8 ppm; phosphate value was around 20 ppm. Arsenic was not found in this
sample.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) was found to be highest in summer with the value of
5.7mg/l for layer a, 6.5 mg/l for layer b, 7.1 mg/l for layer c and the lowest in both
rainy and the cold season with the value of within 2mg/l to 4 mg/ l.
The maximum COD was found in summer with the value of 26 mg O2 /l for
layer a, 51 mg O2 /l for layer b, 38 mg O2 /l for layer c and the minimum value was
found in the cold season with the value of 8 mg O2 /l for layer a, 0 mg O2 /l for layer b
and 0 mg O2 /l for layer c.
Total Coliform was found with the highest value of +2400 MPN/ 100l in
summer but very few in the cold and rainy season with the value of 20 MPN/100l and
35 MPN /100 l. Table 1.16.
1.5.8. Sample 8
Sample 8 was collected at the Rest House, center location of the open space.
In this sample, the range between the highest temperature and the lowest temperature
was about 7C. The highest was found in rainy season and the lowest was found in the
cold season.
The turbidity value varied with season. The maximum value was found in the
cold season with 60 NTU for layer a, 38 NTU for layer b and 48 NTU for layer c, the
minimum value was found in summer with 6 NTU for layer a, 7 NTU for layer b and
8 NTU layer c.
58
TDS was not much varied seasonally within the value range of 180 g/l to 290
g/l. In all three seasons, pH value was within 8 to 9. Conductivity and alkalinity were
not much varied with the seasons. Similarly, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) was not
significantly varied but the highest DO was in rainy season with 8.9 mg/l for layer a,
9.0 mg/l for layer b and 8.7 mg/l layer c.
Nitrate was not found in summer and rainy season but in the cold season
nitrate value was 0.9 ppm. Phosphate was found in every season with the value of
0.17 ppm for layer a, 0.21 ppm for layer b and 0.18 ppm for layer c.
Arsenic was not found in all three seasons. Total Coliform was not found in
rainy and the cold season in this sample. Table 1.17
1.5.9. Sample 9
Nyaung Shwe jetty represented the starting point of the lake and it is one of
the most crowded places for transportation. In this sample, the temperature was
usually the highest in rainy season with the value of 29.1C for layer a, 29.2C for
layer b and 28.8C for layer c.
The maximum turbidity was found in the cold season with the value of 240
NTU for layer a, 220 NTU for layer b and 210 NYU for layer c because of
transportation rate is the highest in the cold season and the lowest in summer. TDS
was nearly the same value within 210 g/l to 430 g/l.
pH value was the lowest in the rainy season with the value of 7.77 for layer a,
7.90 for layer b and 8.01 for layer c and the highest in the cold season and summer
with the value of over 8.
Conductivity was the highest in the cold season with 54.9 m s/m for layer a,
52.4 m s/m for layer b and 2.4 m s/m for layer c and the lowest was in rainy season
with 34.8 m s/m for layer a, 33.3 m s/m for layer b and 32.8 m s/m for layer c.
Alkalinity varied not significantly within 200 ppm for all three seasons.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) was not varied within the three seasons with the value
between 6.2 mg/l to 6.9 mg/l.
Nitrate was not found in summer but it was found in rainy season and the cold
season with the value of 1.0 ppm. Phosphate was found in every season with 0.24
ppm in summer, 0.55ppm in rainy and 0.40 ppm in the cold season. Arsenic was not
found in all seasons.
59
The highest COD was found in summer with the value of 56 mg O2 /l for layer
a, 60 mg O2 /l for layer b and the lowest is found in the cold season with 22 mg O2 /l
for layer a, 0 mg O2 /l for layer b, and layer 23 mg O2 /l for layer c.
Total Coliform was the highest in summer with the value of +609 MPN/100l
and in the cold and rainy season it decrease to 25 MPN/100l and 95 MPN/100l. Table
1.18
60
Table 1.10 Seasonal Variation of Water Quality in Inle Lake for Sample 1 (or)
Thandaung Stream
Parameters
Depth
(ft)
temperature
(C)
Turbidity
(NTU)
TDS
(g/l)
Conductivity
(m s/m)
Alkalinity
(ppm)
pH
DO
(m g/l)
COD
(Mg O2/l)
Layer
Summer
Rainy
Winter
4.1
4.10
4.8
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
23.7
23.5
23.0
180
190
200
350
350
360
53.8
53.0
53.0
230
27.8
28.0
27.6
540
560
590
150
150
150
23.5
23.8
23.7
200
21.1
20.9
20.9
100
68
73
360
390
410
56.7
58.4
63.0
215
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
c
b
8.05
8.05
8.04
7.0
6.7
6.6
4
54
32
0
7.95
7.92
7.92
7.1
7.0
7.0
4
52
30
0
1.24
Nitrate
(ppm)
Phosphate
b
(ppm)
Arsenic
b
(ppm)
Total Coliform
b
(MPN/100l)
Remark: not algae weed bed
WHO Standard
Drinking
Potable
25
1.000 mg/l
500
0.15-15.0
400
250
8.29
8.0
8.02
6.5
6.9
7.0
26
22
0
0
7.0-8.5
6.5-9.2
10.0
10
50
0.44
0.23
0.05
+2400
80
550
61
Table 1.11 Seasonal Variation of Water Quality in Inle Lake for Sample 2 (or)
Ywama Village
Parameters
Depth
(ft)
temperature
(C)
Turbidity
(NTU)
TDS
(g/l)
Conductivity
(m s/m)
Alkalinity
(ppm)
pH
DO
(m g/l)
COD
(Mg O2/l)
Layer
Summer
Rainy
Winter
1.14
4.9
4.1
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
22.4
22.1
23.6
23.7
150
160
150
210
260
280
210
190
40.5
32.0
31.7
29.8
200
210
20.8
20.5
20.4
130
130
160
300
270
270
44.5
41.8
41.3
215
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
c
b
8.51
8.50
7.90
8.10
7.5
7.3
6.0
6.8
16
76
4
59
Nitrate
(ppm)
Phosphate
b
(ppm)
Arsenic
b
(ppm)
Total Coliform
b
(MPN/100l)
Remark: not algae bed
WHO Standard
Drinking Potable
25
1.000
mg/l
500
0.15-15.0
400
250
7.0-8.5
6.5-9.2
10.0
8.76
8.81
8.85
8.0
8.0
7.8
24
0
0
0
10
50
0.36
0.29
0.20
0.05
+2400
35
350
62
Table 1.12 Seasonal Variation of Water Quality in Inle Lake for Sample 3 (or)
Indein Stream
Parameters
Depth
(ft)
temperature
(C)
Turbidity
(NTU)
TDS
(g/l)
Conductivity
(m s/m)
Alkalinity
(ppm)
pH
DO
(m g/l)
COD
(Mg O2/l)
Layer
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
c
b
Nitrate
(ppm)
Phosphate
b
(ppm)
Arsenic
b
(ppm)
Total Coliform
b
(MPN/100l)
Remark: not algae bed
Summer
Rainy
Winter
3.9
4.9
22.5
22.6
23.3
23.1
23.1
540
450
430
200
190
180
31.6
28.9
27.1
190
20.0
19.6
19.4
250
220
190
300
280
280
45.1
43.6
42.7
200
7.10
7.40
8.10
8.2
8.1
8.0
WHO Standard
Drinking
Potable
25
1.000
mg/l
500
0.15-15.0
400
250
8.25
8.58
8.66
8.4
8.0
7.8
7.0-8.5
6.5-9.2
30
0
0
2.0
10.0
3.01
9
39
33
2.98
10
50
0.24
0.24
0.20
0.05
+2400
250
250
37
13
260
260
40.4
40.7
184
8.63
8.63
8.2
7.8
8
68
63
Table 1.13 Seasonal Variation of Water Quality in Inle Lake for Sample 4 (or)
Myaynigon Village
Parameters
Depth
(ft)
temperature
(C)
Turbidity
(NTU)
TDS
(g/l)
Conductivity
(m s/m)
Alkalinity
(ppm)
pH
DO
(m g/l)
COD
(Mg O2/l)
Layer
Summer
Rainy
Winter
6.8
6.6
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
21.9
21.4
21.5
130
430
680
220
230
240
33.7
35.3
36.2
160
28.2
28.0
28.0
25
53
54
260
240
240
41.0
36.7
36.5
145
19.5
20.1
20.1
23
37
25
230
260
220
35.5
40.5
33.5
150
a
b
c
a
b
c
8.60
8.50
8.51
7.9
7.5
7.3
7.65
8.05
8.14
8.3
8.0
8.0
a
b
c
b
5
54
35
2.52
Nitrate
(ppm)
Phosphate
b
(ppm)
Arsenic
b
(ppm)
Total Coliform
b
(MPN/100l)
Remark: not algae bed
WHO Standard
Drinking
Potable
25
1.000
mg/l
500
0.15-15.0
400
250
7.93
8.00
8.90
4.9
5.3
5.0
7.0-8.5
6.5-9.2
24
48
32
2.00
25
5
0
2.00
10.0
10
50
0.17
0.39
0.29
0.05
918
35
350
64
Table 1.14 Seasonal Variation of Water Quality in Inle Lake for Sample 5 (or) at
the Mouth of Tale-U Stream
Parameters
Depth
(ft)
temperature
(C)
Turbidity
(NTU)
TDS
(g/l)
Conductivity
(m s/m)
Alkalinity
(ppm)
pH
DO
(m g/l)
COD
(Mg O2/l)
Layer
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
c
b
Nitrate
(ppm)
Phosphate
b
(ppm)
Arsenic
b
(ppm)
Total Coliform
b
(MPN/100l)
Remark: algae bed
Summer
Rainy
Winter
4.0
4.6
9.8
22.2
21.1
26.0
25.7
25.1
19
22
21
270
240
230
41.5
37.0
36.2
115
20.1
20.6
20.0
24
23
26
210
200
210
32.4
31.4
33.0
110
2.87
7.10
6.90
7.20
5.7
4.3
3.1
4
60
26
3.05
0.03
WHO Standard
Drinking
Potable
25
1.000
mg/l
500
0.15-15.0
400
250
8.25
8.23
8.01
5.2
5.9
4.1
2
0
0
3.0
7.0-8.5
6.5-9.2
10.0
10
50
0.17
0.10
7.0
0.05
+1200
40
36
11
180
180
37.7
28.3
120
8.37
8.09
7.2
7.2
16
65
65
Table 1.15 Seasonal Variation of Water Quality in Inle Lake for Sample 6 (or)
Kela Village
Parameters
Depth
(ft)
temperature
(C)
Turbidity
(NTU)
TDS
(g/l)
Conductivity
(m s/m)
Alkalinity
(ppm)
pH
DO
(m g/l)
COD
(Mg O2/l)
Layer
Summer
Rainy
Winter
3.2
8.4
6.6
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
22.1
22.3
26.3
25.7
27.4
40
41
62
230
220
330
35.1
34.3
52.1
225
19.5
20.1
20.1
31
33
38
310
260
260
47.2
39.7
39.3
220
a
b
c
a
b
c
8.02
8.02
7.50
7.30
7.80
2.1
3.2
3.8
8.02
8.02
8.10
4.0
4.4
4.5
27
70
20
0
6
0
6
0
0.19
0.24
0
+1609
a
b
c
b
Nitrate
(ppm)
Phosphate
b
(ppm)
Arsenic
b
(ppm)
Total Coliform
b
(MPN/100l)
Remark: algae bed
14
15
260
270
40.8
32.0
240
4.1
5.2
22
79
WHO Standard
Drinking
Potable
25
1.000
mg/l
500
0.15-15.0
400
250
7.0-8.5
6.5-9.2
10.0
10
50
0.24
0.05
20
66
