to stress, which are interpersonal,

Abraham Maslow

Hierarchy of Needs

Physiologic Needs: breathing, food,

water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion.

Safety Needs: security of: body,

intrapersonal and extrapersonal in nature.

Carl Jung

Introversion and extroversionpersona

employment, resources, morality, family,

health, property.

Love and Belonging

Needs: friendship, sexual intimacy, family

Esteem Needs: self-esteem,

confidence, achievement, respect of others,
respect by others

Self-actualization Needs: morality,

Dorothea Orem

Developed self-care, self-care deficit

and nursing systems theory.

Nurses have to supply care when the

patients cannot provide care to themselves.

By measuring the clients deficit relative

to self care needs.

creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack

of prejudice, acceptance of facts.

Dorothy Johnson
Adolf Meyer

Believes in totality of man or the holistic

approach to man.

Systems Model.

affiliative, aggressive, dependence,

achievement and sexual.

Alfred Adler

She also stated that nursing was

concerned with man as an integrated whole

Superiority and inferiority complex and

and this is the specific knowledge of order

birth order.

Each person is composed of 7

subsystems namely: ingestive, eliminative,

Patients could best be understood

through consideration of their life situations.

Conceptualized the Behavioral

we require.

He emphasized that ones birth order as

having an influence on the style of life and
the strengths and weaknesses in ones
psychological make up.

Erik Erikson

Psychosocial development of man.

Trust vs Mistrust, Autonomy vs Shame &

Doubt, Initiative vs Guilt, Industry vs

Anne Boykin & Savina Schoenhofer

Inferiority, Identity vs Role Confusion,

All persons are caring and nursing is a

Intimacy vs Isolation, Generativity vs

response to unique social call.

Betty Neuman

She developed the Health Care

Stagnation, Ego Integrity vs Despair.

Ernestine Wiedenbach

Systems Model.

Nursing is concerned with all the

variables affecting an individuals response

Nurses individual philosophy lends

credence to nursing care.

Wiedenbach believed that there were 4

main elements to clinical nursing. They

included: a philosophy, a purpose, a practice

and the art.

productive interpersonal relationships

Defined nursing as a service to

Identified 21 nursing problems.

emotional, and developmental needs

To promote optimal activity,

limitations

To promote safety through

prevention of accidents, injury, or other

from illness

the spread of infection

To maintain good body

cause of illness

deformities
To facilitate the maintenance of
a supply of oxygen to all body cells

To facilitate the maintenance of

nutrition of all body cells

Florence Nightingale

Environmental Theory.

Focused on manipulating the

To facilitate the maintenance of

environment for the patients recovery.

Pure or fresh air

Pure water

Sufficient food supplies

Efficient drainage

responses of the body to disease

Cleanliness

conditions

Light (especially direct sunlight)

elimination

To facilitate the maintenance of

fluid and electrolyte balance

To recognize the physiologic

To facilitate the maintenance of

regulatory mechanisms and functions

To facilitate the maintenance of

sensory function

To identify and accept positive

and negative expressions, feelings, and
reactions

To identify and accept the

interrelatedness of emotions and
organic illness

To understand the role of social

problems as influencing factors in the

mechanics and prevent and correct

To use community resources as

an aid in resolving problems arising

trauma and through the prevention of

To accept the optimum possible

goals in light of physical and emotional

exercise, rest, and sleep

To facilitate awareness of self as

an individual with varying physical,

To promote good hygiene and

physical comfort

To create and maintain a

therapeutic environment

individuals and families, therefore to society.

To facilitate progress toward

achievement of personal spiritual goals

Faye Abdellah

To promote the development of

To facilitate the maintenance of

Galen
Four temperaments

sanguine personality is fairly

extroverted.

melancholic is a person who is a

thoughtful ponderer.

phlegmatic tends to be selfcontent and kind.

choleric is a do-er.

effective verbal and nonverbal

communication

Harry Stack Sullivan

Interpersonal theory and anxiety occurs

Nursing is a humanistic and scientific

due to poor interpersonal relationship.

mode of helping a client through specific

cultural caring process.

Hildegard Peplau
Interpersonal model. Nursing is an

Margaret Newman

interpersonal process of therapeutic

Health as expanding consciousness.

interactions between the sick and the nurse

Humans are unitary beings in whom

disease is a manifestation of the pattern of
health.

Ida Jean Orlando

Believed that nurses can help patients

meet a perceived need that they cannot

Martha Rogers

meet themselves.

Science of Unitary Human Beings.

Human beings are more than and

Nursing Process theory.

different from the sum of their parts.

Imogene King

Goal attainment theory

Myra Levine

Nursing is a helping profession

Jean Piaget

Cognitive development theory

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete

Four conservation principles:

conservation of energy,

structural integrity,

personal integrity and

social integrity

operations, formal operations

Sigmund Freud

Jean Watson

Human Caring Model.

Nursing is the application of the art and

Psychoanalytic Theory

human science through transpersonal

Sister Calista Roy

caring.

Adaptation model.

Each person is a unified biopsychosocial

system in constant interaction with changing

Lawrence Kohlberg

environment.

Three (3) levels of moral development:

Premoral or preconventional

Conventional level

Virginia Henderson

Postconventional level

Identified 14 basic needs.

Nurse functions to assist clients in

Madeleine Leininger

Psychosexual theory and

Transcultural nursing.

performing activities contributing to health,

recovery, or peaceful death.