I.

Nouns
A noun is a name given to any person, place, object, etc. A proper noun
is a name given to something specific (eg. Peter, Joseph, Christmas,
Philippines). The first letter of every proper noun is capitalized, however
there are exceptions. A common noun is a name given to anything else
that is not particularly specific (eg. chair, doctor, brother-in-law, man,
dog). Common nouns do not normally have their first letters capitalized
unless it is part of a proper noun or starts a sentence.
Exercise 1: Differentiate the following by writing common if it is a
common noun or proper if it is a proper noun on the space provided
before the number.
__________ 1. Valentines Day
__________ 2. July
__________ 3. mouse

__________ 4. iPod
__________ 5. Dr. dela Cruz
__________ 6. tree

There are also other forms of nouns. There are singular and plural
nouns. A singular noun refers to a noun that only names one object, while
a plural noun refers to more than one object. Plural nouns are normally
formed by adding s to the end of a singular noun (eg. fans, bikes) but
words that end in -s, x, ch, are made plural by adding es to the end of the
noun. There are irregular plural forms such as children for child, men for
man, fish for fish. However, some nouns of Latin or Greek origin keep the
same plural form, like phenomena for phenomenon or cacti for cactus.
There are exceptions however, where a singular noun appears to be in its
plural form, like mathematics or aerobics.
Exercise 2: Write on the space provided the plural form of each singular
noun.
__________
__________
__________
__________

1.
2.
3.
4.

plant
kiss
nucleus
deer

__________
__________
__________
__________

5.
6.
7.
8.

bear
person
glass
fungus

A count noun is a type of noun that names something that can be

counted (eg. files, mice). A mass noun is a noun for something that
cannot be counted (eg. hair, sugar). A collective noun is a noun that
refers to a group of something that consists of more than one person,
object, or animal (eg. flock). An abstract noun is a noun that refers to
something that is intangible, or cannot be physically touched (eg.
freedom, beauty, truth, love).

Exercise 3: Write on the space provided count if the italicized noun is a

count noun, mass if it is a mass noun, collective if it a collective noun,
and abstract if it is an abstract noun.
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The school of fish swam away when the diver approached.

An ocean is made up of saltwater.
The fire raged and burned down the building.
She held up the pencils in her hand.
It was his duty to provide for his family.

There is another form of noun that is known as the pronoun. The pronoun
is used to refer to a noun, generally one whose identity has already been
made known (eg. Jasmine is beautiful today. She definitely has many
suitors.), however may be used even without the identity of the subject.
Personal pronouns can be differentiated into three types by person:
First, second and third person. First person pronouns are used when the
speaker refers to himself. Second person pronouns are used when the
speaker refers to someone he is speaking to. When the speaker refers to
someone or something he is talking about, third person pronouns are
used. There are also demonstrative pronouns that identify nouns.
These are made up of the words this, that, these, those, such. Relative
pronouns, made up of who, which, whoever, are used to relate a noun or
pronoun to a group of words (eg. Whoever broke the vase is responsible
for cleaning up this mess.), and indefinite pronouns, made up of
everybody, each, some, none, anybody, etc., are pronouns that function as
nouns (eg. Everybody here will take the exam.).
Exercise 4: Write on the blank in the sentence an appropriate pronoun,
and on the space before the number, write if it is first, second, or third
person.
__________ 1. Juanito is very cool and so _____ is my idol.
__________ 2. My mother and I want to go out because _____ are both tired
of staying
inside.
__________ 3. I didnt enjoy the movie. _____ was too slow-paced.
__________ 4. Please, Kuya Junjun, I need _____ to help me.
__________ 5. The sport _____ am taking is fit for my skill set.
While nouns are there to name something, they can also be used to
denote possession. For this purpose, nouns also have possessive forms,
in which the noun or pronoun is formed such that it shows that the subject
owns a particular object. Normally for a singular noun, adding s to the
end (or simply for words that end with an s sound) of the word denotes
possession. Plural nouns that end in s have an apostrophe placed at the
end of the word, and irregular plural nouns that do not end with s can be
have s added to the end. There are also possessive pronouns, such as
his, hers, theirs, mine, etc., which also correspond to the previous types
under personal pronouns.
Exercise 5: Write on the blank s or to denote possession in the italicized
noun.