Table.1.16 Seasonal Variation of Water Quality in Inle Lake for S.S.7 (or)
Between Inya and Taoungto Village
Parameters
Depth
(ft)
temperature
(C)
Turbidity
(NTU)
TDS
(g/l)
Conductivity
(m s/m)
Alkalinity
(ppm)
pH
DO
(m g/l)
COD
(Mg O2/l)
Layer
Summer
Rainy
Winter
10
14.1
12
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
21.3
21.2
21.3
9
10
13
230
200
200
35.0
31.0
31.1
148
26.7
26.5
26.5
18
19
16
210
230
200
32.5
35.1
30.9
145
19.5
20.1
20.1
23
37
25
230
260
220
35.5
40.5
33.5
150
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
c
b
7.58
8.39
8.42
5.7
6.5
7.1
26
51
38
2.87
7.50
7.30
7.80
2.6
4.1
4.6
30
45
35
3.0
0.26
Nitrate
(ppm)
Phosphate
b
(ppm)
Arsenic
b
(ppm)
Total Coliform
b
(MPN/100l)
Remark: dense algae bed
WHO Standard
Drinking
Potable
25
1.000
mg/l
500
0.15-15.0
400
250
7.93
8.00
8.90
2.6
3.9
4.2
8
0
0
3.0
7.0-8.5
6.5-9.2
10.0
10
50
0.24
0.20
0.05
+2400
35
20
67
Table 1.17 Seasonal Variation of Water Quality in Inle Lake for Sample 8 (or)
Rest House
Parameters
Depth
(ft)
temperature
(C)
Turbidity
(NTU)
TDS
(g/l)
Conductivity
(m s/m)
Alkalinity
(ppm)
pH
DO
(m g/l)
COD
(Mg O2/l)
Layer
Summer
Rainy
Winter
11.2
11.4
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
23.1
23.3
22.8
6
7
8
220
290
200
31.9
29.9
30.6
128
27.5
26.4
25.8
26
30
34
180
170
170
27.2
26.8
26.5
120
20.2
20.4
20.9
60
38
40
260
230
230
40.3
35.5
35.0
120
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
c
b
8.70
8.88
8.64
7.6
7.9
7.3
50
68
42
0
8.85
9.02
8.99
8.5
9.0
8.7
48
59
39
0
0.17
Nitrate
(ppm)
Phosphate
b
(ppm)
Arsenic
b
(ppm)
Total Coliform
b
(MPN/100l)
Remark: algae bed
WHO Standard
Drinking
Potable
25
1.000
mg/l
500
0.15-15.0
400
250
8.25
8.50
8.25
8.9
8.9
8.0
4
0
27
0.9
7.0-8.5
6.5-9.2
10.0
10
50
0.21
0.18
0.05
NA
68
Table 1.18 Seasonal Variation of Water Quality in Inle Lake for Sample 9 (or)
Nyaung Shwe Jetty
Parameters
Depth
(ft)
temperature
(C)
Turbidity
(NTU)
TDS
(g/l)
Conductivity
(m s/m)
Alkalinity
(ppm)
pH
DO
(mg/l)
COD
(Mg O2/l)
Layer
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
c
b
Nitrate
(ppm)
Phosphate
b
(ppm)
Arsenic
b
(ppm)
Total Coliform
b
(MPN/100l)
Remark: not algae bed
Summer
Rainy
Winter
2.5
4.9
22.6
22.8
29.1
29.2
28.8
190
160
130
430
220
210
34.8
33.3
32.8
220
20.2
20.4
20.9
240
220
210
320
320
330
54.9
52.4
52.4
200
7.77
7.90
8.01
6.3
6.4
6.2
50
55
20
1.0
0.24
WHO Standard
Drinking
Potable
25
1.000
mg/l
500
0.15-15.0
400
250
8.20
8.30
8.50
6.9
6.7
6.3
22
0
23
1.0
7.0-8.5
6.5-9.2
10.0
10
50
0.55
0.40
0.05
+609
25
95
93
170
310
300
47.0
46.9
200
8.23
8.47
6.4
6.7
56
60
69
70
Surface
Layer
Middle
Layer
Lowest
layer
0.43
-0.09
-0.34
0.60
0.59
Temp and pH
0.43
Surface
Layer
Middle
Layer
Lowest
layer
pH and Alkali
-0.26
-0.45
N/A
N/A
pH and Nitrate
-0.02
0.03
N/A
0.21
N/A
pH and Phosp
-0.28
-0.35
N/A
0.59
0.60
N/A
pH and Arsenic
N/A
N/A
N/A
Temp and DO
0.32
0.08
N/A
pH and Coli
-0.23
-0.12
-0.99
0.07
0.17
N/A
Cond and DO
-0.14
-0.39
-0.99
0.31
0.46
0.42
-0.14
0.06
-0.78
-0.60
-0.69
-1.00
0.74
-0.59
-0.57
0.66
0.58
0.61
-0.45
0.30
0.64
N/A
N/A
N/A
-0.45
0.76
0.99
0.23
0.15
0.40
0.77
N/A
N/A
0.58
0.33
0.22
N/A
0.00
0.64
Turbid and pH
0.14
0.03
0.01
DO and COD
-0.23
-0.16
0.73
0.59
0.35
N/A
DO and Alkali
-0.44
-0.61
N/A
Turbid and DO
0.35
0.17
0.19
DO and Nitrate
0.29
0.31
0.41
-0.41
-0.41
N/A
DO and Phosp
0.04
-0.13
N/A
0.45
0.17
N/A
DO and Arsenic
N/A
N/A
N/A
-0.32
-0.04
N/A
DO and Coli
0.13
0.16
N/A
0.67
0.23
N/A
-0.20
0.27
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
-0.20
-0.39
-0.04
0.11
-0.68
N/A
-0.35
-0.33
N/A
-0.25
-0.32
-0.93
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.89
0.85
N/A
-0.16
0.10
N/A
-0.14
-0.31
-0.90
-0.57
-0.57
-0.57
0.00
0.01
-0.88
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.81
0.89
0.99
N/A
N/A
N/A
-0.58
-0.56
N/A
-0.39
-0.11
-0.11
0.80
0.76
N/A
-0.39
-0.39
-0.39
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.08
0.00
N/A
0.10
0.10
0.10
pH and Cond
-0.27
-0.18
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
pH and DO
0.75
0.73
0.98
0.30
0.30
0.30
pH and COD
0.02
0.02
0.85
N/A
N/A
N/A
TDS and pH
TDS and Cond
TDS and DO
71
Correlation
Table 1.20 Correlations between Water Quality Variables for Rainy Season
Correlation
Surface
Layer
Middle
Layer
Lowest
layer
-0.24
-0.13
-0.17
0.43
0.12
Temp and pH
0.38
Surface
Layer
Middle
Layer
Lowest
layer
pH and Alkali
-0.18
-0.15
-0.13
0.32
pH and Nitrate
-0.73
-0.75
-0.49
0.24
-0.01
pH and Phosp
0.13
0.20
0.09
0.04
0.11
0.28
pH and Arsenic
-0.44
-0.58
-0.63
Temp and DO
0.05
0.04
-0.08
pH and Coli
-0.42
-0.26
0.08
0.62
0.05
-0.45
Cond and DO
-0.17
-0.56
-0.61
0.46
0.45
0.36
-0.04
0.11
-0.65
-0.11
-0.10
-0.42
-0.07
-0.01
0.28
0.60
0.73
0.73
0.59
0.63
-0.07
-0.09
-0.16
-0.32
-0.13
-0.15
-0.19
-0.53
-0.45
-0.62
0.53
0.43
0.14
-0.26
-0.70
-0.54
-0.26
-0.37
-0.43
Turbid and pH
-0.16
-0.05
0.03
DO and COD
-0.03
-0.43
0.59
-0.59
-0.73
-0.53
DO and Alkali
-0.15
-0.18
-0.05
0.38
0.38
0.38
DO and Nitrate
-0.09
-0.25
-0.32
-0.41
-0.43
0.38
DO and Phosp
0.23
0.25
0.30
0.33
0.23
0.47
DO and Arsenic
-0.06
-0.38
-0.59
-0.18
-0.24
-0.27
DO and Coli
0.38
0.39
0.43
0.35
0.36
-0.10
0.33
-0.08
-0.66
-0.27
-0.28
-0.27
-0.17
-0.56
0.17
0.78
0.72
0.69
0.27
-0.15
-0.38
-0.21
-0.53
-0.42
-0.40
0.24
-0.20
0.54
1.00
0.99
COD an Coli
-0.36
-0.73
0.25
-0.07
-0.54
-0.58
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.46
0.05
-0.70
0.38
0.38
0.38
0.26
0.03
0.32
-0.21
-0.21
-0.21
0.19
0.66
-0.05
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.53
-0.11
-0.10
-0.28
-0.28
-0.28
0.15
0.40
0.10
0.50
0.50
0.50
-0.25
-0.32
-0.42
0.23
0.23
0.23
pH and Cond
-0.57
-0.51
-0.43
-0.41
-0.41
-0.41
0.28
0.63
0.85
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
0.53
0.25
pH and COD
Source: Based on Water Quality Test Results
0.60
-0.24
-0.24
-0.24
Turbid and DO
pH and DO
72
Correlation
Table 1.21 Correlations between Water Quality Variables for Cold Season
Correlation
Surface
Layer
Middle
Layer
Lowest
layer
-0.09
-0.46
-0.16
0.33
-0.15
Temp and pH
0.32
Surface
Layer
Middle
Layer
Lowest
layer
pH and Alkali
0.30
0.15
0.10
0.33
pH and Nitrate
-0.47
-0.21
0.28
0.06
-0.47
pH and Phosp
-0.22
-0.19
0.27
0.28
-0.19
0.33
pH and Arsenic
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.51
0.34
0.18
pH and Coli
0.26
-0.10
-0.01
-0.34
0.07
0.70
Cond and DO
0.35
0.06
0.41
-0.02
-0.29
0.07
0.50
0.70
0.07
-0.63
-0.44
-0.66
0.76
0.62
0.60
-0.18
-0.19
0.30
-0.74
-0.48
-0.58
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.58
0.62
0.44
-0.05
-0.22
-0.02
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.57
0.39
0.46
0.51
0.61
0.60
Turbid and pH
0.39
0.54
0.24
DO and COD
0.39
0.06
0.33
0.61
0.48
0.48
DO and Alkali
0.13
0.02
0.29
Turbid and DO
0.63
0.41
0.59
DO and Nitrate
-0.40
-0.35
-0.50
0.66
-0.16
0.18
DO and Phosp
0.00
-0.16
0.06
0.53
0.55
0.59
DO and Arsenic
N/A
N/A
N/A
-0.20
-0.15
-0.26
DO and Coli
0.12
0.11
0.27
0.45
0.49
0.44
0.59
0.19
-0.16
N/A
N/A
N/A
-0.26
-0.36
-0.25
0.12
0.09
0.13
0.47
0.08
0.39
TDS and pH
0.36
-0.20
-0.32
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.97
0.99
1.00
COD an Coli
0.70
0.74
-0.50
TDS and DO
0.38
0.08
0.43
-0.68
-0.68
-0.68
0.53
0.78
0.04
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.83
0.55
0.62
N/A
N/A
N/A
-0.81
-0.52
0.42
0.61
0.61
0.61
0.44
0.53
0.42
-0.31
-0.31
-0.31
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.61
0.69
0.64
-0.57
-0.57
-0.57
pH and Cond
0.28
-0.18
-0.32
N/A
N/A
N/A
pH and DO
0.69
0.80
0.08
0.18
0.18
0.18
pH and COD
0.28
-0.42
Source: Based on Water Quality Test Results
-0.22
N/A
N/A
N/A
73
Correlation
1.7.1. Temperature
Temperature is closely related to Total Coliform, phosphate and alkalinity.
Temperature is related to Total Coliform in three layers in summer and rainy seasons.
If temperature is decreased coliform will decrease. Temperature is also related to
phosphate in all layers in summer and rainy seasons. If temperature is high, phosphate
will be high. Temperature is slightly related to COD in summer and rainy seasons in
the surface and the deepest layer.
1.7.2. Turbidity
There are relationships between turbidity and TDS, conductivity, DO,
phosphate and Total Coliform. Turbidity is related to TDS surface layer in summer
and winter and middle and deepest layer in rainy and the cold season. Turbidity is also
related to conductivity in all layers and for all seasons. And there is a relationship
between turbidity and DO in all layer in winter but there is no relationship between
turbidity and DO in summer and rainy season, except for the deepest layer of rainy
season.
1.7.4. Conductivity
Conductivity is related to phosphate in all seasons and all layers mostly in the
surface layer and middle layer. Beside, conductivity is related to COD in the lowest
layer in summer and rainy seasons, and surface layer and middle layer in the cold
season. Conductivity is strongly related to phosphate in all layers in summer and
74
surface and middle layers in rainy and cold season. There is a slight relationship to
COD with DO and Total Coliforms.
