Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
GOALS
CHAPTER ONE
has two thirds of its population struggling to survive on less than one
dollar a day (World Bank 1996), they lack the means to stay alive in
1
information and services. Adults and children die of AIDS and
transport.
Strassner, 2004).
and policy choices concerning the nature of the university system, the
2
extent of intellectual property protection, the division of labour
underdevelopment.
3
To investigate reform efforts at the University of Lagos are in
hunger.
prevalence in Nigeria.
Research Questions
individuals?
Research Hypotheses
4
University of Lagos academic programmes would have no
empowerment.
5
The study is delimited to eradication of extreme poverty and hunger,
Insufficient fund
Time constraint
These limitations are rooted in the fact that the researchers are in full
employment, the jobs may not avail them the time required to carry
out the study, and this may necessitate the employment of research
Operational Terms
Higher education
Poverty
Extreme poverty
Empowerment
Sustainability
6
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Goals (MDGs).
Introduction
Conceptual Framework
7
National Strategies for the Attainment of the Millennium
Development Goals(MDGs)
Women Empowerment.
Introduction
in all nations (World Bank 1999). Yet the potential of higher education
2001).
8
competitive advantage (Porter 1990). This change is most evident in
development investment; and the rest of the world only 4%. Advanced
1990).
million persons. This compares with 168 in Brazil, 459 in China, 158 in
India, and 4,103 in United States (World Bank 2002a). What chance
9
does Nigeria have of participating in the emerging global knowledge
for identifying key issues and analyses available data and suggestions
10
It is an application of pedagogy, a body of theoretical and applied
Colleges and universities are the main institutions that provide tertiary
11
therefore very important to national economies, both as a significant
12
oriented, for example in disciplines such as social work, law and
medicine.
improve aspects of life. People with college degrees tend to earn more
money and salary increases over the years are more substantial than
the United States were about 7.1% for high school graduates and only
3.5% for college graduates. There are many technical and manual
degrees related to your field can yield better jobs and ongoing
This means that not only are college graduates more likely to find good
jobs, but they have added resources to aid in the job search process
13
(which may form part of the universities and polytechnic, colleges or
senate. Within the universities, the institutes and colleges are more or
less autonomous.
Term University
14
degrees and engaging in academic research (Oxford Advanced
the apical region of the pyramid presupposes that the lower members
(i.e. primary and secondary) would have been in place. Universities are
Land and birth were once indicators of power. Today knowledge is fast
whosoever holds the rein of power can steer human destiny in any
15
The unlimited demand for university education has led many students
to take courses just for the passion of acquiring a degree. This negates
of the nation”.
universities. The idea of pursuing knowledge for its own sake or of sake
Roberts (1999).
The dawn of the 21st century has brought profound and fundamental
16
changes. While globalization has induced collapse of time and space, it
has also expanded opportunities and challenges for individuals and for
nations and has sidelined the weak and the unprepared. Anya (2002).
of the nation.
the society expects of it and what it does. To remain relevant then, the
university should not just continue to turn out graduates but it needs a
problems that have practical linkage with economy and society. The
17
Therefore what is required of universities is a transition from the period
by helping them to know themselves and the world around them and
ends.
capacity for thought, and the ability and desire to learn throughout
18
The National Policy on Education (NPE) 1997 considers objectives of
continuous learning.
The nations who wish to raise the living standards of the people as set
19
people into an order of eligibility for different positions in the labour
market. And that a queue culture can be created in the labour market
if graduates are ill equipped for life outside school with no sellable and
society.
community.
environment.
manpower.
20
universities and other institutions of higher learning shall,
research.
Conceptual Framework
parents who prioritize their children’s making money in the short term
labour and poverty have suggested that when poor families reach a
economic value of the children’s work has increased since their return
to school. Teachers are often paid less than other similar professions.
2008).
21
Due to globalization, increased pressure on students in curricular
activities
India is now developing technologies that will skip land based phone
satellite that can reach more of the country at a greatly reduced cost.
digital education, and to close the digital divide across the world.
materials and internet access within 10 years. Private group, like The
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, are working to give more
with the support of American president Bill Clinton, uses the internet to
22
Education is becoming increasingly international. Not only are the
for students from central Asia and Eastern Europe. Some scholars
order for people to feel at any particular moment in time the need to
23
needs have emerged in which the former system is no longer
Our problems are not abstract, neither will the solutions be. It is going
1. Institutional Challenges
other nations.