1. It is your parents__ responsibility to watch over you.

2. Jericho__ car needs to be washed soon.
3. Without a doctor__ skills, it would be difficult to get proper medical
assistance.
4. The children__ toys were scattered all over the floor.
5. The Philippines__ president will be attending the meeting.
Exercise 6: Write on the blank in the sentence the appropriate possessive
pronoun, and on the space before the number, write if it is first, second,
or third person.
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Where is _____ car? I left it right here!

Dont give it to me, it isnt _____.
They should be the ones to clean up, it was _____ party.
Hi, Kuya Junjun, is this _____ wallet?
_____ father left me at home to go to work.

II.
Verbs
A verb, otherwise known as an action word, is a word or group of words
that denote an action or idea of being. A transitive verb is a type of verb
that requires an object, or a receiver of action, in the sentence (eg. I ate
the apple.), while an intransitive verb does not require an object (eg. He
fell.).
Exercise 1: Write on the space provided TV if the verb italicized is a
transitive verb and ITV if it is an intransitive verb.
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The car broke down in the middle of the road.

He opened the window to allow fresh air to enter the room.
I will drink the coffee from the cup.
I was hurt earlier today.
He typed more to finish his paper.

A linking verb is what connects a complement to a subject (eg. You look

handsome.). A complement helps complete the meaning of a subject,
object, or verb in a word or phrase. (eg. The car is blue.)
Exercise 2: Underline the linking verb in the sentence and encircle the
complement.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

I am short.
Kuya Junjun feels tired today.
Soon enough, the banana turned dark.
This room is freezing.
Something about this competition seems unfair.

Verbs can also be in either the active voice or the passive voice. In the
active voice, the subject of the sentence is the doer of the verb (eg. The
man ate the food.). In the passive voice, the subject is acted upon by
something other or by an unknown doer of the verb. (eg. The food was
eaten. / The food was eaten by the man.) The passive voice is used to
draw attention to the person acted upon or if the doer of the action is
unimportant.
Exercise 3: On the space provided, write AV if the sentence is in the active
voice and PV if it is in the passive voice. After, rewrite the sentence to
passive if it is active and vice versa.

__________ 1. He picked up the purple phone.

___________________________________________________________________________
__________ 2. Jerome was scolded by the police officer.
___________________________________________________________________________
__________ 3. The woman opened up a window.
___________________________________________________________________________
__________ 4. His declaration of love made her mother surprised.
___________________________________________________________________________
__________ 5. He was tripped by another boy on the bus.
___________________________________________________________________________
Past, Present, and Future walked into a bar.
It was pretty tense.
Verbs can also come in different tenses. That is to say, it comes in
different forms according to the time of the verbs being acted upon.
There are three basic tenses: Past for when the verb has already been
done. Present for when the verb is done in the present. Finally, future
for when the verb has not yet been done. However, these tenses also
have different forms. Simple verbs are verbs that happen/ed once, or on
a regular basis, or even suggest a state of being (eg. I enjoy basketball.).
Progressive verbs are verbs that are currently happening at that
particular moment. Perfect verbs are verbs that happen before a
particular event or moment. Perfect progressive verbs are verbs that
take place before a certain event or moment and more, emphasizing the
duration of the verb.
PAST
I drove the car
last night.
I was driving
the car when my
father called.

PRESENT
I drive the car
daily.
I am driving the
car right now.

PERFECT

I had driven the

car when my
father called.

I have driven
the car.

PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE

I had been
driving the car
for a long time
when my father
called.

I have been
driving the car
for a long time.