1.7.5. Alkalinity
Alkalinity is strongly related to TDS in all layers in winter and summer but
there is no relationship between alkalinity and TDS in rainy season. Similarly
alkalinity is related to nitrate, phosphate and conductivity in all layers in summer and
the cold season. If alkalinity increase, nitrate decrease. Besides, alkalinity is related to
phosphate in summer. Alkalinity is also related to coliform in all layers in cold season
and related to turbidity mostly in winter. The other relationship is between alkalinity
and COD in the deepest layer in rainy season and in surface layer in the cold season.
COD and temperature is related in surface layer and lowest layer in rainy season and
lowest layer in the cold season.
1.7.6. pH
pH is related to DO, nitrate, phosphate conductivity and Total Coliform. pH is
related to DO in all layers in every season. The relationship between pH and Nitrate is
in every layer in rainy season but there is no relationship in other season. pH and
alkalinity is also related to each other in summer in middle layer. If the pH is
increased, alkalinity will be decreased. pH and Total Coliform is related in every layer
in rainy season.
1.7.7. Nitrate
Nitrate is related to alkalinity in three layers in summer and the cold season. If
alkalinity is high nitrate will be low. Nitrate and TDS is also related in every season
but three layers in summer and the cold season. The relationship is found between
nitrate and Total Coliform in three layers in the cold season but it is found that there is
no relationship between nitrate and Total Coliform in other seasons. Nitrate and COD
is related only in the rainy season in the middle layer. In summer and in the cold
season, nitrate is related to temperature.
1.7.8. Phosphate
It is found that there is a relationship between phosphate and turbidity, TDS,
conductivity and alkalinity. Phosphate is related to TDS and turbidity with all layers
75
in the cold season and surface layer and middle layer in summer and rainy seasons.
Similarly, it is related to conductivity in all layers in summer and the cold season.
Phosphate is also related to alkalinity and COD but not all layers and not every
season. It is significant that phosphate is slightly related to other parameters in the
rainy season except temperature.
1.7.9. Arsenic
It is very significant that there is no relationship between arsenic and other
parameters in the cold season. But in rainy season, arsenic is slightly related to pH,
conductivity, phosphate and COD. In summer arsenic is related to only conductivity
in the surface layer.
76
Summer
1 Temperature
Rainy Season
SD - .77
2 - .2928
X 22.29
Frequency Curve
Cold Season
Temperature
Temperature
SD 1.88
2 3.54
X 26.42
Frequency Curve
SD - .808
2 - .653
X 20.55
Frequency Curve
TEMP
TEMP
TEMP
6
10
6
3
3
4
Mean = 22.30
21.00
21.50
21.25
22.00
21.75
22.50
22.25
23.00
22.75
Std. D ev = 1.88
Me an = 26.42
N = 26.00
0
23.00
N = 22.00
24.00
23.50
23.50
23.25
Fre quency
Frequency
Fr equency
23.75
25.00
24.50
26.00
25.50
27.00
26.50
28.00
27.50
Std. De v = .81
Mean = 20.56
N = 27.00
29.00
19.50
20.50
28.50
20.00
TEMP
21.50
21.00
22.50
22.00
23.00
TEMP
TEMP
2 Turbidity
SD 163.8
2 - 36850
X 116
Frequency Curve
Turbidity
Turbidity
SD 201.31
2 - 40523.98
X 168.84
Frequency Curve
SD 79.78
2 - 6365
X 92
Frequency Curve
TURBIT
TURBIT
TURBIT
12
10
14
10
12
10
6
8
4
6
2
Mean = 116.5
0.0
N = 22.00
0
0.0
Freq uency
Frequency
Fre quency
Mean = 92.0
N = 27.00
0
25.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
600.0
50.0
150.0
250.0
350.0
450.0
550.0
75.0
50.0
125.0
100.0
175.0
150.0
225.0
200.0
250.0
T URBIT
T URBIT
TURBIT
3 TDS
SD 55.43
2 - 3072.73
X 251.8
Frequency Curve
TDS
TDS
SD 59.19
2 -3504
X - 220
Frequency Curve
SD 54.66
2 2987.5
X 274.8
Frequency Curve
TDS
TDS
6
TDS
12
10
4
4
0
175.0 200.0 225.0 250.0 275.0 300.0 325.0 350.0
Mean = 220.0
N = 26.00
0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
400.0
450.0
Fre quency
Frequency
Freq uency
Mean = 274.8
N = 27.00
0
200.0 225.0 250.0 275.0 300.0 325.0 350.0 375.0 400.0
T DS
TDS
TDS
77
Summer
Rainy Season
4 pH
Cold Season
pH
SD - .3225
2 - .104
X 8.32
Frequency Curve
pH
SD .31
2 - 9.49
X 8.36
Frequency Curve
SD - .54
2 - .29
X 7.84
Frequency Curve
PH
PH
PH
10
10
8
4
6
3
Mean = 8.36
N = 22.00
0
7.63
7.88
7.75
8.13
8.00
8.38
8.25
8.63
8.50
8.88
Freq uency
Fre quency
Frequency
Std. D ev = .53
Mean = 7.84
N = 26.00
8.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
Mean = 8.32
5 DO
9.00
PH
DO
SD 1.79
2 - 3.163
X 6.21
Frequency Curve
DO
SD .96
2 - .91
X 6.94
Frequency Curve
SD 2.08
2 - 4.345
X 6.19
Frequency Curve
DO
DO
DO
7
N = 27.00
7.88 8.00 8.13 8.25 8.38 8.50 8.63 8.75 8.88
PH
PH
Std. D ev = .32
Mean = 6.94
N = 22.00
0
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
6.00
6.50
7.00
7.50
Frequency
Freq uency
Frequency
M ean = 6.2
N = 26.00
8.00
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
2
Std. Dev = 1.78
Me an = 6.2
N = 27.00
0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
DO
6 COD
COD
COD
SD 18.81
2 - 353.92
X 35.38
Frequency Curve
SD 11.13
2 - 124.0
X 8.52
Frequency Curve
COD
COD
9.0
COD
8.0
DO
DO
SD 23.4
2 - 547.66
X 42.1
Frequency Curve
7.0
9.0
16
14
12
10
4
8
3
6
0
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
Mean = 35.4
N = 26.00
0
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
Freq uency
Freq uency
Frequ ency
4
Std. Dev = 11.14
2
M ean = 8.5
N = 27.00
0
0.0
80.0
COD
COD
COD
78
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
Summer
7 Conductivity
SD 8.71
2 _ 75.85
X 42.57
Frequency Curve
Rainy Season
Conductivity
Cold Season
Conductivity
SD 6.36
2 - 40.43
X 32.70
Frequency Curve
SD 8.71
2 - 75.86
X 42.57
Frequency Curve
CONDUCT
CONDUCT
CONDUCT
6
Mean = 42.6
N = 27.00
0
32.5
37.5
35.0
42.5
40.0
47.5
45.0
52.5
50.0
57.5
55.0
Freq uency
Freq uency
Frequency
Mea n = 32.7
22.5
27.5
25.0
60.0
Mean = 42.6
N = 27.00
N = 26.00
62.5
32.5
30.0
37.5
35.0
42.5
40.0
47.5
45.0
32.5
37.5
35.0
52.5
42.5
40.0
47.5
45.0
52.5
50.0
57.5
55.0
62.5
60.0
50.0
CON DUCT
CON DUCT
CONDUCT
8 Alkalinity
SD 42.77
2 1829.1
X 178.9
Frequency Curve
Alkalinity
Alkalinity
SD 59.35
2 - 3522.5
X 157.69
Frequency Curve
SD 41.82
2 - 1748.6
X 173.89
Frequency Curve
AL KALI
ALKALI
ALKALI
2.5
10
2.0
1.5
1.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
0.0
125.0
150.0
175.0
200.0
225.0
Freq uency
.5
Frequency
Frequency
1.5
0
0.0
250.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
1.0
Std. Dev = 41.82
.5
Mean = 173.9
N = 9.00
0.0
100.0
250.0
125.0
150.0
175.0
ALKALI
A LKALI
A LKALI
9 Nitrate
Nitrate
Nitrate
SD 1.34
2 1.78
X 1.26
Frequency Curve
SD 1.23
2 - 75.86
X - 1.32
Frequency Curve
SD 1.49
2 2.23
X 1.25
Frequency Curve
225.0
NITRATE
NITRATE
NITRATE
5
200.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
1
Std. D ev = 1.34
M ean = 1.3
N = 9.00
0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
NITRATE
NITRATE
79
Fr equency
Frequency
Frequency
1.0
Std. D ev = 1.23
.5
Mean = 1.3
N = 9.00
0.0
0.0
N ITRATE
1.0
2.0
3.0
Summer
10 Phosphate
SD - .36
2 - .1263
X - .32
Frequency Curve
Rainy Season
Phosphate
Cold Season
Phosphate
SD - .125
2 - 1.569
X - .308
Frequency Curve
SD 8.216
2 - 6.825
X - .227
Frequency Curve
PHOSPHATE
PHOSPHATE
PHOSPHATE
5
3.5
3.0
4
6
2.5
2.0
0
0.00
.25
.50
.75
1.00
Freq uency
1.0
Fre quency
Std. D ev = .13
.5
M ean = .31
N = 9.00
0.0
1.25
.19
PHOSPHATE
.25
.31
.38
.44
.50
M ean = .23
SD - 00
2 - .00
X - .00
Frequency Curve
Arsenic
SD - .777
2 - 5.44
X 2.33
Frequency Curve
SD - .00
2 - .0000
X - .0000
Frequency Curve
Mean = 0.0
N = 9.00
Frequency
10
0
0.0
0.0
12 Total Coliform
SD 569.98
2 - 32488
X - 2017
Frequency Curve
2.5
5.0
Std. De v = 0.00
M ean = 0.0
N = 9.00
7.5
0.0
AR SENIC
Total Coliform
Total Coliform
SD 78.81
2 - 6211
X - 51.1
Frequency Curve
SD 187.2
2 - 350.37
X 211.67
Frequency Curve
TOTAL COLIFORM
TOT AL COLIFORM
TOTAL COLIFORM
3.5
.38
A RSENIC
ARSENIC
.31
ARSENIC
ARSENIC
10
.25
Arsenic
ARSENIC
.19
PHOSP HATE
10
Frequency
N = 9.00
.13
PHOSP HAT E
11 Arsenic
Std. D ev = .08
.56
Fre quency
Frequency
1.5
3.0
2.5
4
2.0
1.5
0
1000.0
1500.0
2000.0
2500.0
0
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
TOTAL COLIFORM
80
Freq uency
Frequency
Frequency
1.0
Std. Dev = 187.18
.5
Mean = 211.7
N = 9.00
0.0
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
600.0
Turbidity
10
1
20.5
21
21.5
22
22.5
23
23.5
100
distribution (%)
Cumulative frequency
100
distribution (%)
Cumulative frequency
Temperature
10
24
200
400
Temperature ( C)
1
200
300
100
distribution (%
)
10
100
10
400
7.5
8.5
TDS (mg/L)
10
1
6
100
distribution (%)
Cumulative frequency
distribution (%)
Cumulative frequency
100
10
1
0
20
40
DO (mg/L)
1
45
50
55
60
10
1
100
65
150
Conductivity (m s/m)
1
1.5
2.5
100
distribution (%)
Cumulative frequency
distribution (%)
Cumulative frequency
10
10
1
0
3.5
0.2
0.4
1.2
1.4
1
1.5
2.5
100
distribution (%)
Cumulative frequency
distribution (%)
Cumulative frequency
10
0.8
Total Coliform
Arsenic
100
0.5
0.6
PO4 (ppm)
NO3 (ppm)
250
Phosphate
100
0.5
200
Alkalinity (ppm)
Nitrate
100
100
distribution (%
)
10
40
80
Alkalinity
Cumulative frequency
distribution (%)
Cumulative frequency
Conductivity
35
60
100
30
pH
Dissolved Oxygen
800
pH
Cumulative frequency
distribution (%)
Cumulative frequency
600
Turbidity (NTU)
10
1
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Arsenic (ppm)
81
2500
3000
Turbidity
100
10
20
22
24
26
28
30
Temperature
100
10
1
0
100
200
300
Temperature ( C)
10
1
200
300
400
500
Cumulative frequency
Distribution (%)
100
100
1
6
1
4
100
10
1
0
10
10
20
30
10
1
100
150
200
250
100
80
1
20
25
30
35
40
45
Conductivity (m s/m )
Nitrate
Phosphate
100
10
1
1.5
70
10
Alkalinity (ppm)
60
100
2.5
3.5
50
55
100
10
1
0
0.1
0.2
NO3 (ppm)
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
PO4 (ppm )
Total Coliform
Arsenic
Cum ulative fr e que ncy
dis tribution (%)
50
Conductivity
Alkalinity
0.5
40
COD (m g O2/L)
DO (mg/L)
10
10
50
pH
100
700
10
Dissolved Oxygen
600
100
TDS (mg/L)
500
pH
400
Turbidity (NTU)
100
100
10
10
1
1
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
50
100
150
200
Arsenic (ppm)
82
250
300
Turbidity
100
10
1
19
19.5
20
20.5
21
21.5
22
22.5
23
Temperature
100
10
1
0
50
100
Temperature (C)
100
10
250
300
350
400
450
7.8
8.2
8.4
10
Cumulative frequency
distribution (%)
10
1
0
10
15
1
50
55
60
65
10
45
1
100
125
150
2.5
3.5
Cumulative frequency
distribution (ppm)
10
1
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
10
1
1.5
2.5
Cumulative frequency
distribution (%)
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
Total Coliform
Arsenic
250
PO4 (ppm )
100
0.5
225
100
No3 (ppm )
200
Phosphate
10
1.5
175
Alkalinity (ppm )
100
35
10
Nitrate
0.5
30
100
Conductivity (m s/m)
25
Alkalinity
100
40
20
COD (m g O2/L)
Conductivity
35
100
DO (m g/ l)
30
8.8
10
8.6
1
pH
100
300
10
Disolved Oxygen
250
100
TDS (mg/L)
200
pH
Cum ulative frequency
distribution (%)
1
200
150
Turbidity (NTU)
100
10
1
0
100
200
300
400
Arsenic (ppm )
83
500
600
Watershed Area
Characteristics
Pollutants
chemical
alkalinity, hardness
sedimentation
Turbidity,
on mountain slope
3
TDS,
TSS
fertilizer, pesticide and herbicide
Nitrogen, phosphate
Phosphate
Several Chemical
urban runoff
84
In natural process, the water in Inle Lake is more alkaline because the lake is
situated in limestone area. Aquatic plants and animals died and their bodies are
deposited at the bottom of the lake and their decomposition effect the quality of water.