Employers of labour, who are the end users of these products, are
graduates are not only unemployable; they also lack skills to be self
24
employers believe university graduates are poorly trained and
- Sterile Curricula
curricular every two to three years to ensure that the content of their
only 11% of the 1185 academic programmes reviewed were given full
25
university education in Nigeria seems limited. Access is creating
rice and other gifts for lecturers. Others “sort” by offering money or
Deji-Folutile 2005 the situation is so bad that one gets the impression
that some members of the academic community have lost all sense of
-Funding
fees, which government prohibits. Income from student fees (for non-
26
degree education and postgraduate courses only) has risen from 4% to
10% of total income from 1988 and 1998. But these funding is
Okebukola 2002.
2. Capacity Challenge
-Brain Drain
1990 lecturers left the federal university system and this trend has
presently vacant. Using its staffing norms per academic discipline, the
27
the waning attractions of academic career in the absence of
3. Socio-Cultural Challenge
-Youth Defiance
over our campuses now, militarized and radical students’ groups exist
under different names and for different purposes. These include among
for the first time in 15 years. With it came the political will to tackle the
28
previous two decades. Among its more notable actions are institutional
NIGERIA 2001).
criteria and select students; and lays the groundwork for new minimum
academic standards.
29
government and employers. Topics addressed included management,
for these changes was approved by the Federal Executive Council and
admissions, limit the role of the NUC to quality assurance and system
legally de-link the universities from the public service, thereby ending
30
programs (9% of enrollments) and serves as a magnet for students
the structures exist in Nigeria that could provide for a rational and
59% male in sciences) grew at the rapid rate if 12% annually during
Enrollment growth rates were the highest in the South – South region,
31
technology, 3 federal universities of agriculture, 1 national open
Rates
1st Generation 3% 9%
University
2nd Generation 10% 13%
University
3rd Generation 15% 21%
32
University
Source: Hartnett 2000
rose from 54% in 1989 to 59% in 2000, consistent with national policy
enrollments, has left the federal university system with only 48% of its
33
The cost of running the federal university system totaled $210 million
in 1999. Financing for that system comes almost entirely from the
system fell from $610 to $360 between 1990 nd 1999 – with obvious
budgets for federal universities surged by 40% during the 1990s. This
34
projects from the now-defunct Petroleum Trust Fund, and similar
grants from the recently operational Education Tax Fund. This trend of
during the coming years. In August 2002, the NUC announced that the
low of 137 naira ($2) per student at Sokoto to high of 1,683 naira ($21)
35
Nevertheless, when the financing of higher education is placed within
budget has diminished. Over the past four decades, various Nigerian
expert from the United States, threw down a gauntlet of challenge for
36
highly competitive, is emerging. If you want to get into that
management/governance.
37
Changes in education often come about when the current practices are
challenged and questions are being asked about the way things are
objectives may lead to proposals for either a new way of doing the
attempt to carefully identify not only why the old system can no longer
university system, and seek to bring this system more in line with
38
global practices. The need for these changes is generally not
cut off from the worldwide higher education transformations that took
to human rights abuses within the country during the middle of the
At this point, the principal task is not to accelerate the pace of change
39
The need to encourage (and possibly subsidized) study in certain
people.
students.
40
Announced establishment of National Open University. New
41
has urged universities to generate in addition 10% of their current
been exempted from public salary scales and regulations (FGN 2001).
for these reforms was approved by the federal executive council and
and select students and set the ground work for minimum academic
legally de-link the universities from the public service. Ending their
42
and partnership for consultancy to generate non-government sources
state, and private universities, research and training centres and other
motor transport. Also lacking electricity, its energy needs are met by
scenario women carry a triple burden, caring for children, the elderly,
and the sick, spending long hours to fetch water and fuel wood, to
43
for little or n0 income. Impoverished families have more than they
The urban centres are like extended villages.rural migrants take refuge
circumstance practical steps can be taken to turn the tide. (UN 2002).
