Pregnancy The state of carrying a developing embryo or fetus within the female body.

Abortion a medical procedure used to end a pregnancy and cause the death of the fetus

2. What are the legal importance of pregnancy (4)?

Legal Importance of the Study of Pregnancy:
1. Pregnancy is a ground for the suspension of the execution of the death sentence in a woman:
Art. 83, Revised Penal Code:
Suspension of the execution of the death sentence:
The death sentence shall not be inflicted upon a woman within the three years next following the date of
the sentence or while she is pregnant, nor upon any person over seventy years of age. In this last case, the death
sentence shall be commuted to the penalty of reclusion perpetua with the accessory penalties in article 40.
2. A conceived child is capable of receiving donation:
Art. 742, Civil Code:
Donation made to conceived and unborn children maybe accepted by the persons who would legally
represent them if they were already born.
3. A conceived child may exercise civil rights:
Art. 40, Civil Code:
Birth determines personality; but the conceived child shall be considered born for all the purposes that are
favorable to it, provided it be born later with the conditions specified in the following article.
Art. 41, Civil Code:
For civil purposes, the fetus is considered born if it is alive at the time it is completely delivered from the
mothers womb. However, if the fetus had an intra uterine life of less than seven months, it is not deemed born if
it dies within twenty-four hours after its complete delivery from the maternal womb.
4. Concealment of the woman that she is pregnant at the time of the marriage is a ground for the annulment of
marriage:
Art. 85, Civil Code:
A marriage may be annulled for any of the following causes, existing at the time of the marriage:
(4) That the consent of either party was obtained by fraud, unless such party afterwards, with full
knowledge of the facts constituting the fraud, freely cohabited with the other as her husband or
his wife, as the case may be.
Art. 86, Civil Code:
Any of the following circumstances shall constitute fraud referred to in number 4 of the preceding article:
(3) Concealment by the wife of the fact that at the time of the marriage, she was pregnant by a
man other than his husband.
No other misrepresentation or deceit as to character, rank, fortune or chastity shall constitute such fraud
as will give grounds for action for the annulment of marriage.
Art. 87, Civil Code:
The action for annulment of marriage must be commenced by the parties and within the period as follows:
(4) For causes mentioned in number 4, by the injured party within four years after the discovery of the
fraud.

3. What are the medical science of pregnancy: presumptive, probable, positive?

EVIDENCE FOR PREGNANCY
A. Presumptive or Probable Signs and Symptoms:
1. Cessation of Menstruation
2. Morning Sickness
3. Changes in the Breast
4. Progressive Enlargement of the Abdomen
5. Changes in the color of the vagina and softening of the cervix
6. FunicSouffle or Umbilical Souffle:
7. Ballottement
8. Braxton-Hicks Sign
9. Bladder Irritability

10. Capricious Appetite

11. Abnormality in Pigmentation
12. Easy Fatigability
B. Positive Signs and Symptoms of Pregnancy:
1. Hearing of the Fatal Heart Sounds (Mayors Sign)
2. Outlining of the Fatal Parts
3. Movement of the Fetus (Quickening)
4. X-ray Examination

4. What are the methods of estimating expected delivery?

Methods of Estimating the Date of Expected Delivery:
1. From the date of the first day of the last menstruation, add seven days and count three months backwards.
2. Count forward nine calendar months from the date of the first day of the last menstruation and add one week.
3. Count forty weeks or ten lunar months from the date of the first day of the last menstruation.
4. Determination of the level of the fundus of the uterus
5. MacDonald Metod:
-measure the distance from the symphysis pubis up to the fundus of the uterus in centimeters divided by
3.5 gives the age and month of gestation.
6. Date of the quickening. It is customary to count ahead 24 weeks in multigravidas and 22 weeks in primagravidas
from the date of the quickening. This has been found not to be reliable.
Proofs of Previous Pregnancy:
1. Laxity of the abdominal wall
2. Presence of striae of pregnancy on the abdominal wall
3. Perineum is lax with a scar if there was previous laceration. Four-chette is markedly retracted
4. Vestige only of the hymen is present (carunculamyrtiformis)
5. Breast is lax with enlarged nipples
6. Vaginal examination shows previous laceration of the cervix
Diagnosis of Fetal Death:
The fetus inside the uterus must be presumed to be alive unless there are evidences to the contrary. The following
are proofs that the fetus is dead:
1. Repeated examination of the uterus shows that the size remains stationary even after a lapse of a number of
weeks and months
2. Endocrine test for pregnancy is negative on more than one occasion. Moreover, death of the fetus may not mean
death of placenta tissue which manufacturegonadotrophin. As long as the placental tissue continues to
manufacture the trophic hormone, it will be positive in urine.
3. Cessation of the fetal movement after they have been felt
4. Absence of fetal heart sounds after a repeated and prolonged examination
5. Positive signs of fetal death as shown by the palpation softened macerated fetal head, with bones freely movable
on each other and the scalp hanging over a loose sac
6. The breasts ceased to enlarge and became soft and flabby