Similarly, wind wave actions, some masses of algae and tall grass that have been
loosen from their body and decomposed at the bottom and along the shore that also
affect the quality of water. Dense algae growth and water hyacinth propagation cover
at the top of the upper layer of water prevent sunlight penetration. As a result algae in
the water and aquatic animals die off because of oxygen deficiency in the deep water.
Intensive agriculture, population growth and floating agriculture produce
some pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Using fertilizer and spraying
pesticide also affect the water quality. Fertilizers and herbicide from floating garden
cultivation and agriculture from watershed areas are the main nutrient sources of Inle
Lake.
Furthermore, domestic sewage, livestock sewage and phosphate detergent
combine to produce the nutrients in water. In some villages in Inle Lake such as
Inbawkhon and Ywama villages, there are many domestic industries of hand weaving
industries using dye and chemical which also have an effect on the water quality.
Goldsmith, silversmith and blacksmith are the unique features of Inle Lake. These
workshops may cause the lake water quality degradation by using some kind of
chemicals.
Around the Inle Lake, agriculture extension, logging, shifting cultivation as
well as frequent forest fire caused deforestation. Consequently, during the rain time,
soil erosion and surface run off than flow into the lake can cause turbidity which
brought down many materials such as organic and inorganic matters and some of the
dissolved solids. Silt carried by runoff pollutes the water then deposited to the bottom,
kill aquatic plants and animals, causing lakes, ponds and stream channels to silt up.
Soil erosion is increasing stream and lake turbidity, could be reversely habitats for
fish as it is reducing light penetrations in turn lead to a decline in carrying capacity.
Inorganic phosphate in municipal waste water and synthetic detergents or
organic phosphate and nitrogen from agricultural fertilizers encouraged Lake
Eutrophication. Eutrophication affects many aquatic lives due to the DO depletion.
Without free DO, streams and lakes become uninhabitable to gill-breathing aquatic
organism.
85
Dead body of aquatic animals and plants and domestic effluents are major
sources of bacteria. Bacteria are large groups of microscopic organism, widely
distributed in nature such as air, water, soil, animals' plants and dead organic matter.
There are many sources of bacteria present in any body of water. Many of these
bacteria make up the "normal flora" of the water, whilst other may enter the water by
being washed down from vegetation, soil, farm lands, etc: or by sewage plant and
sewage effluent. Bacteria is sensitive to external condition and can respond quickly to
slight changes in their environment in terms of temperature, moisture, hydrogen ion
concentration and oxygen which are important in controlling their distribution.
Above all these mentioned factors are influencing the water quality of Inle
Lake, among them some influencing factors of the water quality variables can assess
in this study as follow in figure1.
Using Chemical in
Domestic Industries
(COD)
Affect on Water
Quality
Aquatic Plants
Decaying Process (N,
P & Bacteria
Depth of Water
(DO)
Photosynthesis
Process (DO)
86
Assess of the water quality, is one of the international standards in the world.
But some countries have their own standard values for drinking or other purposes. It
can be compared with some of the standard values of many countries for drinking
water and portable water in the world are as follow:
Table.1.23 Standard Values of Drinking Water and Fisheries and Aquatic Life of
Some Countries
Variables
Turbidity
(NTU)
TDS
(mg/l)
pH
DO
(mg/l)
Nitrate
(mg/l)
Phosphate
(mg/l)
Arsenic
(mg/l)
Coliform
(/100ml)
WHO
5
EU
4 JTU
Drinking Water
Canada
USA
5
0.5-1.0
1,000
<8.04
50
6.51-8.51
Russia
500
500
1,000
6.5-8.5
6.5-8.5
6.0-9.0
6.0-9.0
inc.ofv10
or 10%3
6.5-9.0
4.0
5.0-9.0
5.0-9.5
50
45
4.05-6.0
40
5.0
0.01(p) 0.05
0.05
0.05
0.5
1013
0.3
0.0050.17
To compare the water quality in Inle Lake, there were some of the historical
documents for water quality of Inle Lake. Water measurement was expressed by
N.annadale (1918) at "Fauna of the Inle Lake", by referencing another author called
Mr. R.V. Briggs as follow:
Total Solids
Organic matter
0.0160
Calcium
0.0222
Magnesium
0.0279
Chlorine
0.0017
Sulphate (So4)
0.0017
Silica
At that time, the water quality status of Inle Lake was very good. In 1984, Nu Nu
Khin studied the trace element for fish and vegetable of Inle Area. In this study, the
researcher measures the trace element of water quality. In 1997, Ni Ni Moe measured
the water quality for drinking water and agricultural purposes. In 2004, the Chemistry
87
89
CHAPTER 2
WATER SURFACE AREA CHANGES IN INLE LAKE
2.1. The Origin and Types of Lake
There are many ways in which lakes basin originate in the world. The origins
of the lake basin often determines the size and shape of the lake, which in turn,
influences the lake's productivity, water quality, the habitats of it offers and its
lifespan (EPA, 1990).
According to Dr. Nyi Nyi, There are 17 lakes in Myanmar: Indawgyi Lake,
Indaw Lake, Twindaung Lake, Thamantha Lake, Halin Lake, Yemyet-In Lake,
Aungpinle Lake, Inle Lake, Imma Lake, Htoo Lake, Duya Lake, Inyegyi Lake,
Gyophyu Lake, Hlawga Lake, Inya Lake and Kandawgyi Lake. Among them Inle
Lake, one of the most important lakes in Southeast Asia, is natural shallow lake and it
has one outlet known as Belu Chaung. Because Inle Lake is natural shallow lake, it is
biologically more productive than deep lake.
Inle Lake has probably originated as a result of tectonic movement and
became a type of solution lake with it basins hollowed out of limestone by the
dissolving action of water and formed by the slow dissolving of soluble rock by
water. But at present there is no evidence of sinks in Inle Lake.
2.2. Research Methodology
It is impossible to know the water surface area data which was not measured
in the past. Therefore, the most suitable method is remote sensing technique to
observe the changes of water surface area. It has some limitation that it could not be
analyzed because the satellite images for Inle area were not available for previous
years. Therefore, this study can only be measured within three periods for 1990, 2000
and 2005. In addition the Inle Lake's watershed area is quite large and it is difficult
for field observation for the whole watershed. And the practical use of remote sensing
imagery is better than to solve problems for conservation biology and environmental
management (David S. Wilkie and John T. Finn. 1996). Thus this research applied RS
(Remote Sensing) and GIS (Geographical Information System) techniques, some of
the computer software such as GeoMedia Software, ENVI Software, ArcView
90
ETM+7 Bands which were obtain from UNEP and NCEA through Forest Department.
The major proponents of the research are:
1. Digitize Topographic Maps
2. Data Collection and Preliminary Field Observation
3. Digital Image Pre-processing
4. Field Observation
5. Digital Image Final-processing
6. Data Analysis and Results
The main databases are
(a)Topographic Maps 1 inch to 1 mile (1:63360)
(93 D 9, 93 D 10, 93 D 11, 93 D 12, 93 D 13, 93 D 14, 93 D 15, 93 D 16,
93 C 12, 93 C 16, 93 G 4, 93 H 1, 93 H 2, 93 H 3, 93 H 4)
(b). Satellite Images with Landsat TM+7 Bands, acquisition date is for January
1990, 2000 and 2005, pixel spacing with 30 meter resolution.
(c) Secondary data from Agriculture Department, Forest Department and
Irrigation Department and Meteorology Department
In the first step, topographic maps with scale of 1: 63360 were converted into
digital format and then registered with georeferencing by Geography Lat/long on
ENVI Software. Rivers and streams on Geomedia Software to obtain watershed area
and villages are recorded. Digitizing on topographic maps is very fundamental for
GIS technique and it takes a long time to complete. After digitizing the streams
network on map, watershed area of Inle Lake was defined. In the second step, the
satellite image was analyzed with Remote Sensing technique with standard false
colour composite (FCC) 4, 3, 2 bands combination. It has used it in preliminary field
survey on the study area.
Initially, with the use of false colour image, the general conditions of
land cover and forest types were checked with ground truth survey. In this field
survey, location of each land cover type of locations was recorded by GPS (Global
Positioning System). Land cover classification was done by TNTSTART Software
with supervised classification based on information from the ground check. Image
classification can be expressed in flowchart (3.1) as follow:
91
Training area
Selection
Training area
Selection
Processing Image
Training area
Selection
Processing Image
No / Yes
Processing Image
No / Yes
Classified Image
No / Yes
Classified Image
Overlay
Operation
Ground Truth
Data
Overlay
Operation
Classified Image
Overlay
Operation
Overlay Operation
1990, 2000 & 2005
Changes Analysis
Data (Draft)
Changes Analysis
Data (Corrected)
Report Data
Display Map
Figure 2.1 Flowchart for Images Processing and Data Generation for Land
Cover Changes
Source: Author
92
This may be the earliest record for Inle Lake area. He mentioned that the lake's
area at that time was 56 square miles and average depth is not more than 7 feet and
the depth varied seasonally. But at the end of the rainy season the greatest depth must
be at least 20 feet. He believed that, at one time, the area of Inle must have covered a
greater area than it does at present and it have been deeper. It may have been over a
7
93
hundred miles long and several feet deep. It is likely that a very large tract of the
country to the south of the lake must at one time have been covered by its water. It
has been gradually filled in by the deposition of silt and the formation of peat,
especially by the latter agency. Moreover it is by no means the only lake once existed
in the neighborhood and it was evident that the country was a regular lake country.
Dr. Annandale gave an example that some of the lakes must have dried up in remote
period, but others have dried up recently, perhaps even in historical times. And he
pointed out that these lakes have dried up because of the deposition of silt and
formations of peat may not be the only factors that have lead to the disappearance of
water from the basins. Another cause has been the eating through of limestone by
water rendered acid by the decay of vegetation.
Chibber8 (1934) also expressed that the exact dimension of the lake was
impossible to state because of two factors: one is, its size increases greatly in the rainy
season and the other that is it has not at any time of the year what may be called a
solid margin, for it completely surrounded by floating island formed by the growth
and decay of vegetation.