44
To eradicate poverty and hunger
For the billion-plus people living in extreme poverty, they represent the
the quest for a more secure and peaceful world. At the Millennium
affair. The partnership between rich and poor countries was reaffirmed
45
at the November 2001 launch of the Doha Round Table on
international trade.
The eight MDGs form a blue print agreed to by all world countries and
change these severe imbalance women will need to gain control over
two thirds of the world’s work, women earn one tenth of the world’s
income, women are two eighth of the illiterates, women own less than
gaps that leaves girls and women without effective legal protection
46
Besides the constitution. The Kuru Declaration of 2001 embodies the
vision of Nigeria.
with equal opportunity for all, and responsibly from all, to become the
orientation.
adopted by NEEDS:
47
Investment in education; Nigeria’s future prosperity depends on
selfless service.
48
between 10 and 15 percent per annum and if this continues it
be created.
farmer is less likely to know how to keep his family health and
prices.
49
Gender equality/ women empowerment; NEEDS as a national
programmes.
vulnerable children.
RURAL Water, rural roads, electricity, schools, health facilities and
COMMUNITIE communications.
S
Source: NEEDS Document, 2004. Nigeria National Planning
Commission, Abuja.
population whose income is less than one dollar a day and the
51
NEEDS document 2002, provide an honest and self critical assessment
It recognizes that more than two thirds of Nigerians are poor, despite
income of less than one dollar a day (FRN, 2004). Income is not the
only measure of poverty. The poor suffer from malnutrition and poor
year, before reaching the age of five, 6.3milion die of hunger (UN
health, poor nutrition, low moral and motivation, ignorance and the
clean water, education and health care, another is lack of asset, such
52
Nigeria has one of the fastest rate urbanization (5.3% annual growth)
2004).
Most of the world’s poorest people are women. What makes them poor
paid less than men for the same work or are not allowed to have a job
53
at all. Yet in Africa it is women, not trucks, who carry two third of all
basic food stuff. Instead of going to school 44million girls stay at home
Many women are beaten, raped, and infected with HIV/AIDS. Most
often die in child birth. Girls can be trafficked and sold for sexual
but they are not given a say in the decision making process. The dice
are loaded against halve the human race. Without playing full part in
earn higher wages lifting themselves and their families out of poverty.
levels in the last two decades, Marinho (1995) female enrollment at all
levels of education remain low, Lassa 1996, claims that the female
literacy rate in Nigeria was 39.5% compared with 62.3% for males
54
According to UNESCO 1992, women are most influential but often
stereotypes. Two thirds of those living under one dollar a day are
represented by these women. They are the poorest of the world’s poor.
The relationship between being female and being poor is stark. Over
the past two decades, the number of rural women living in absolute
Women Empowerment
reporting literacy rates of 62.5% for men and 37.5% for women (Suara,
55
1997/98 show that only 33% of Nigerian undergraduates were female
political system dates back to colonial era. Indeed, women were not
has been found to have a more significant impact in family size and
that will equip him/her to face the vagaries of life in the continually
56
According to Jomtien Declaration (2000), investment in girls education
translates directly and quickly into better nutrition for the whole family,
education, the eventual impact on them and their families’ daily lives
life for women, making them earn money, enjoy better health, be
women includes; education is the basis for the full promotion and
57
effective ways to combat poverty, hunger and disease and to stimulate
community, the place of paid work and the public arena of politics. This
cultured “man” (i.e educating human mind, the body, soul and spirit),
58
improvement in development indicators like lower life expectancy,
participation in civil society (Floro and Wolf 1990, King an Hill 1993). In
enhanced in all our universities. This will raise the status of women and
bring them into the development process as equal partners with men.
will improve, and ratio of literate female of 15-24 years will also
59
between 1990 and 2015 $1 per day
Proportion of people suffering 29% of children are underweight
not in school
Eliminate gender disparity in The number of girls enrolled in
The revelation in the above table shows that the attainment of the
MDGs vis-à-vis the level of poverty and gender equality, which is the
60
2015. In view of this, the researchers are trying to investigate the
rewards hard work, protects its people and their property, and offers
its children better prospects than those they may be tempted to seek
future and that loyalty and diligence will be rewarded. The NEEDS
vision is also one in which Nigeria fulfils its potential to become Africa’s
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
61
This chapter describes methods and procedures adopted in conducting
• Research Method
• Research Instrument
Research Method
The sample of the population for this study was two hundred (200)
62
Research Instrument
response.