5. Define delivery.

the bringing of something to a place.

2. expulsion or extraction of the child and fetal membranes at birth; see also LABOR. Called alsoaccouchement.
abdominal delivery cesarean section

Delivery- the process by which a woman gives birth to her offspring

P

6. Define puerperium. puerperium

[puer-pre-um]
the period from the end of the third stage of LABOR until involution of the uterus is complete, usuallylasting between 3 and 6 weeks.

Puerperium- the interval between the termination of labor (delivery) to the complete return of the reproductive organ to
its normal nonpregnant state.

7. What are the proofs of delivery in judicial action: 1) legitimacy, 2) abortion, 3) infanticide, 4) concealment of
birth, and 5) plunder,libel

8.Define abortion the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed during the
first 28 weeks of pregnancy

9. Define criminal abortion. abortion

[ah-borshun]
termination of pregnancy before the fetus is viable. In the medical sense, this term and the termMISCARRIAGE both refer to the termination of pregnancy befor
e the fetus is capable of survival outsidethe uterus. The term abortion is more commonly used as a synonym for induced abortion, thedeliberate interruption
of pregnancy, as opposed to miscarriage, which connotes a spontaneous ornatural loss of the fetus. Because of this distinction made by the average laypers
on, care shouldbe exercised in the use of the word abortion when speaking of a spontaneous loss of the fetus.

10. What are the kinds of abortion which are considered criminal abortion? Art. 256: INTENTIONAL
ABORTION Elements:

Woman is pregnant

That violence was applied, or drug

That the fetus dies or is expelled

was administered

That the offender has the intention

Art. 257: UNINTENTIONAL ABORTION Elements:

Woman is pregnant

Violence was applied

on her without the intention of aborting her

Abortion resulted from the violence

Art. 258: ABORTION PRACTICED BY THE WOMAN HERSELF OR BY HER PARENTS Elements:

the woman is pregnant

abortion is intended to be committed

as induced by:

the woman herself

other persons with consent of the woman

parents of the woman for the purpose of concealing dishonor

Art. 259:
ABORTION PRACTICED BY A
PHYSICIAN OR MIDWIFE AND
DISPENSING OF ABORTIVES The woman is pregnant

The physician induced or assisted in causing the abortion with the use of scientific knowledge
There was intent

11. What are the two kinds of abortion?

1spontaneous

2 induced
Therapeutic
Criminal

12. Define post mortem abortion. an examination of a dead body of a fetus to determine the cause of
3

death

13. What are the drugs commonly used in abortion?

The best and safest way a woman can do an abortion herself until the 12th week of pregnancy is with the use of two
medicines calledMifepristone (also known as the abortion pill, RU 486, Mifegyn,Mifeprex), and Misoprostol (also
known as Cytotec, Arthrotec, Oxaprost, Cyprostol, Mibetec, Prostokos or Misotrol).

14. Three legal justification of therapeutic abortion. ART. 11, No. 4, RPC

Any person who, in order to avoid an evil or injury, does an act which causes damage to another,
provided that the ff. requisites are present:

That the evil sought to be avoided actually exists

The injury feared be greater than that done to avoid it

15. What are the grounds of therapeutic abortion?

cardiovascular conditIons
renal conditions
advanced kochs
blood conditions and severe anemia
gynecological conditions
diabetes, exopthalmic goiter
hereditary insanity
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