Dewan Mohinder Nath9 (1961) expressed in his study of "Botanical Survey of
the Southern Shan State: Vegetation of the Inle Lake", that Inle Lake had once been
occupied by a large lake, the whole basin of Nyaung Shwe , much larger than the
Indawgyi Lake, with an area of 190 square miles. In his study, he gave information of
Inle Lake area of that time with an average length of 9 miles from north to south and a
width of 3.5 miles from east to west. Therefore the area of the Inle Lake was 31.5
miles.
Dr. Nyi Nyi10 (1967) guessed that the present lake is only the remnant of the
old lake which was at least 36 miles long with a maximum breadth of perhaps about 8
miles. Therefore, the area of the lake covered with 288 sq miles. At that time, the Inle
Lake was 11 miles long and 4 miles broad and with an area of 44 sq miles (may be
measured in raining season). The depth varies with the season, in dry season it was
not more than 7 feet, but it increased at the greatest depth, to at least 20 feet in the
rainy season. He also h mentioned that the lake was completely surrounded by
H.L. Chibber (1934). The Geologist, formerly Head of Department of Geology and Geography,
University Collage, University of Yangon.
9
Mohinder Nath (1961) Lecturer in Botany and Curator of the Herbarium, University of Yangon.
10
Dr. Nyi Nyi (1967). The Geologist, Head of Department of Geology, Yangon University.
94
floating islands formed by the growth and decay of vegetation and mass together
round its edges.
One of the famous geologists, Freiedrich Bender11 (1983, p.214) stated the
origin of the Inle Lake as:
"A regular Lake country must have existed here, probably until the Pleistocene. With
exception of the Inle Lake, these lakes disappeared as a result of karstification and
subsurface run-off in the carbonate rocks, or locally also as a result of peat formation
and silting-up process."
He also mentioned that the lake was 14 miles long and 3.9 miles wide. Its
depth varies considerably between 13 feet the in dry season to 22 feet in the rainy
season. This result was slightly different from other researchers. But he expressed
that it is impossible to determine the exact area of the lake surface because it increase
in size during the rainy season and a merges at the margins into floating islands of
living and decaying vegetation which in turn grow together further towards the land
and then merge into marshy area.
Concerning with the quantity of water in Inle Lake, Dr. Nyi Nyi (1987)
expressed that
"The average total inflow into Inle Lake is about 40 billion cu.ft. per year and since
the silt sedimentation is calculated to be about 22 million cu.ft. per year and the
storage capacity of Inle Lake is about 12.2 billion cu.ft."
2.3.1. Changes of Water Surface Area in Inle Lake between 1990, 2000 and 2005
At present, over one decade, Inle Lake is also being faced with silting up and
shrinkage problems. Beside sedimentation, the main problem of water surface area
changes in Inle Lake are
(a) extension of floating garden cultivation
(b) population growth with building of land plots for houses and
(c) eutropication or vegetation propagation of the majority of aquatic plants
These three factors influenced water surface area of the lake. According to
the analysis on satellite Images with GIS and RS technique, water surface area of the
lake has changed between 1990, 2000 and 2005 are shown in figure 2.1 and table 2.1;
11
95
2 Miles
Figure 2.1 Water Surface Area Changes in Inle Lake between 1990, 2000 and
2005
Source : Extract from Landset TM 7
Table 2.1 Water Surface Area Related with Floating Garden and Marsh Land
Descriptions
1990
acres
2000
sq. miles
acres
2005
sq. miles
acres
sq. miles
16,798.23
26.24
13,993.69
21.87
13,208.42
20.64
Floating Garden
29,254.76
45.71
37,237.86
58.18
40,828.64
63.79
Mash Land
18,144.61
28.35
12,378.45
19.34
9,572.95
14.96
Total
64,197.59
100.31
63,610.01
99.40
63,610.01
99.40
96
Table 2.1 demonstrated that the open water surface area changes in Inle Lake.
It seems significant that in 1990, the open water surface was 16798.23 acres (26.24 sq
miles) was changed to 13993.69 acres (21.87 sq miles) in year 2000 and 13208.42
acres (20.64 sq miles) in 2005. The open water body decreased 3591.82 acres (5.61 sq
miles) during 15 years. Actually, Inle Lake is composed of open water body, floating
garden cultivation, and marsh land and settlement area. Therefore, it can be proposed
that the lake area comprising these four factors is 64197.59 acres (63610.31 sq miles)
in 1990 and it was changed to 63610.10 acres (99.40 sq miles) in 2000. Again the area
of Inle Lake was 63610.01 acres (99.39 square miles) in 2005. Among these periods,
the lake area was only few mile (near one sq mile) smaller than between 1990 and
2000 but between 2000 and 2005 the lake area did not change significantly.
295562.9072
42888.008
129391.2523
ScrubGrassland
19744.80295
38460.58905
71185.86026
Closed Forest
Open Forest
1.Closed Forest
8327.98662
23398.29093
2.Open Forest
184076.1479
3.Scrub-Grassland
4.Marshland
5.Agriculture
6.Floating Garden
7.Water Body
Grand Total
8327.98662
207474.4388
Source: Based on Land Sat TM+7
Sum of Acre
2000
202471.0195
ScrubGrassland
1161.73046
111486.7593
79822.5297
Mash Land
721.3996181
12378.44781
11657.0482
100
9572.948008
9572.948008
Marsh Land
Table 2.3 Land Cover Changes between 2000 and 2005 of Inle Lake
93058.52862
113210.5349
89293.84367
42888.008
1.Closed Forest
2.Open Forest
3.Scrub- Grassland
4.Marsh Land
5.Agriculture
6.Floating Garden
7.WaterBody
Grand Total
Open Forest
Closed Forest
1990
Sum of Acre
Table 2.2 Land Cover Changes between 1990 and 2000 of Inle Lake
535371.4262
485802.7037
49568.72256
2005
Agriculture
485802.7037
60716.18474
139607.0509
143094.0666
587.5867509
141797.8147
Agriculture
2000
37237.86706
1071.271705
40828.63993
2519.501173
Floating Garden
29254.76062
2083.136769
37237.86706
5899.96669
Floating
Garden
12922.42344
13208.42207
285.9986326
Water Body
13993.69515
13993.69515
Water Body
42888.008
295562.9072
129391.2523
12378.44781
485802.7037
37237.86706
13993.69515
1017254.881
Grand Total
216407.5243
291278.1748
303573.7706
15481.32378
141797.8147
31861.15097
16855.12201
1017254.881
Grand Total
101
2.3.3.5. Agriculture
In Inle Lake Watershed, there was 141797.81 acres (221.56 sq miles) of
agricultural land and it grew to 485802.71 acres (759.07 sq miles) in 2000. The
extension of agriculture in this region was 344004.89 acres (537.50 sq miles) and it
increased more than three times within 10 years. These agriculture lands were
extended from 60716.18 acres (90.87 sq miles) of closed forest, 139607.05 acres
(21.82 sq miles) of open forest, 143094.06 acres (22.49 sq miles) of scrub and grass
land and 587.59 aces (0.92 sq miles) of mash land. (Fig 2.3 and 2.4)
Agricultural land extension was steadily extended in 2005, in which 49568.72
acres (77.45 sq miles) of scrub and grassland was converted to agriculture land. Thus
agricultural land was 535371.43 acres (836. 52 sq miles) in 2005. Figurer 2.5.
These results show that the agricultural land was dramatically increased during
1990 to 2000 but the increase rate was gradual to 2005. The extension of agriculture
land was 393573.61 acres (614.95 sq miles) during 15 years.
(49.78 sq miles) in Inle Lake and it gradually increased to 37237.87 acres (58. 18 sq
miles) in 2000. This figure represented that floating garden cultivation was extended
5556.72 acres (8.68 sq miles) from 1990 to 2000. This extension is caused by changes
of mash land 3636.60 acres (5.68 sq miles) and water body 2531.96 acres (13993.69
sq miles. Figure 2.3 and 2.4.
In the year 2005, floating garden cultivation extended to 40828.64 acres
(63.79 sq miles). It was because 1071. 27 acres (1.67 sq miles) of water body which
was converted to floating garden cultivation. It was found that the floating garden
cultivation was extended from 31861.15 acres (49.78sq miles) in 1990 to 40828.63
acres (63.79 sq miles) in 2005. It represent the extension was 8697.49 acres (13.59 sq
miles) within 15 years. Figure 2.5.
103
Figure 2.4 Land Cover Classifications of Inle Watershed Area for 1990
Source: Extract from Land Sat TM 7
Classification
Acres
Sq. Miles
Closed
Forest
216407.52
338.13
Open
Forest
291278.17
455.12
Scrub &
Grassland
303573.77
474.33
Mash
Land
18144.60
28.35
Agriculture
141797.81
221.55
Floating
Garden
29254.76
45.71
Water
Body
16855.12
26.33
Figure 2.4 Land Cover Classification of Inle Watershed Area for 2000
Source: Extract from Land sat TM 7
Classification
Acres
Sq. Miles
Closed
Forest
422888.01
67.01
Open
Forest
295562.90
461.81
Scrub &
Grassland
129391.25
202.17
Mash
Land
12378.45
19.34
Agriculture
485802.70
759.06
Floating
Garden
37237.86
58.18
Water
Body
13993.69
21.86
Closed
Forest
8327.99
13.01
Open
Forest
207474.43
324.17
Scrub &
Grassland
202471.01
316.36
Mash
Land
9572.94
14.95
Agriculture
535371.42
836.51
Floating
Garden
40828.63
63.79
Water
Body
13208.42
20.63
Figure 2.6 Land Cover Changes of Inle Watershed Area between 1990, 2000 and
2005
Source: Extract from Land sat TM
Closed Forest
Open Forest
Agriculture
Marsh Land
Floating Garden
Figure 2.7 Relationships between Land Cover Changes of Watershed Area and
Water Surface Area Changes of Inle Lake
Table 2.4 Average Rainfall Data of Watershed Area of Inle Lake from 1990 to
2005
Year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Taunggyi
44.43
44.93
41.49
37.31
47.69
47.66
46.76
45.38
38.82
59.18
52.24
73.92
55.18
53.39
64.67
60.54
Nyaungshwe
31.37
39.92
46.34
36.27
38.41
34.00
50.17
47.51
48.52
46.90
40.26
36.14
29.81
31.75
46.46
58.76
kalaw
42.68
53.12
53.87
36.29
41.40
3.77
47.48
35.03
35.75
48.55
36.37
36.63
32.07
44.28
34.76
66.38
Yaksauk
35.86
42.45
39.28
35.92
34.25
52.01
36.65
29.4
24.63
45.58
32.5
44.58
34.49
41.65
52.14
62.85
9645'
9700'
97
9715'
2115'
2115'
21
2100'
21
2100'
2045'
2045'
2030'
2030'
2015'
Rainfall (mm)
< 1268
1268- 1495
1495- 1722
1722- 1949
> 1949
No Data
Watershed Boundary
2015'
9630'
9645'
97
9700'
14 Miles
9715'
Pinlaung
94.73
85.07
7041
77.26
81.17
87.05
101.34
55.33
94.91
74.18
79.12
95.00
76.39
95.46
97.72
In rainy season, the lake is expanded and lake's margin is difficult to define
because most of the lake area is covered with floating islands, settlement and floating
garden cultivation.
According to the field measurement, water depth of the lake increases about 6
feet in rainy season especially in September and October and water surface area of
lake also expanded. Actually, the changes of water surface area depend upon the
amount of precipitation from the watershed area. Moreover, water surface area is also
related to water level variation. If the water level increased, water surface area will be
extended. The depth of the lake water is varied with seasons as shown in Table 2.5.