The main statistical tool used in the analysis of the data collected for
63
on the frequency distribution table, while chi-square was used to test
CHAPTER FOUR
64
This chapter focused on the analyses and discussions on all the
There were two hundred (200) respondents involved in the study all of
65
Married 104 65
Single 56 35
Divorced - -
Total 160 100
From above table, it was observed that 108(67.5%) of the respondents were male
and 52(32.5%) of the respondents were female. While it was also revealed that 104
(45%) of the respondents were married and 56(35%) were single.
Civil servant
Student
Professor
Senior Lecturer
Education officer
Graduate Fellow
Associate Professor.
Teachers
Frequency - - - 04 20 60 36 04 04 32
Percentag - - - 2.5 12.5 37.5 22.5 2.5 2.5 20
e
The above table posited that 4(2.5%) of the respondents were lecturer 1,
66
Education Officer and Civil Servants, 60(37.5%) were graduate fellows, 36(22.5%)
67
From the above table it was observed that majority of the respondents
acquisition.
e
Strongly Agree 52 32.5
Agree 76 47.5
Strongly Disagree 20 12.5
Disagree 12 7.5
Total 160 100
The table reflects that of the 160 respondents, 52(32.5%) of them
researches.
y
Strongly Agree 52 32.5
Agree 76 47.5
Strongly 20 12.5
Disagree
68
Disagree 12 7.5
The above table posits that 52(32.5%) 0f the respondents were in tune
with the position that University of Lagos course content has potency
disagreed.
y e
Strongly Agree 68 42.5
Agree 68 42.5
Strongly 8 5
Disagree
Disagree 8 5
Total 160 100
69
The table postulates that 136(85%) of the respondents were in
disagreed.
cy
Strongly Agree 79 49.38
Agree 81 50.62
Strongly - -
Disagree
Disagree - -
Total 160 100
y e
Strongly Agree 104 65
Agree 24 15
Strongly 12 7.5
Disagree
Disagree 20 12.5
70
Total 160 100
cy e
Strongly Agree 8 5
Agree 24 15
Strongly 80 50
Disagree
Disagree 48 30
Total 160 100
The table shows that only 8(5%) of the respondents strongly agreed
71
Table 11: Response on whether provision of additional hostel
cy e
Strongly Agree 64 40
Agree 52 32.5
Strongly 12 7.5
Disagree
Disagree 32 20
Total 160 100
From the table it was observed that of the 160 respondents, 64(40%)
y e
Strongly Agree 108 67.5
Agree 44 27.5
Strongly 8 5
Disagree
Disagree - -
Total 160 100
72
promotes quality teaching and learning, another 44(27.5%) shared the
programmes.
y e
Strongly Agree 88 55
Agree 68 42.5
Strongly - -
Disagree
Disagree 4 2.5
Total 160 100
with the position that University of Lagos has the capacity to generate
4(2.5%) disagreed.
73
y e
Strongly Agree 72 45
Agree 64 40
Strongly 4 2.5
Disagree
Disagree 20 12.5
Total 160 100
From the table it was evident that 72(45%) of the respondents were
cy e
Strongly Agree 8 5
Agree 60 37.5
Strongly 12 7.5
Disagree
Disagree 80 50
Total 160 100
agreement with the fact that University of Lagos lecturers are well
74
Table 16: Response on whether the input of University of
graduate.
y e
Strongly Agree 36 22.5
Agree 88 55
Strongly 16 10
Disagree
Disagree 20 12.5
Total 160 100
disagreed.
research.
y e
Strongly Agree 28 17.5
Agree 60 37.5
Strongly 24 15
75
Disagree
Disagree 48 30
Total 160 100
female genders.