SIMPLE
PROGRESSIVE

FUTURE
I will drive the
car tomorrow.
I will be
driving the car
when my father
calls.
I will have
driven the car
by the time my
father calls.
I will have
been driving
the car for a long
time when my
father calls.

Exercise 4: Complete the table according to the proper tenses.

PAST
PRESENT
FUTURE
SIMPLE
I eat fish all the
time.

PROGRESSIVE
I was eating fish
when my mother
brought home
groceries.
PERFECT

PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE

I will have eaten

fish for a week
when my mother
brings home
groceries.

III.
Adjectives
Adjectives are words or groups of words that describe a person or object.
Some adjectives, however, come as an adjective clause an adjective
which contains a subject and verb which function as adjectives (eg. The
car, which is the oldest car Ive seen, is parked in the driveway.).
Adjectives come in three degrees. Positive adjectives simply describe a
singular subject. Comparative adjectives compare two objects, which is
normally formed by adding the suffix -er or ier to the end of the word,
however there are exceptions, such as irregular forms or adjectives that
already suggest comparison such as unique (In this case, the word more
for comparative, or most for superlative is added before the word).
Finally, superlative adjectives compare three or more objects, which is
normally formed by adding the suffix est or iest to the end of the word.
Exercise 1: On the space provided, write P if the italicized word is a
positive adjective, C if it is comparative, or S if it is superlative.
__________ 1. She is the most beautiful woman Ive ever seen.
__________ 2. The window is broken.
__________ 3. Kuya Junjun is taller than Ms. Gonzales.
__________ 4. This song is amazing.
__________ 5. Among the four girls, Hope is the funniest.
Some adjectives are irregular in form in comparative and superlative
degrees (eg. many more most).
Exercise 2: Complete the comparative and superlative degrees of the
following adjectives.
P
C
S
1. Good
_____________
_____________
2. Far
_____________
_____________
3. Bad
_____________
_____________
If several adjectives are strung together to describe one particular object,
they must be formed in a particular order. They are ordered by
observation (beautiful), size or shape (round, small), age (young),
color (yellow), origin (Filipino), and material (wooden).

Exercise 3: Arrange the adjectives so that they follow the aforementioned

order.
1. The (pink, Italian, old) __________________ car was in the middle of the
road.
2. A (short, Chinese, frail) __________________ man was ringing my doorbell.
3. The lady sat on the (steel, white, brand new) __________________ chair.

IV.
Adverbs
Adverbs are also words or groups of words that describe. They are similar
to adjectives, except that instead of describing people or objects, adverbs
describe verbs. Adverbs are normally used to emphasize a verb, whether
the emphasis made is greater or lower. They can be used as
emphasizers, amplifiers, or downtoners. Emphasizers merely give the
verb more of a spotlight, to be noticed more (eg. I really like that).
Amplifiers increase the meaning of the verb (eg. I very much like that),
while downtoners decrease it (eg. I slightly like that).
Exercise 1: Underline the adverb and write E if it is an emphasizer, A if it
is an amplifier, or D if it is a downtoner.
__________ 1. I definitely believe in your abilities.
__________ 2. He was almost convinced by your pitch.
__________ 3. Kuya Junjun sort of thinks Hope is funny.
__________ 4. She had literally thought the cake was just a lie.
__________ 5. You completely convinced the rest of the members.
There are also five kinds of adverbs. Adverbs of manner describe the way
in which a verb is done. Place adverbs describe where a verb is done.
Frequency adverbs describe how often a verb is done. Time adverbs
describe at which point in time a verb is done. Finally, purpose adverbs
describe why a verb is done.
Exercise 2: Write on the space provided what kind of adverb the italicized
adverb is.
__________ 1. I went to the mall early today.
__________ 2. The mother softly sang to her child.
__________ 3. This computer malfunctions every day.
__________ 4. He began his exercise routine to become fit.
__________ 5. She went over there.
__________ 6. He quietly walked behind his friends.

__________ 7. Isabella attends voice lessons weekly.

__________ 8. The doctor told me to take my medicine every four hours.