Table 2.5 Monthly Mean Water Level Variation of Inle Lake from 1992 to 2005
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
1992
2901.9
2901.6
2900.9
2900.4
2900.1
2900.2
2901.0
2903.1
2905.5
2905.9
2904.5
2903.1
1993
2902.1
2901.4
2900.8
2900.3
2900.2
2900.5
2900.7
2900.9
2901.8
2902.4
2902.5
2901.3
1994
2900.4
2900.3
2899.6
2899.2
2898.9
2898.7
2899.2
2899.8
2902.3
2902.2
2901.3
2900.6
1995
2900.2
2899.7
2899.1
2898.2
2898.3
2898.5
2898.7
2899.9
2901.3
2901.7
2901.9
2901.2
1996
2900.3
2899.7
2899.4
2898.8
2898.7
2898.5
2899.9
2901.4
2902.4
2902.2
2901.7
2900.8
1997
2900.1
2899.5
2898.9
2898.1
2898.3
2898.1
2898.9
2900.6
2901.6
2901.9
2900.9
2900.3
1998
2899.6
2898.8
2898.2
2897.5
2897.2
2896.9
2896.9
2897.5
2898.5
2899.2
2898.8
2898.3
1999
2897.9
2897.7
2897.2
2896.9
2896.9
2897.3
2897.7
2899.1
2901.3
2902.4
2902.9
2901.6
2000
2900.5
2899.8
2899.2
2898.4
2899.0
2899.5
2899.7
2900.6
2901.4
2901.7
2901.2
2900.3
2001
2899.6
2899.1
2898.5
2897.8
2897.8
2900.0
2900.3
2901.9
2902.4
2902.7
2903.5
2901.9
2002
2900.9
2900.2
2899.5
2898.6
2898.5
2899.4
2899.4
2900.4
2902.1
2902.1
2901.9
2901.5
2003
2900.8
2900.3
2899.5
2898.8
2898.4
2898.3
2899.1
2899.9
2900.5
2901.3
2900.4
2900.1
2004
2899.5
2899.1
2898.4
2897.7
2898.6
2900.1
2900.6
2901.6
2902.8
2903.6
2902.3
2901.2
2005
2897.3
2896.3
2895.0
2893.3
2894.9
2898.7
2899.0
2899.7
2901.4
2902.8
2903.3
2901.8
According to the field measurement, water depth of the lake increases about 6
feet in rainy season especially in September and October and water surface area of
lake also expanded. Actually, the changes of water surface area depend upon the
amount of precipitation from the watershed area. Moreover, water surface area is also
related to water level variation. If the water level increased, water surface area will be
extended. The depth of the lake water is varied with seasons as shown in Table 2.5.
In Inle Region, some of the villages experience two types of environment, one
is living on the water in rainy season and another is living on land in summer. As a
110
results of the interview survey, some villagers always make preparing for adaptation
of these flexible conditions.
According to the water level data between 1992 and 2005, the water level is
changed seasonally. In April and May, the water level is the lowest and it increased in
September and October. And it gradually decreased again in of April and May. Figure
2.7 showed the variation of water level in Inle Lake.
2908
2906
1992
2904
1993
1994
2902
1995
2900
1996
1997
2898
1998
1999
2896
2000
2894
2001
2892
2002
2890
2003
2004
2888
2005
2886
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apri
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Months
Figure 2.10 Monthly Mean Water Level Variations in Inle Lake from 1990 to 2005
Source: Irrigation Department, Nyaung Shwe Township
3.4.2. Sedimentation
Soil erosion is the most serious problem in this area. From the result of the
previous documentation, Dr. Nyi Nyi (1976) calculated that the sedimentation to be
about 22 million cu. ft per year and he estimated that Inle Lake will be filled up in the
next 550 years if no dredging were done. According to the Forestry Consultancy
Group (1993), the lake has been silted up at an alarming rate of approximately
623,000 cu.m.per annum.
It was found that there are 29 streams that enter Inle Lake, among them the
biggest streams are Nam Lat Chaung from the north (528 sq miles), Indein Chaung
from the west (312 sq miles), Thandaung or Kalaw Chaung from the west (256 sq
miles) and Yebe Chaung or Necha Chaung from the west (136 sq miles). All these big
streams account for soil erosion and Kalaw (Thandaung) and Indein Chaung formed
the delta formation in the western part of the lake because these streams flow through
the intensive agricultural plains and across the treeless steep mountain slopes.
111
In the western part of the lake, especially in Thamakhan Plain and Heho Basin,
unsystematic ways of shifting, extensive and rotational cultivation reinforced gulley
erosion and sheet erosion that produced silt brought down to the lake via Thangdaung
and Indain Chaung.See in late 2.1
Plate 2.1 Plate 2.1 Soil Erosion, gully Erosion due to cleared forest along the mountain
slope that
silt was brought down to the lake via Streams in Inle Watershed,
reflected in this picture turbidity of water which carry sediment and enter to
lake at the month of Thandaung Stream.
According to the water quality measurement, the turbidity rate is the highest in
Thandaung stream (sample 1) which carries the sediment and deposited them at the
mouth of Thandaung stream, near Myaynigone Village (sample 4). Actually,
Thandaung stream enters into the lake as five tributaries, by forming delta formation;
one is near Myaynigon Village. This process occurs during the raining season when
the surface runoffs accelerates on the mountain slope and carry the suspended solid
that accounted the water for turbidity of the lake and than deposited them. Compare to
Indein Chaung, one of the biggest stream of Inle Lake at the northern part,
Thangdaung Chaung has more turbidity rate because in Indein Chaung has silt
trapping dam. According to this data, Thandaung Chaung has more sedimentation rate
and it may create delta formation of the western part of the lake.
In the northern part of the lake, Nam-lat Chaung which pass through the
Nyaung Shwe Valley that composed of settlement and agriculture land, also carried
sediment and deposited it in the lake. According to the interview survey, at Ywatha
Village (northern part of the lake), the villagers cultivate floating gardens in the last
two decades but the sedimentation gradually silted up and they changed to le
cultivation (paddy cultivation) in stead of floating garden cultivation. The northern
part of the Ywatha village also changed from paddy crop to sugarcane cultivation.
Therefore, it can be seem that the deposition also occur in the northern part of the
lake.
3.4.3. Eutrophication
Etrophication is one of the common processes of the lakes. Generally, the
lakes can be defined as two major types: oligotrophic lake and eutrophic lake.
According to the Oliver S. Owen (1980), the characteristics of oligotrophic and
eutrophic lakes are as follow;
Table 2.6 Trophic Stage of the Lake (Comparison of Oligotrophic and
Eutrophic)
Oligotrophic Lake
Eutrophic Lake
1. Poor in nutrient
1. Rich in nutrient
2. Deep basin
2. Shallow Basin
3. Muddy bottom
4. Clear water
4. Turbid water
5. Plankton scarce
5. Plankton abundant
7. Cool water
7. Warm water
whitefish, ciscoes
113
Plate 2.2 Plate 2.2 Water Hyacinth, Rooted Weed, Tall Grass and Marsh Land
Propagation are one of characteristic of Eutrophication from the affect of
nitrogen and phosphate in the water, these plates represent the propagation of
water hyacinth, marsh land etc are everywhere in Inle Lake
Yemebin Village, and Kyunegyi Village etc. Most of the villages are situated at the
western part of the lake.
In 1990 the floating garden area was 29254.76 acres (sq miles), and it
increased to 37237.86 acres in 2000 (58.18sq miles) and to 40828.42 acres (63.79 sq
miles) in 2005. Floating garden extension can be see in Plate 2.3.
Plate 2.3 Floating Garden Cultivation is one of the important catch crop in Inle Lake
and tomato production become a vital role in the economy of Inle Lake, these
plates also demonstrate the floating garden cultivation extension in Inle Lake
in Kela Village
Area
(sq.miles)
Kalaw
Nyaung Shwe
Pindaya
Pinglaung
Ywangan
Taunggyi
Yatsauk
Totals
Population
(1990)
553.00
553.0
233.50
1,295.60
1,017.90
1928.23
1874.02
7455.25
Population
(2000)
109851
130058
56691
112609
53627
248246
94508
805590
Population
(2005)
129457
153260
66805
132700
63195
292535
111370
949322
137879
163231
71151
141333
67306
311569
118615
1011084
Density
(sq. miles)
(2005)
249.3
295.1
304.7
64.4
66.1
141.1
0.01
135.62
1200000
Population
1000000
800000
1990
2000
600000
2005
400000
200000
To
ta
l
Ye
tH
sa
uk
Yw
an
ga
n
P
in
la
un
g
P
in
da
ya
S
hw
e
N
ya
un
g
K
al
aw
Ta
un
gg
yi
Townships
117
Plate: 2.4 Agricultural extensions due to population growth, the upper plates show
agricultural extension around the lake margin and the lower plates also
represent agricultural extension near or in the watershed area of Inle Lake
This study emphasized the changes of water surface area. Compare to the
historical documentations from many scholars with their records and their points of
views, the changes of water surface area of 1990, 2000 and 2005 were calculated.
Based on these data, Inle Lake covered a much larger area in ancient times than at
present. And now the area of the lake has been changed from 26 sq miles in 1990 to
21 sq miles in 2000 and it become 20 sq miles in 2005. It is demonstrated that the
water surface of the Inle Lake is decreased to 5 sq miles within one decade.
This
situation
is
influenced
by
climatic
condition,
sedimentation,
growth rate around the lake is accounted for the extension of agriculture and in
consequences, deforestation that causes sedimentation. See in Plate
Plate 2.4 Population growth related with settlement extension in Inle Lake that cause
water surface area changes, in these plates are in Taungto Village, there are
many houses extended to the lake area
The shallower of water and shrinkage of the water body is due to the
sedimentation and floating garden extension. Therefore, it can conclude that
sedimentation is the most serious problems for water surface area changes.
CHAPTER 3
FACTS AND PERCEPTIONS ON WATER QUALITY AND WATER
SURFACE AREA
3.1. Introduction
Nowadays, everywhere in the world, air and water pollutions, climate
change, soil degradation, ozone depletion, deforestation and ecosystem degradation
by human impact have became global issues. The human capacity to modify the
natural landscape has increased through time, accelerating with exponential growth of
human populations and the resources exploitation innovations associated with the
agrarian and industrial revolutions (1996, David S. Wilkie and John T. Finn.). Some
parts of the earth are entirely damaged and some at alarming rate for human and
ecosystem. Hence, there is a need to understand that the environment is being
degraded and the public awareness of environmental knowledge and education and
participation play a significant role in resolving the conflicts between man and
environment. If the natural environment is entirely damaged, life: animals, plants and
human itself will disappear.
Generally, the people should know their home place and how to gain
sustainable development from their environment that is related to their livelihood.
Also quality and quantity of water is such an important thing for human system
because it is necessary for human affair as well as natural system. In fact, it is also
important than people realize the impact of their activities on the environment.
Inle region, therefore, is one of such zones because of its valuable natural
resources which need protection from the environmental degradation. Local people
who live in Inle region are important actors on this treasure land and their knowledge,
images and perceptions are also important.
The key point of facts and perceptions are to study the local people awareness
of environment, to know the changes of environment especially on water and to
enhance public awareness on environmental education. Similarly, to know the
perceptions of tourists who are from domestic and foreign countries, to study the
perceptions on Inle Lake and to obtain the messages of management for Inle Lake
from their point of view.
120
122
9630'
9645'
9700'
2100'
2100'
2045'
2045'
#
S
#
S
#
S
#
S
#
S
#
S
#
S
#S
S
#
# S
S
#
2030'
#
S
#
S
#
S
2030'
#
S
#
S
#
S
2015'
#
S
Railwayline
Road
Town
Village
Lakeboundary
Watershed Boundary
9630'
2015'
9645'
10 Miles
9700'
Figure 3.1 Collection Sites of Sample Villages for Perception in Inle Region
Source: Field Observation
Social Class
Number of Interviewees
On Land
In Water
Floating Garden
22
22
Paddy Cultivation
21
20
Government Staff
18
10
Waving Industry
16
13
15
15
Black Smith
15
15
Shifting Cultivation
11
11
Fishing
Others
26
24
150
60
88
Total
Source: Interview survey, 2006
Most of the people are Intha (138 persons- 92 percent); only a few are
Pa-o (5 persons-3.3 percent), Bamar (4 persons-2.7 percent) and Danu (3 persons-2
percent).
17.30%
14.70%
4%
Myanmar,
2.70%
14%
7.30%
Danu, 2%
PaO, 3.30%
10%
12%
10%
10.70%
Paddy Cultivation
Government Staff
Waving Industry
Gold/Silver Smith
Black Smith
Shifting Cultivation
Fishing
92%
Intha
Others
PaO
Myanmar
Danu
The age composition of interviewees can be classified into five groups such as
between 20 and 30 (37 persons-24.7 percent), between 30 and 40 (29 persons-19.3
percent), between 40 and 50 (24 persons-16 percent), between 50 and 60 (24 persons16 percent) and over 60 (17 persons-11.3 percent) respectively. The education status
of the interviewees showed that 56 persons (37.3 percent) were basic education level,
47 persons (31.33 percent) were middle education level, 23 persons (15.3 percent)
were high education level, 4 persons (2.7 percent) were under graduate level and 20
persons (13.3 persons) were of1 post graduate level. Among the interviewees, 61
124
persons (40.66 percent) lived in villages on land and 89 persons (59.33 percent) lived
villages on water.