y e
Strongly Agree 96 60
Agree 40 25
Strongly 4 2.5
Disagree
Disagree 20 12.5
Total 160 100
76
Table 19: Response on whether the number of female students
cy e
Strongly Agree 48 30
Agree 48 30
Strongly 32 20
Disagree
Disagree 32 20
Total 160 100
From the above table it was observed that 48(30%) of the respondents
cy e
Strongly Agree 48 30
Agree 64 40
Strongly 20 12.5
Disagree
Disagree 28 17.5
Total 160 100
77
The table posits that 48(30%) of the respondents strongly agreed with
the fact that female students are allowed equal opportunity to take
disagreed.
y e
Strongly Agree 40 25
Agree 40 25
Strongly 32 20
Disagree
Disagree 52 32.5
Total 160 100
agreed that there are more female support staff than male in
78
cy e
Strongly Agree 22 13.75
Agree 36 22.5
Strongly 36 22.5
Disagree
Disagree 56 35
Total 160 100
the opinion that there are more female academic staff in the
opinion.
cy e
Strongly Agree 44 27.5
Agree 28 17.5
Strongly 32 20
Disagree
Disagree 52 32.5
Total 160 100
79
Table 24: Response on whether contributions of female staff in
men.
e
Strongly Agree 12 7.5
Agree 24 15
Strongly 88 55
Disagree
Disagree 36 22.5
Total 160 100
not only must prove their competence, but that they must
y e
Strongly Agree 88 55
Agree 36 22.5
Strongly 12 7.5
Disagree
Disagree 24 15
80
Total 160 100
agreed that female lecturers feel that they only must prove their
competence, but that they not only must perform their job even better
cy e
Strongly Agree 68 42.5
Agree 8 5
Strongly 40 25
Disagree
Disagree 44 27.5
Total 160 100
The table above posits that 68(42.5%) strongly agreed that male
cy e
81
Strongly Agree 24 15
Agree 48 30
Strongly 56 35
Disagree
Disagree 32 20
Total 160 100
HYPOTHESIS 1:
capacity by individuals.
s y /
disagreement
82
SA 300 37.5
SIGNIFICANT
A 384 32.5 85.5
SD 48 7.5
D 68 22.5 14.5
Total 800 100 101.01 100
Hypothesis = Significant
Hypothesis 1 = Rejected
From the foregoing, the above table shows that 37.5% of the
83
analysis with a calculated chi-square value of 101.01 which obviously
is greater than the table value of 21.03 at 0.05 alpha levels, with
HYPOTHESIS 2:
disagreem
ent
SA 363 45.3
7
A 225 28.1 73.49
830.83
2
SD 112 14
84
D 100 12.5 26.5
SIGNIFICANT
Total 800 100 100
Hypothesis = Significant
Hypothesis 2 = Rejected
The table posits that 45.3% of the respondents agreed strongly to the
also agreed to the statements while 14% strongly disagreed and 12.5%
85
greater than the table value of 21.03 at 0.05 alpha levels, with twelve
HYPOTHESIS 3:
development.
es cy /
disagreement
SA 232 29
A 340 42. 71.5
SIGNIFICANT
5
SD 56 7 2561.24
D 172 21. 28.5
5
Total 800 10 100
86
Chi-Square Value = 2561.24; d/f =12’ P 005
Hypothesis = Significant
Hypothesis 3 = Rejected
Table 3.3 shows that 29.5% of the respondents strongly agreed that
outside their salaries, but there is strong agreement to the fact that
produce high quality graduates and that the incentives from the
87
table value of 21.03 at 0.05 alpha level, with twelve (12) degree of
freedom.
Based on the above stated facts the research hypothesis which posits
HYPOTHESIS 4
disagreemen
t
SA 500 31.25
SIGNIFICANT
88
Chi-Square Value = 506.74; d/f =12’ P 005
Hypothesis = Significant
Hypothesis 3 = Rejected
The above table reflects that the findings of the perceived influence of
departments, female lecturers feel that they must prove their job even
disagreement with the fact that there are more female support staff
89
positions than men in their departments and that the contributions of
the female staff in their departments are valued lower than that done
primarily by men. Table 3.4 also dictates that the statistical analysis
than the table value of 40.11 at 0.05 alpha level, with twenty
90
CHAPTER FIVE
Summary of findings:
than the table value of 21.03 at 0.05 alpha levels, with twelve
91
Enrollment expansion has significant effect on the strategies for
92
University academic programmes have significant influence on
feel that they not only must prove their competence but that
they must perform their job even better than their male
93
table value (40.11) with 12 degree of freedom and 0.05
significance level.
