1-WORKING PRINCIPAL OF PUMP

conversion of mechanical work to hydrulic energy of fluid:

Kinetic energy of fluid is increased by mechanical work done on the
fluid.i.e,dynamic pressure increases that is converted into static pressure
used to rise fluid's level.
p' +

d v' 2
d v '' 2
+ dg h' + w=p ' ' +
+ dg h' '
2
2

where;
p=pressure;

d=density;

v=velocity;

h=hydrostatic head

In variable flow pumps,impellers rotate and increases pressure and kinetic

energy of the fluid coming from inlet by rotating the fluid in the
pump.Pressure is further increased ehile flowing thorough the discharge tube
having greater diameter than spacing between impeler and the casing.This
higher pressure raises the fluid to certain height depending upon the
pressure and because of motion of fluid from the pump produces suction that
pulls further fluid from the inlet section.

2-Major components of variable flow pumps:

2.1-PUMP CASING:
An outer airtight chamber that surrounds impeller and fluid that is to be
pumped out is pump casing.Casing is ususally made of stainless steal.Pump
casing is of two types:
Volute casing: Spiral shape casing of pump whose cross-sectional
area gradually increases from suction side to discharge nozzel.This
increasing area gradully increases pressure while decreasing velocity
till outlet. Higher pressur is acheived by this process and used to rais
fluid at the specific height.
Diffuser casing: In this casing,cross-sectional area of casing remain
unchanged but it contains a diffuser,i.e; a stationary ring of fixed
vanes(blades) surrounding the impeller and is designed such that fluid
coming out of impeller have encounter with ever increasing flow area
so that turbukance may be avoided and pressure increases.

2.2-IMPELLER:
Impeller is the most important and wet part of pump and it's a roter or
a wheel mounted on a shaft placed in the casing that increases
hydraulic energy of fluid to be pumped by its rotation(mechanical
energy).Fluid comes in the casing and impeller work on the fluid and it
is rotated by rotation of shaft driven by an electric motor.Usually
impeller is made of metal alloys specially steal or brass. Impellers are
of three types:
open impeller: This type of impeller is consisted oly on blades
attached to a hub.pump's efficiency is maintained by clearance
between vanes and the volute casing when using such
impeller.For materials like paper stock, this impeller is better
than others to avoid the impeller to be stuck with such
materials.
semi open impeller: An impeller containing blades attached to
a circular plate(web) from one side is called semi open impeller.
closed impeller: In this type of impeller,blades are attached
with two circular metalic plates on both side of vanes.

Figure 1.open impeller

Figure 2closed impeller

Figure 3.closed impeller

VANES
The blades on the impeller which actually rotated the fluid and provides
tangential and radial motion.

EYE OF IMPELLER:
Entrance side of suction direction of impeller is eye of impeller.Fluid entersin
the pump casing from this side .

DISCHARGE NOZZEL:
Outlet of pump from where water comes out of pump with increased
pressure.It's diameter is greater than that of volute casing to ied over the
shaft..
ncrease static pressure.

SHAFT:
A solid cylindrical metallic rod connected with motor from one side with the
help of bearing and to the impeller from other side is shaft.It is rotated by a
driving motor,and this makes the impeller to rotate.It also supports impeller
within the casing.Shaft is subjected to different types of loads during its
operation of rotation and those are:
torque provided by motor which may cause twisting (torsion),
weights of the parts connected to the shaft .e.g,impeller.
radial and axial forces exerted by the fluid on the shaft.
Material of shaft must be according to the loads applied onto it and it's
usually brass/steal.

SHAFT SLEEVES:
A protective covering over the shaft at the plcae where it passess the casing
is shaft sleeve made of stainless steal.This also supports impeller to be in its
place onto the shaft and it is designed either to slide or thread

Figure 4.shaft sleeve

WEAR RINGS:
To allow the impeller to rotate freely , a clearance is provided between
impeller and pump casing so that impeller and casing can be protected
against corrision.But this clearance cause a problem of fluid leakage through
it minimizing pump efficiency.To maximize pump efficiency and long life of
pump,wear ring is used that is a metalic ring wraped onto suction side of the
impeller to come in contact eith the casing providing control over the
leakage throgh suction side because of lower pressuer than higher pressure
at discharge.By rotation of wear ring wrapped over impeler's eye is corroded
due to friction between static pump volute and the ring.Though it is erroded
and clearance becomes large and leakage level is highe causing maximum
energy loss,still it is economical to use wear ring because they are cheaper
and replceable.In this way,maintenance cost is lower than in replacing
impeller or casing.

GLAND -STUFFING BOX AND SHAFT SEAL:

The rotating shaft penetrates into the pressure boundry of pump casing and
there is a clearance between it and casing from which fluiad leaks.To prevent
leakage a stuffing box with a gland alongwith packing seshaft is used in the
pump design.
Stuffing box is a cylinderical spacing surrounding shaft in the casing where
shaft come into it.Packing rings are placed into the space with the help of
gland that is itself held in its place by studs and adjustable nuts.Nuts are
tightened,they make the gland move inside and compress the packing.This
axial compression provides radial expansion to the packing forming a tight

seal between the shaft and inner wall of stuffing box.So,this seal stops water
leakage from the shaft casing assembly.
The high speed rotating shafft generats very large amount of heat because
of friction between the shaft and the packing seal.If there is no cooling or
lubrication provided to shaft,temperature of packing may rise to a critical
level that may caue damage to the shaft,packinf and bearing.stuffing box is
generally designed to provide some amoout of controlled leakage for
lubrication and cooling purpose .This leakage can be controlled by tightening
or loosening packing gland against stuffing box according to requiements of
cooling.As raised temperature depeds on pump size,temprature and pressure
of fluid;and physical or chemical properties of the fluid, so leakag required
for cooling depends on these parameters.

Figure 5stuffing box and gland