11.30%
11.30%
2.70%
37.30%
13.30%
24.70%
16%
16%
19.30%
21.30%
Basic Education
High Education
Middle Education
Under Graduate
Post Graduate
between 20 and 30
between 30 and 40
between 50 and 60
over 60
between 40 and 50
Reasons
cutting for firewood
More vegetation
%
42
Reasons
reforestation
by
39
government
2
extension
of
shifting
40
cultivation
prohibition
Reason
government
replant
%
4
government
population growth
weather changes
126
The same
Less agriculture
Sr
Reasons
Reasons
population growth
52
residential
area is
more
(not change)
%
Reasons
no reasons
5.3
agriculture
extension
27.3
without control
3
economic development
8.6
encouragement of the
2.6
government
5
2.6
Similarly, all of the interviewees answered that the population has increased
and Inle Region is more developed than before, the most prominent point is hotels and
restaurants appeared and the water is more degraded. In this case, all the interviewees
answered the changes of environment according to their point of views. Indeed, most
of the answers are reliable and logical and they answered that they are concerned with
the changes of environment which somehow, they know that it did changed and it
changed, but they are not aware of the impact of these changes. See in Table
The same
Lake is deeper
Reasons
because of sedimentation
74
5.3
3.3
Reasons
Reasons
because of dredging
5.3
the same
1.3
1.3
motorboat
5
because of decomposition of
1.3
(not change)
127
13%
6%
8.46%
4.61%
9.23%
49%
domestic purpose
88.60%
for agriculture
for cooking
for drinking
65.40%
18.46%
tube w ell
spring
ponds
retention ponds
stream
Among those people who live in the water 56 percent drank the lake water in
the past and they believed that the water of Inle Lake is clean and safe at that time. At
present, about 22.7 percent are still drinking the water of the lake. However, 86.6
percent of interviewees answered that they do not drink the water of the lake instead
they get their drinking water from tube wells (65.4 percent), from spring (18.46
percent), from ponds (9.23 percent), from retention ponds (8.46 percent), from
purified drinking water (4.61 percent) and from stream (5.38 percent) respectively.
The purpose as regard drinking water is to know whether they know the water
quality of the lake and it changes. In this case, the interviewees can be divided into
two parts: one is those who live in water and the other is in on the land. Both the
participants on the land and in the water influence by the lake's water directly or
indirectly. Certainly, the interviewees on the land do not drink the lake water, but the
rest are concerned with the water of the lake directly. Among them, nearly all of the
interviewees drink this water in the past but now some do not drink. This condition
represent that they know the changes of water quality but the response is different
among each other.
Not Drink
Sr.
60
4.6
26
there is no choice.
7.9
because of sedimentation
because of motorboats
1.3
1.3
Concerning the problems related with water, all of the interviewees have
knowledge on the water condition of Inle Lake before. They believed that the water
quality has changed because most of the interviewees had drunk the water of Inle
Lake. But at present they do not drink, this mean that they know about the changes of
water quality. Among the interviewees 72 percent replied that the turbidity of Inle
Lake's water is more than before; on the other hand 10 percent of the interviewees
replied that water is cleaner than before. But about 17.3 percent replied that the lake is
clear in summer and dirty in the rainy season. In this case the perception of water is
based on their immediate surrounding conditions.
cleaner
in rainy
Sr
Reasons
Reasons
Reasons
lake is shallower
44
no reason
motorboats transportation
26
1.3
19.
3
floating garden
2.6
cultivation
5
pesticide
1.3
129
17.3
Most of the interviewees answered that the Inle Lake has also changed; one
reason is the presence of algae or aquatic floating plants in the water of Inle Lake. In
their perceptions, algae or aquatic floating plants is one of the important
characteristics of water in Inle Lake. They answered that the algae changed seasonally
and spatially. Among the interviewees, about 42 percents replied that the algae have
increased more than before in Inle Lake. On the other hand, 50 percent of
interviewees answered that the algae has decreased more than before. But 6 percent of
interviewees answered that there is no changes in the algae community. From their
answers, most of the answers are reliable. The answers of the interviewees on the
aquatic floating or algae are as follow;
Reasons
naturally propagate
14.5
Reasons
re-used
in
The same
floating
30
garden cultivation
Reasons
re-used
in
garden
when
%
floating
they
growth
2
10
people
clean
when
16
utilization of fertilizer
6.6
in agriculture
4
sedimentation
decreased
in
utilization in animal's
4.6
are propagation
6
0.6
hyacinth population
6
water is dirty
0.6
The next study is based on the water quality in Inle Lake. From the results of
the answers, nearly all of the interviewees (99 percent) think that the water in Inle
Lake is degraded or may have degraded due to many factors. In this case, all of the
interviewees give one or more answers which affect the quality of water and also
answered which one effected degradation to water quality the most. Answers from the
interviewees, the factors that are affected to the degradations of waters in Inle Lake
are as follows;
130
because
of
floating
%
garden
84
60
cultivation,
2
64.6
54
because
57.3
sedimentation
10.6
of
motorboats
transportation
4
because of sedimentation
52.6
motorboats transportation
10
32.6
domestic sewage
4.7
21.3
4.7
growth
7
12.6
11.3
131
Surface is wider
Sr
Reasons
84.3
Reasons
cutting tall grass and
No change
%
Reasons
5.3
the
population
growth
and
73.9
extension of houses
3
local
people
always
%
same
condition
4.6
sedimentation
67.8
construction of
Myobye
1.3
the
1.3
Dam
4
4.9
dredging
by
government
5
hotels
and
restaurants
3.3
development
6
decrease rainfall
sedimentation
0.8
due
to
0.8
decomposition of floating
0.6
deforestation
8
Among the interviewees who think that the surface area has changed, about
80.6 percent of interviewees answered that the lake became wider than before. In
contrast, about 12 percent of interviewees answered that the lake is smaller than
before and 7.3 percent answered that the lake's area is the same.
Among them, they answered that the most effective factors on the water
surface area are floating garden extension (42 percent), population growth and
housing extension (33.3 percent), sedimentation (29.7 percent), and others (1.6
percent).
132
12
that the streams are straighter than before. About 79 percent of interviewees replied
that the streams are shallower than before and about 2 percent of interviewees replied
that the streams is deeper than before; about 76 %persons thought that the streams
have more sedimentation and 2 percent of interviewees thought that the streams have
less sedimentation. The answers of the interviewees are as follow;
More meander
more straight
60
repairing by government
23.3
1.3
2.6
77.3
repairing by government
11.3
1.3
more
erosion
resulting
from
76
deforestation
2
heavy rainfall
134
Terrestrial animals
Sr
Ot
Ba
Cb
Cl
Cr
Ti
Hd
Mu
De
Pf
Mo
3.2
84.7
84.7
84.7
1.7
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.0
2.0
Moreover, the interviewees who lived around the lake noticed the
disappearance of terrestrial animals. Their perceptions of these disappearances of
animals are as follows:
Reasons
Fishes
%
Reasons
7.3
non reproduction
28
non reproduction
14
10.6
migration
over fishing
135
climatic change
1.3
4.7
population growth
1.2
3.3
0.6
3.3
natural condition
0.6
7
8
Source: Structured Interview Survey, 2006
Distinctly, one of the interviewees answered that the otter disappeared when
water was seriously decreased due to El-Nio.
Table 3.15 Perceptions on Disappearance of Terrestrial Fauna of Inle Lake
Perceptions on Disappearance of Terrestrial Fauna
Crow
Sr
6.7
population growth
8.7
agriculture extension.
5.3
deforestation
Population growth
4.7
extinction
4.7
naturally
4.7
To
Cc
Bs
Cs
Le
Wf
25.3
73.3
73.3
73.3
2.7
Bs = Barbus spp,
Cs = Cirrhina latia
Le = Leech
Wf = Waterfoul
From the answers of the interviewees, a few decades ago these animals were
more populated than at present especially, fishes of Ngap-haine (Cyprinus carprio
136
intha), Nga-Khonema (Barbus spp) and Nga-yant (Cirrhina latia) in the water. But,
the interviewees of fisherman answered that fishes in the lake is significantly
decreasing. The reasons for decreasing of these animals are;
Waterfowl
Reasons
Reasons
20.7
27.3
environmental change
4.7
17.5
10.7
do not no why
9.3
naturally
4.7
over fishing,
4.7
0.7
Among these reasons, only one interviewee answered that these fishes died
due to the use of insecticide 5 years ago, since then these fishes have been decreasing.
Their perception are as follow;
Waterfowl
Reasons
2.7
because of naturally
Reasons
because of migration
%
8
137
Gull
Perceptions
Perceptions
government husbandry
55.3
migration
people husbandry
17.3
naturally
6.7
Malainpin, Myat-kha-tauk,
Kanyutpin, Tainpin
Kanasauk pin
Mawkyapin,
2.7
7.3
22
138
Sr
1
Malainpin, Myat-kha-tauk,
Kanyutpin, Tainpin
Kanasauk pin
Mawkyapin,
Reasons
Reasons
18.
do not no why
making
cleaned by people
1.3
naturally
robe
for
Reasons
2.7
remove and
Buddha
2
water
pollution
(lily
1.3
Big trees
7.3
2.6
26
crassipes
The reasons for the decreasing flora replied by interviewees are as follows:
Table 3.23 Perceptions on Decreasing of Flora in Inle Lake
Perceptions on Decreasing Flora
Reed (Kyu and Kaing)
Sr
Reasons
Reasons
Big trees
%
Reasons
human cutting
human cutting
6.7
5.3
clearance by government
2.6
139
%
24.7
Reasons
Reasons
11.3
40
5.3
8.7
4.7
7.3
water quality, 36 percent answered that there are no modern methods for management
of water quality. Modern conservation methods of water quality are also based on
agriculture aspect and cleaning water aspect. As a result of interviewees' answers,
though most of the interviewees know that the present conservation method cannot be
used to conserve the water quality. The answers of the interviewees are as follow;
Sr
Reasons
Reasons
16.7
%
54
machine
2
6.7
cleaning by government
1.3
0.7
using alum
0.7
Reasons
14
12
7.3
7.3
141
20
6.7
In this case, some of the local people have traditional method as well as
modern method to control water quality as much as possible but the percentage of
these interviewees is very low. It shows that they have not many ideas about how to
conserve the water surface area than the water quality.
Reasons
Local Rules
%
Reasons
78
46
24.7
17.3
you see
3
month
1.3
142
Among the interviewees, 18 percent replied that these policies and rules are
enough for conservation but 74.7 percent of interviewees think that these are not
enough conservation.
Again, there are some policies and rules to conserve Inle water surface area by
the government and local rules. For these conservation rules on water surface area,
about 71.3 percent of interviewees know that the government policies on water
surface area of the lake but about 28.7 percent of interviewees do not know these
policies and rules. The interviewees know about the policies and rules are:
Local Rules
Reasons
not
to
extend
the
floating
%
garden
Reasons
44
35.3
27.3
24.7
cultivation
2
limitation
22.7
grass
4
17.3
grass
8.7
53
Among the interviewees, 15.3 percent replied that all these policies are enough
to conserve the water surface area of the lake and 52.7 percent replied that these
policies are not enough to conserve the water surface area of the lake.
3.3.8. Opinions to Conserve on Inle Lake's Environ
In this environmental situation, all of the local people have some opinions to
conserve the water quality and water surface area of Inle Lake and they give some
suggestions to conserve the water quality as well as water surface area. In this study,
all of the interviewees give at least two or more suggestions. Some suggestions given
by the interviewees on water quality given by the interviewee are:
143
Suggestions
42.7
42.7
31.3
10
7.3
7.3
5.3
10
On the other hand, they also desire to conserve the water surface area of Inle
Lake. They gave some suggestions as follows:
Suggestions
24
23.3
17.3
17.3
7.3
6.7
6.7
6.7
144
industries, the environmental condition was changed, e.g. development of hotels and
restaurants, increasing of motorboats. From these conditions; perceptions of visitors
are also important for conservation of Inle Lake.
In this study, therefore, perceptions of visitors were divided into two types;
one is domestic visitors and other is tourists. Questionnaires survey method was used
for this study and 25 questionnaires were distributed respectively. In this case, visitors
arrived for various places and for various purposes to Inle Lake. It is necessary to
study how they know about the environ Inle Lake and which is important for
conservation for this region from their point of view.
