Suez Canal

1- Location
Is a Egypt canal that Connect the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea. is a 101 mile (163 km)
long canal that

2- Year of construction completion/operation

The first who dug it was Senausert III, Pharaoh of Egypt (1874 B.C.). for war ships and for
transporting monument stone
It was opened for navigation on the 17

th

of November 1869.

3- Cost of canal
Construction of the Suez Canal officially began on April 25, 1859. It opened ten years later on
November 17, 1869 at a cost of $100 million.

4- Ownership

management of the canal a 100% Egyptian,

5- Number of vessels passing through yearly

Some 16,000 vessels already pass through the canal each year, carrying an
estimated 14% of world shipping and 30% of world oil supplies(2008) . 2015

passing around 1400 ships per month

6- Peculiarities
---Has no lockers, both rivers have almost the same level of water.
---It also has a railroad running its entire length parallel to its west bank.
---Most of the Suez Canal is not wide enough for two ships to pass side by side. To
accommodate this, there is one shipping lane and several passing bays where ships can
wait for others to pass. (narrow width)
---

7- Fees/tolls

Actual one-way transit fees ranged from $US 188,000 for a 2,199 TEU vessel
to $US 366,000 for a 6,258 TEU vessel

8- Challenges
Future plans for the Suez Canal include a project to widen and deepen the canal to
accommodate the passage of larger and more ships at one time.
Piracy
Capacity issues
The impact of the bunker price
The Cape route as an alternative
New routing alternatives
9- Competition with the Panama Canal

Panama Canal
1- Location
Panama is located in Central America between Costa Rica to the north and
Colombia to the south. 48-mile (77.1 km) ship canal in Panama that connects the
Atlantic Ocean (via the Caribbean Sea) to the Pacific Ocean.

2- Year of construction
France began work on the canal in 1881, but had to stop because of engineering
problems and high mortality due to disease.
The United States (US) later took over the project and took a decade to complete the
canal in 1914

3- Coast

The Panama Canal cost Americans around $375,000,000,

including the $10,000,000 paid to Panama and the
$40,000,000 paid to the French company. It was the single
most expensive construction project in United States history
to that time. Fortifications cost extra, about $12,000,000.

4- Management/ownership information
The canal was taken over in 1999 by the Panamanian government,
14,702 vessels in 2008

5- Parculiarityes
There are locks at each end to lift ships up to Gatun Lake (85 feet (26 m) above sea-level). Gatun
Lake was created to reduce the amount of work required for the canal. The current locks are 110 feet
(33.5 m) wide. A third, wider lane of locks is being built.

The Canal uses a system of locks -compartments with entrance and exit gates. The locks
function as water lifts: they raise ships from sea level (the Pacific or the Atlantic) to the level of
Gatun Lake (26 meters above sea level); ships then sail the channel through the Continental
Divide.

The size of the locks determines the maximum size of a ship that can pass through them. Because
of the importance of the canal to international trade, many ships are built to the maximum size
allowed. These are known as Panamax vessels. A Panamax cargo ship typically has a DWT of
65,00080,000 tonnes,

6- Length

80 kilometers long
7- Number of vessels yearly
13 to 14 thousand vessels use the Canal every year
8- toll /fees
Tolls for the canal are set by the Panama Canal Authority and are based on vessel type, size, and
the type of cargo carried.
For container ships, Effective May 1, 2009, this toll is US$72.00 per TEU. A Panamax container ship
may carry up to 4,400 TEU. The toll is calculated differently for passenger ships and for container
ships carrying no cargo ("in ballast"). As of May 1, 2009, the ballast rate is US$57.60 per TEU.
Passenger vessels in excess of 30,000 tons (PC/UMS), known popularly as cruise ships, pay a rate
based on the number of berths, that is, the number of passengers that can be accommodated in
permanent beds. The per-berth charge is currently $92 for unoccupied berths and $115 for occupied
berths. Started in 2007, this fee has greatly increased the tolls for such ships.
Most other types of vessel pay a toll per PC/UMS net ton, in which one "ton" is actually a volume of
100 cubic feet (2.83 m3). (The calculation of tonnage for commercial vessels is quite complex.) As of
fiscal year 2008, this toll is US$3.90 per ton for the first 10,000 tons, US$3.19 per ton for the next
10,000 tons, US$3.82 per ton for the next 10,000 tons, and US$3.76 per ton thereafter. As with
container ships, a reduced toll is charged for freight ships "in ballast".
Small vessels up to 583 PC/UMS net tons when carrying passengers or cargo, or up to 735 PC/UMS
net tons when in ballast, or up to 1,048 fully loaded displacement tons, are assessed minimum tolls
based upon their length overall, according to the following table:
Length of vessel and according toll
Up to 15.240 meters (50 ft): US$1,300
More than 15.240 meters (50 ft) up to 24.384 meters (80 ft): US$1,400
More than 24.384 meters (80 ft) up to 30.480 meters (100 ft): US$1,500
More than 30.480 meters (100 ft): US$2,400
The most expensive regular toll for canal passage to date was charged on April 14, 2010 to the
cruise ship Norwegian Pearl, which paid US$375,600.

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