Discussion
have potency for staff and students to conduct researches and they
cultured “man” (i.e. educating the human mind with wisdom, critical
seek truth, cultivate and interpret new knowledge in the light of new
94
section 8:64 (a and b): University education shall make optimum
requirements.
However, the finding that the University of Lagos courses have potency
for staff and students to conduct researches and that they are relevant
last two of the five main national goals of Nigeria regarding education –
for all citizens. Having been empowered by quality education that can
necessitate critical thinking and innovative ideas, this in turn makes for
required to drive the economy, hence the more the level of production
95
and services available the higher the opportunities for citizens to
explore.
Hypothesis 2
However, FRN 2004, contends that one of the source of poverty is lack
of basic services, such as clean water, education and health care e.t.c.
96
it is clear from all perspectives that inadequate school and education is
Hypothesis 3
opinion that they are not well motivated outside their salaries, the
Khawas 2001:244 who remarked that the principal task of making the
97
present educational system to become more flexible is not to
government has taken steps to expand access and broaden scope and
2000. The coming into being of the University autonomy act, the
higher education expert from the United States, threw a down gauntlet
98
“For the first time, a really international world of learning, highly
competitive, is emerging. If you want to get into the orbit, you have
institutional autonomy”.
responsiveness?
99
Hartnett 2000 also observed that when government funding becomes
reached.
2000).
100
processes, and government’s future budgetary allocations would
government policy for the time being is that before fees can be re-
101
Hypothesis 4
pointing to the fact that most of the world’s poorest people are women.
What makes them poor is the discrimination they face because of their
gender. Women are said to get paid less than men for the same work
or are not allowed to have a job at all. Longe 1996 corroborated the
findings regarding the fact that there are more male enrollment than
majority of women (over 60%) are illiterate. Even with the increasing
low, Lass 1996 claims that the female literacy rate in Nigeria was
39.5% compared with 62.3% for males indicates that female education
102
seem to have continued to suffer serious setbacks in Nigeria. Suara
2000:25.
but often neglect group in most of the African societies. This result has
a tinge of proof for this neglect from one of the questionnaire items
opinion that female lecturers are less likely to achieve this feat. The
other stereotypes.
rates of 62.5% for men and 37.5% for women (Suara, 2000: 25). In
103
terms of access to university education, figures for 1997/98 shows that
direction on whether there are more female support staff than male in
disagreement.
Conclusion
properly applied.
Recommendations
104
University authorities should integrate entrepreneurial skills into
world of work.
related industries.
of students.
hunger reduction.
105
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APPENDIX
UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS
FACULTY OF EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION
Dear Sir/Madam,
This questionnaire is designed to collect information about the role of higher education in achieving the
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
Kindly assist our academic endeavour by responding to this questionnaire, as correctly and honestly as
possible. All answers will be treated with absolute confidence.
Thank you.
_______________________
Ashiru A.O. and Owodiong-Idemeko N.L.
Section I
1. Faculty
2. Department
3. Level
4. Sex: Male ( ) Female ( )
5. Marital Status: Single ( ) Married ( ) Divorce ( )
6. Highest Academic Qualification: B. Sc. ( ) M. Ed ( ) P.HD ( ) Others ( )
7. Occupation/Position: Professor ( ) Associate Prof. ( ) Snr Lecturer ( )
Lecturer I ( ) Lecturer II ( ) Lecturer ( Graduate Fellow ( )
Others (Please Specify) _________________________
Section II
Response options to this section include:
SA= Strongly agree
A = Agree
SD = Strongly Disagree
D = Disagree
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS ATTAINMENT EVALUATION
QUESTIONNAIRE (MDGAEQ)
Please Tick (√) as appropriate