University
Student
5%
Nationality of Respondents
Danu
8%
Tourists
Guides
30%
Taungyo
8%
Myanmar
36%
PaO
8%
Intha
20%
Governmen
t Staff
25%
Shan
20%
145
betw : 4050
7%
betw : 3040
28%
undergrate
24%
post
graduate
76%
betw : 2030
65%
Nearly all of the respondents, about 96 percent had visited Inle Lake before.
Among them, 44 percent have visited many times before. About 36 percent have
visited many times and have been there before 1990, about 12 percent have visited
there between 1990 and 2000 and 4 percent has been there after 2000. Therefore, most
of the respondents noticed the changes of environment of Inle Lake.
At present
64
14
84
10
24
population is dense
40
population is sparse
12
more agriculture
52
less agriculture
24
The respondents visited Inle Lake for various purposes. Similarly, their
interests on Inle Lake are different. Most of the respondents replied that their interest
on Inle Lake are two or more attractive. Answers from the respondents showed, their
interest to Inle Lake as follow:
146
Reasons
because
of
interest
%
in
Reasons
beautiful
64
Pilgrimage
28
60
28
scenery
2
60
24
for pilgrimage
60
Recreation
for recreation
52
beautiful scenery
for job
20
12
to visit relatives
Degraded
Sr
Reasons
Reasons
20
56
motorboats transportation
52
floating cultivation
48
population growth
40
28
hotels/restaurants growth
28
wastes
20
and
silt
from
streams
hand weaving industries
domestic sewage
Source: Structured Interview Survey, 2006
147
Reasons
no reason
%
12
The most effective factors to water quality degradation is solid waste disposals
(16 percent), population growth (20 percents), domestic sewage (8 percent), motor
boats transportation (16 percent), increase of hotels and restaurants (8 percent) and
floating garden cultivation (4 percent).
Reasons
Reasons
no reasons
12
sedimentation
72
population growth
60
60
aquatic plants
12
12
Among the respondents, some replied that the lake will be shallower. They
replied that the most important factors affecting are sedimentation (48 percent),
floating garden cultivation (24 percent), population growth (20 percent), algae growth
and manmade land (4 percent) respectively.
148
No Degraded
Reasons
lack of tree
20
population growth
20
12
Reasons
government can still conserve
%
16
Reasons
Sedimentation
20
lack of trees
16
16
12
12
aquatic
plants
and
water
hyacinth
propagation
7
10
11
12
149
Reasons
still clean and green around the lake
%
4
Suggestions
48
28
20
16
10
150
4%
4%4%4%
4%
4%
4%
4%
8%
4%
4%4%
4%
8%
20%
4%
20%
12%
8%
20%
8%
8%
12%
Eigineer
University Student
Marketing Vice Mananger
Retaired Person
Consultant
Physiotherapist
12%
France
Germany
Japan
Australia
Canada
England
USA
Mexico
Belgium
Italy
Sw itzerland
Singapore
Thailand
12%
Social Worker
Company Staff
Accountant
Marchant
Tourists Guide
Hotel Manger
16%
40%
40%
20%
12%
28%
24%
20%
post Gradute
under Graduate
Others
Betw 20-30
Betw 30-40
Betw 40-50
Betw 50-60
> 60
They are 3 engineers (12 percent), 3 social workers (12 percent), 3 university
students (12 percent), 3 company staff (12 percent), 2 marketing vice president (8
percent), 2 accountant (8percent), 2 retired person (8 percent), 1 merchant (4percent),
1 consultant (4 percent), 1 tourists guide (4 percent), 1 physiotherapist (4 percent) and
1 hotel manager (4 percent). Among them 10 persons (40 percent) are post graduates,
5 persons (20 percent) are under-graduate and 10 persons (40 percent) are other kind
of education. The age of the respondents are 5 persons (20 percent) fell in age group
between 20 and 30 years, 7 persons (28 percent) fell in age group between 30 and 40
years, 6 persons (24 percent) fell in age group between 40 and 50 years, 3 persons (12
percent) fell in age group between 50 and 60 years and (4 persons-16 percent) fell in
age group over 60 years.
151
At present
water is cleaner
lake is wider
lake is narrower
less agriculture
intensive agriculture
Inle Lake is one of the attractive places of Myanmar. Therefore, tourists come
to Inle Lake for various purposes and their interests on Inle Lake are varied. Most of
the respondents gave two or more answers for this question. Their interests on Inle
Lake are as follow:
Reasons
Reasons
beautiful scenery
76
28
36
28
for recreation
32
fishing method
20
16
Indain scenery
16
advertising
16
handicraft
beautiful scenery
boats, villages
Source: Questionnaire Survey, 2006
152
Water is Degraded
Sr
Reasons
Reasons
16
because of motorboats
28
24
20
world
plastic bags
population growth
16
weaving industries
12
Agriculture
goldsmith,
silversmith
and
blacksmith
Source: Structured Interview Survey, 2006
Sedimentation
28
population growth
20
16
12
%
24
Among them, the most important factors are floating garden cultivation (16
percent), population growth (12 percent), algae growth (12 percent), sedimentation (1
percent), lack of tree (4 percent) and tourists (4 percent).
3.4.2.4. Perceptions on Environment
The views of respondents who have never visited in Inle Lake before,
regarding the environment of Inle Lake are as follow:
153
Reasons
water is clean
Reasons
24
Reasons
16
24
20
24
agriculture is intensive
48
in the middle
44
20
is middle
20
24
dense
5
16
36
few motorboats
20
motorboats
7
24
12
20
Reasons
because of tourists
12
Reasons
because there is no visible sign
%
8
population
Source: Structured Interview Survey, 2006
154
thought that it is important to conserve the lake's environment at the same time 8
percent thought it is not important to conserve the lake's environment
Reasons
24
20
for tourists
16
12
Reasons
the water is still good status
%
4
to prevent pollution
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
155
Suggestions
40
10
11
12
13
In this study, all of the respondents of tourists who visited the Inle Lake
participated and suggested from their point of views.
156
the villages of the land have knowledge of terrestrial animals and their surrounding
but the interviewees from the villages in the lake have better knowledge on the
aquatic animals and plants.
Similarly, these two groups have different aspects on the view of environment.
The interviewees from the villages of the land have more perceptions on forest,
agriculture and stream conditions and their conservation method and their opinions to
conserve the environments is related to these factors. In contract the interviewees
from the villages of the water were more related to water quality and water surface
area and their conservations method is based on these factors. Most of the
interviewees from the village of the land thought that the people who are from the
villages in the lake are the main actors for degradation of Inle Lake. But the
interviewees think that the degradations of Inle Lake also concerned with the people
who lived around the lake. Nevertheless, opinions and suggestions to conservation is
the same in these two groups.
Among the interviewees, the people of the old age (between 50 and 60 years,
and over 60 years) have more perceptions on environmental changes than the other
age groups. They have much knowledge in ecosystems, and changes of environment
in Inle Lake. On the other hand, the young groups (between 20 and 30 years and
between 30 and 40 years), noticed the degradations of environment and conservation
method than the old age group.
The perceptions of male and female are not significantly different. But, it is
slightly different between educated people and uneducated people on the perceptions
of conservation methods, policies and rules and suggestions for Inle Lake.
Among the interviewees, the perceptions on environment are focused on the
changes of environment and why the environment was changed. At the same time,
they perceived changes in the water quality and water surface area. In this case, they
have more perceptions on water quality than water surface area changes. Some of the
interviewees' shallower lake because this situation is more comfortable for
transportations, in contrasts some of the interviewees especially agriculturalists are
worried about the shallower water of the lake because utilization of water is essential
for agriculture.
Again in ecosystem, most of the interviewees noticed about the fauna than that
of the flora. In the perceptions on conservation method, the interviewees have some
conservation method on water quality and water surface area changes. But their
157
methods are weak to effect on the environment. Besides, nearly all of the interviewees
have knowledge on policies and rules of the government and local authorities but they
do not know why these rules are implemented. In this case, one of the interviewees of
authority in opens talk answered that the conservation methods on Inle Lake could be
practice only by 10 percent and a few percentages of local people obeyed the rules of
conservation but they do not know why these rules are important. Nevertheless, it is
significant that all the interviewees have desire to conserve Inle Lake; they give some
valuable suggestions for conservation.
Perceptions of visitors obtained from questionnaires survey and 50
questionnaires were conducted. In this study, visitors can be divided into two groups:
domestic visitors and tourists. All the domestic visitors arrived to Inle Lake for many
times and they know the changes of Inle Lake. They have some perceptions on water
quality and water surface area changes from their point of view. They can also give
important suggestions for conservation of Inle Lake.
Similarly, tourists have the perceptions on Inle Lake. Some of the tourists
visited the other lake around the world and give some of the comparative information
for Inle Lake. As a result of the answers of the tourists, most of the respondents have
more perceptions of ecosystem than other participants. Although, most of the tourists
visited Inle lake for recreation, they participated in questionnaires survey on
conservation of Inle Lake's environ and give valuable suggestions.
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was mostly found in the middle layer (b layer). But some variable such as turbidity is
necessary to take more sample sites for statistical analysis. Therefore, it is necessary
to assess more precisely for water quality degradation and to monitor water quality.
According to the measurement of water quality variables, the most important
threat to Inle Lake is sedimentation. In raining time, the turbidity rate was very high
in the mouth of streams especially in western part. Therefore, the delta formation will
increased from the western part of the lake to the east and the lake will shrink more
and become shallower.
The second aspect of water surface area changes is divided into two parts: one
is long term changes and another is seasonal changes. In the long term changes, the
surface area was change was 5 square miles within 15 years from 1990 to 2005. In the
seasonal changes, the measurement is based upon the calculation of water level data
and GIS technique. But it is necessary to obtain field measurement for more detailed
and valid data of seasonal changes.
Water surface area changes were directly influenced by the extensions of
houses due to population growth, extension of floating garden cultivation,
sedimentation and marshland propagation. Moreover, water surface is also related to
land cover changes. Around the Inle Lake or the watershed area of the natural Inle
Lake, vegetation was converted to agriculture extension by cutting and burning forest
as a result of population growth. In the rainy season, soil erosion accelerates on these
treeless mountain slopes and brought sediment down into the Inle Lake and the lake
become shallower.
According to the water quality data, the turbidity rate is very high in the
western part of the lake. It is found that the delta formation will be increased in the
western part of the lake and floating garden extension will also be shifted to the inner
part of the lake. At the same time, the sedimentation problem occurred at the northern
part of the lake. To control the shrinkage of water surface area, it is necessary to limit
the extension of houses and agricultural land and to control the sedimentation
problem.
The last aspect focused upon the participation of people. As a result of the
survey, people perceived the important role play by and environment, ecosystem,
forest and agriculture of Inle Region. Furthermore, the people also knew that water
quality degradation. They perceived that in the past and local people had drunk the
water in Inle Lake but at present they do not drink the water in Inle Lake. Besides, the
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local people have perceptions on the shrinkage of water surface area of Inle Lake and
they give some of the valuable suggestions for conservation. This means that the
people have some valuable perceptions on environmental conservation but they are
weak to understand why it is important and how to conserve systematically.
At present, Inle Region is one of the priority conservation zone and Irrigation
Department, Agriculture Department, Forest Department and Wetland Wildlife
Sanctuary Department is taking care for the management for conservation. Some
NGOs and UNDP are participating in informal and non-formal activities for
conservation Nevertheless, it is very important that the people participations are
essential actors to control conservation and it is impossible to obtain successful
conservation of this region without participation of the local people. Therefore, it is
necessary to educate the local people who lived in and around the lake for the
conservation of their environment. Consequently, they become aware the
conservation of the lake and to obtain sustainable development of this region. In this
aspect, environmental education is essential for conservation of Inle Lake.
The flow chart in figure 1 represents the effectiveness of conservation on the
water quality and water surface area.
Community Participations on
Environmental Policies and
Guidelines
Environmental
Conservation
Water
Quality
Water Surface
Area
Environment Educations
(formal & informal)
Perceptions on Environment
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From the basic of individual knowledge, action and ethic will lead to
community behavior and more effective and successful conservation to nature. The
results of this study will help the sustainable development of Inle Region.
Suggestions
There are some suggestions for conservation of Inle Region.
For water quality management, it is necessary
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